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Roman History
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Roman Historian named _ wrote during the reign of the first Roman emperor, Augustus | Livy |
| Roman men have three names. The first name is called the _, the second name which is the family name is the_, and the third name often acquired during | praenomen, nomen, cognomen |
| Before the fourth century BCE, warfare most likely consisted of _ and _ rather than set battles; around 600 warfare between cities intensified. | cattle raids and plundering |
| According to both Livy and _ who wrote the Aenid, the son of Anchises and Venus whose name was _ sailed from _ to Italy. | Virgil, Aenas, Troy |
| _ and Rhea Silvia were the parents of _ and _ | Mars, Romulus and Remus |
| At the future sight of Rome, the twins used augury/ haruspices to determine who would be king and on whose hill would be established | Augary |
| Romulus chose the _ hill and Remus chose the _ hill. _ saw six birds at first, but _ saw twelve second. | Palatine, Aventine. Remus, Romulus |
| How did Romulus find men to inhabit his new city? | He offered asylum to those seeking a fresh start for whatever reason. |
| How did the first men of Rome attain wives? | they invited families from neighboring cities, seized the women, and forced them to be their wives. |
| The story of Rome’s origins told by ancient historians is often at odds with the archaeological record. Important information, however, is conveyed in the works of historians about cultural anxieties concerning _ and _ | marriage and civil war |
| The monument that provides the earliest evidence for the use of the word rex in Latin is called the _. Although the Romans believed _ may have been buried there, it is most likely a shrine to _. | black stone, Romulus, Vulcan |
| The second king of Rome was _. His main contributions to Rome concern _ and _. | Numa Pompilius. religion and calendar |
| _ was the third king of Rome. He established the _ in the city of Rome. | Tullus Hosrilius. Curia Hostilia/ senate house |
| Ancus Marcius was the grandson of _ who was Roman/ Sabine | Numa Pompilius. Sabine |
| The fifth king of Rome was _. He was originally from: | Lucius Tarquinius Priscus. Tarquinia |
| The sixth king of Rome was _. According to the tradition, he instituted the _ and organized Roman Citizens into voting blocks called _ In terms of voting, these units heavily favored the rich/ poor | Servius Tullius. centuries, rich |
| Lucius Tarquinius Superbus and his wife killed _. | Servius Tullius |
| The building projects the Tarquins were most famous for were: | The cloaca maxima and the temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the Capitoline |
| Tarquinius Superbus' son, _ raped _ who was the wife of _. According to Livy, this incident led to_ in 509 BCE. | Sextus, Lucretia, Collantinus. the expulsion of the Tarquins |
| Although Livy, citing the historian Pictor, estimates that there roughly 80,000 adult male citizens by the end of the regal period, there is no _ evidence to support this number. Instead, Rome’s population at the end of the regal period was around | archaeological. 35000 |
| The transition from monarchy to consulship is significant because: | neither consul had absolute authority since they ruled together. there were limits on their terms to office |
| Rather consuls, it was likely that each year there were 3 or even 6 _ in the early republic; it was not until 366 with the passage of the Licinian-Sextian laws that two consuls were chosen each year, one could be _. 342 a law allowing both consuls to be | military tribunes, plebeian, plebeian |
| Which of the following were responsibilities of consuls: | Serving as general in war, Addressing citizen assemblies, Making sacrifices and performing rites, Presiding over meetings of the senate |
| The office of the praetorship was established in 366. Praetors were the leading officials in Rome when the _ were absent. The praetor was usually based in the city but could also lead an army. The praetor was expected to give way to the consul. | consuls |
| _ is the supreme authority in Rome’s affairs vested in those holding the office of consul and praetor. | imperium |
| Livy states that birth of _ in Rome was due to the limitation of the consuls’ power to one year. | liberty |
| A dictator’s time in office is restricted to: | six months or the duration of the crisis, whichever is shorte |
| The fifth century was shaped by the conflict between two classes, the _and _. This was known as _ | patricians/ plebeians. Struggle of the Orders/Conflict of the Orders. |
| In 494 BCE, the plebeian / patrician soldiers protested their treatment. Their protests, which included a refusal to fight in Rome’s armies, led to the creation of the office of the _ and _ | plebeian Tribune of the Plebs/Plebeian Tribune, Plebian Aedile. |
| The office of the tribune of the plebs may have been intended to provide a plebeian equivalent to patrician office military tribune. These individuals, whose bodies were _, had the right to interfere on behalf of someone who was treated bad could _ | sacrosanct, veto |
| Plebeian_ were established in 494 as a counterpart to the curule aediles. . Their plebeian counterparts were responsible for assisting plebeian tribunes and overseeing the Temple of Ceres on the Aventine hill. | aediles, assisting plebeian tribunes, overseeing the Temple of Ceres on the Aventine hill. |
| In 450 the _ were given the task of writing of Rome's laws. | decemviri |
| In the second year of this special commission, one of the men seized _, the daughter of _, claiming that she was the daughter of: | Verginia, Verginius. slave |
| This seizure highlights the intersections of gender and class. Her father, believing that she would be raped if seized, killed her. Why did her father believe this? Because | because slaves were perceived as sexually available and had no right to bodily autonomy |
| The laws drawn up after this episode were known as the _ | Twelve Tables. |
| In 396 Rome defeated Veii, an Etruscan / Latin / Campanian city (circle one) | Etruscan |
| Around 390-387 the _ invaded Rome and sacked the city. | Gauls |
| a) The _ voted on issues of war and peace and elected consuls and praetors. The _ elected quastors and curule aediles. The Plebeian Assembly elected tribunes of the plebs and plebeian aediles. | Centuriate Assembly. Tribal Assembly. Plebeian Assembly |
| While all citizens voted in the Centuriate Assembly and Tribal Assembly, only plebeians were members of the Plebeian Assembly. In the year 287, a law was passed which granting the Plebeian assembly the right to pass laws binding on the entire community. | Centuriate Assembly. Tribal Assembly. Plebeian Assembly. Plebeian |
| Any former officeholder was added to the ranks of the _. | Senate |
| If a former officeholder did something disgraceful, the _ who compiled lists of citizens every _ years could remove him from the senate. | censor. five |
| Between 343 and 290, Rome went to war three times against the _. | Samnites |
| 1a) The_War lasted from 341-338. Many of the cities defeated in this war retained their own civic and religious structure, These cities are called municipium | Latin municipium/municipia. |
| 1b)Some of these cities had the same status as the cities above, but they could not vote. These are referred to as _ , so the purpose of this designation may have been to link these cities to Rome without the right to vote. | municipia sine suffragio. |
| 2a) From 282 until 272 Rome was at war with _ of Epirus. The Romans became involved in this conflict because the Greek cities of southern Italy were under pressure from cities just north of them. | Pyrrhus |
| 2b) This war is famous because the king of Epirus used _ and because the expression pyrrhic victory comes from the fact that he may have won but at great cost to his forces. | Elephants, pyrrhic victory |
| 241 the _ negotiated peace with Rome. The outbreak of this war was due to a conflict between Carthage, Rome, and Syracuse over the city of Messina, controlled the straits between Italy and Sicily. As a result, the Romans acquired the following provinces: | Carthaginians. Sardinia-Corsica and Sicily |
| A dispute over the city of Saguntum in _ led to the outbreak of the Second Punic War, which lasted from 218-201. | Spain |
| The Romans experienced several losses in battle during this war, including at Trasimene fought in 217, after which Quintus Fabius Maximus was appointed _ . His strategy was to _ He acquired the _, Cunctator, meaning delayer, because of this strategy. | dictator. only engage Hannibal when he had the upper hand. cognomen |
| In 216 the Romans lost the battle of _ in which only a small fraction of the Roman army escaped. | Cannae |
| In 202 Publius Cornelius Scipio defeated the Carthaginians at the Zama in North Africa | Publius Cornelius Scipio . Zama |
| At the end of the Second Punic War the Romans established two more provinces. These were: | Nearer and Further Spain |
| After the Second Punic War, the Romans began increasing the number of praetors elected. In addition, to meet the increase demand for commanders, some consuls’ and praetors’ time in office was extended. These officials were known as _ | proconsuls and propraetors |
| The Romans fought wars against the Macedonians three times (215-205, 200-196, 171-168). The first war broke out during the Second Punic War when the king of Macedon, whose name was _ made an alliance with _ | Philip V, Hannibal |
| The Aetolian League, comprised of cities in western Greece, sided with Rome/ Macedon (circle one). Eventually, in 148 after an uprising in Macedon, Macedon becomes a _ | Rome. Roman province. |
| In 168 the Romans defeated Perseus, the son of the Macedonian King, Philip V, at Pydna. Many Greek cities were punished for either real or imagined offences, and, as a result several Greek hostages were sent to Rome. Included among these hostages was _ | Polybius. |
| According to Polybius, the Roman system of government is a mixed constitution. The _ represent monarchy; the _ represents oligarchy; and the assemblies represent democracy. | consuls, senate, assemblies |
| In 146 Lucius Mummius captured _. He destroyed the city and enslaved the citizens. The region of Greece was part of the Rome province of Macedon until the time of Augustus. | Corinth |
| In 146 the general Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus defeated the _ in the Third Punic War. He destroyed the city of Carthage. After this Africa was assigned as a province. | Carthaginians |
| When Scipio Aemilianus sought the office of censor in 142, he walked through the forum, a common practice for candidates known as _, but the men who accompanied him were: | Ambitus. men of low birth |
| Land that had been seized in Rome's wars but had not yet been distributed to settlers or leased for use was called _. According to law, individuals could use no more than 500 iugera of public land for private purposes, but many wealthy Romans: | ager publicus. took advantage of slave labor that provided reliable workers instead of Romans who could be conscripted into the military, devoted the land to a single crop to provide produce to Rome. |
| Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus was elected tribune of the plebs for 133 BCE. The problems he sought to address were: | men’s inability to meet the property requirement necessary for conscription into the military. large estates worked by slaves, a situation that had led to slave revolts in Sicily. overpopulation of rome |
| Bringing his proposals to the Plebeian assembly, Tiberius Gracchus failed to seek the approval of the _. Due to the popularity of his reforms, many grew suspicious of him. When he ran for re-election, the pontifex maximus and a number of other senators: | senate. killed Tiberius and his supporters, perhaos as many as 200-300 people |
| In 124 Gaius Sempronius Gracchus was elected tribune of the plebs and in 123 he was re-elected. Like his brother, he did not consult the senate before bringing his policies to the people. He proposed which of the following? | Gaius Sempronius Gracchus. senate. opposed the investigations imposed the death penalty,renewed his brothers land cmmission, established colonies, ensured roman citizens could purchase |
| In 122 during Gaius Gracchus’ second term as tribune of the plebs, he and Marcus Fulvius Flaccus sought to extend _ This law would have granted citizneship to all Latins, and the privileges of Latins to _ | citizenship, Italian allies |
| When Gaius Gracchus sought a third term as tribune of the plebs, the_was passed by the senate and gave the consul permission to do whatever necessary to preserve the political and social order of Rome without regard to the rights of citizens | senatus consultum ultimum |
| Those who followed traditional methods of competition within the senatorial order and who made alliances with senators to gain support for their plans were called _Those who advanced their careers and agendas by gaining support among citizens were called_ | optimates. populares |
| In 129 the Romans annexed the kingdom of Asia which Attalus III had left the Romans in his will. Mithradates VI was the king of _ which neighboured this province. | Asia, Pontus |
| In 91, the tribune Marcus Livius Drusus proposed that _p, but he was killed with a cobbler’s knife after a consul declared his policies invalid. | south of the Po River be granted citizenship |
| From 91 to 87 many Italian allies waged war against the Romans. This was called the Social War. The goals of those who waged war against Rome were: | the social war. diverse: some wanted to withdraw from Rome completely; others wanted Roman citizenship. citizens to those who remained loyal and to those who had joined the rebels |
| The Tribal Assembly elected _ and quaestors. These offices were important because according to the _ only men who had served in the lower offices could run for _ and _, both of which were elected by the _. | curule aediles and quaestors. cursus honorum. praetor and consul. centuriated assembly |
| As a result of the_controversies rose regarding how citizens should be distributed into tribes for voting in the Tribal Assembly. In 88 the tribune Rufus proposed that new citizens be rather than distributing them _which would only be called on to vote a | Social War. distributed among the original 35 voting tribes on the Tribal Assembly. into eight new tribes |
| By 88 Mithridates was welcomed as a “liberator” by many cities in western Asia Minor. He encouraged hatred of Roman rule and on one day planned the massacre of _ Romans and Italians, including children. | 80,000 |
| Gaius Marius, an equestrian who married Julius Caesar’s aunt, is associated with which of the following innovations: | making the eagle the principal standard., requiring soldiers to carry their own equipment, which led to his soldiers being called “Marius’ mules.” the use of a type of javelin that would break upon impact. enlisting volunteers |
| In 88 _ expected to be awarded the command against Mithradates VI due to his success in the Social War. Sulpicius Rufus, however, promised the command to _ in exchange for his help acquiring support from the equestrians. | Sulla. Marius |
| As a result of Sulpicius Rufus’ actions, the command against Mithradates passed to Marius, and Sulla left Rome for Nola where his army was based. | Sulla |
| In 88 Sulla marched on Rome. After gaining control of the city, he declared twelve men enemies of the state including_and_Despite being Roman citizens. In addition, he cancelled all policies proposed by_and awarded himself the command against_. | Marius and Sulpicius Rufus . Sulpicicus Rufus, Mithradates |
| 3a) In 87, two men who were not supporters of Sulla were consuls. One of these men, Cinna, supported distributing new citizens in the thirty-five tribes. His co-consul did not support this, and the tribunes were divided. Rioting ensued and _ left rome | Cinna |
| 3b) and travelled throughout Italy to gain support for his plan. The _ removed him from office and declared him an enemy of the state. | senate |
| In 87 _ returned from North African to support Cinna. The two men offer slaves freedom in exchange for their support. After they besiege Rome, the city fell to them. A bloody purge of their political enemies followed. | Marius |
| In 86 Sulla was still in command of the legions in the East despite being declared an _ by Cinna. | outlaw |
| In 85 _ ended hostilities with Mithridates and spent the next eighteen months establishing order in the province of Asia. Then he returned to Rome. The Roman governor of Asia continued to raid Mithridates’ territory from 83 to 81. | Sulla |
| In 83 Sulla arrived at Brundisium. He was met by _and_ who has a private army comprised of his father’s supports and veterans. | Crassus and Pompey |
| _ was sent by Sulla to Sicily and North Africa to deal with Marius’ supporters. | Pompey |
| Pompey requests a triumph for his work in Sicily and North Africa, but Sulla hesitated because Pompey was not a senator. Eventually Sulla concedes, and Pompey acquires the cognomen _. | magnus |
| Sulla agreed that new citizens should be distributed among the thirty-five tribes (true/false) | TRUE |
| From November 82 until June 1, 81 Sulla instituted proscriptions. If a person’s name appeared on a list of proscribed persons: | that person was condemned to death. that person’s property was confiscated and auctioned by the state. that person’s sons and grandsons were excluded from public service. |
| In November of 82 the senate recognized all of Sulla’s past actions as legal (true/false). | TRUE |
| Sulla’s main goal while in office was: | to restore order in Rome. |
| 4a) Sulla _ the number of senators to 600. He added equestrians to the senate in order to diminish their solidarity as a group. | increased. 600. equestrians |
| 4b) In addition, Sulla raised the number of quaestors to _ and immediately enrolled them in the _ once their time in office ended rather than waiting until the next census. | twenty. senate |
| Sulla regularized the ages at which one could run for office. At thirty, a Roman could run for _; at thirty-nine one could run for _; at forty-two one could run for _. | quaestor. praetor. consul |
| Sulla settled as many as 80,000 _ on land confiscated from Etruria, Umbria, Latium, and Campania. | veterans |
| Sulla’s dictatorship ended in 81. He was elected _ for 80. He _ in 78. | consul. died. |
| In 73, two slaves—_ from Thrace and Crixus from Gaul—escaped from a gladiatorial training school in Capua. Roughly 70,000 _ and _ joined them at Mount Vesuvius. | Spartacus. slaves. freedmen |
| The consul in charge of Roman forces in the Slave War was _ | Crassus |
| 5a) Spartacus tried to negotiate with the Roman forces but was captured and killed by Crassus. This general lined the Via Appia with the bodies of _ crucified slaves. | Crassus. 6000 |
| 5b) The senate, concerned that war was not effectively being brought to an end, awarded _ the command. He brought the war to an end which led to jealousy between Pompey and Crassus. | Pompey. Pompey. Crassus |
| In 67 BCE, the tribune Aulus Gabinius suggested awarding Pompey an extraordinary command against the pirates who had disrupted grain supplies,Gabinius argued that Pompey should be awarded: | a proconsulship. power throughout the Mediterranean and fifty miles beyond. twenty propraetors as legates who could act independently but were subordinate to him |
| From 74 when Nicomedes bequeathed his kingdom, Bithynia, to Rome until 67, Lucullus unsuccessfully waged war against Mithridates. In 66 was replaced by _ who was referred to as a “parasitical bird” because: | Pompey. because he fed on the scraps of others’ victories. |
| Cicero was called a novus homo (new man) because: | no one in his family had served in the senate or held the office of consulship. |
| In 63 one of the candidates for the consulship was _. He supported debt cancellation and redistribution of land. He led a conspiracy of Romans and other allies, including Sulla’s veterans. They planned to: | Cataline. set fire to Rome. |
| In Dec. 63 _ exposed the conspiracy of Catline and called for and carried out the following punishment of Cataline’s supporters remaining in the city: | Cicero. execution |
| When Pompey returned from the East in 62, he disbanded his army when he reached Italy. His main concerns when he arrived at Rome were: | the formal ratification of his settlement in the East by the senate. land for his veterans |
| In 60 Caesar was awarded a triumph for his exploits in Spain. He also wanted to run for the consulship of 59, but in order to run for office he had to be present in Rome. When he asked to run in absentia, he is denied. This created a problem for Caesar: | if he crossed the boundaries of Rome to run for consul he would cede his triumph. |
| Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar were all frustrated by _ and the _ who obstructed their respective agendas. In response they form a secret alliance that came to be known as First Triumvirate. They each stood to gain from the alliance. | Catao and Optimates. First Triumvirate |
| Caesar was elected consul for the year 59 (true/false). | TRUE |
| Caesar, obstructed by Cato and Optimates, responds by: | ignoring the senate and bringing his proposal directly to the Tribal Assembly. |
| Despite Bibulus’ attempts to prevent an assembly meeting by watching the sky, Caesar held the meeting and his proposal for land distribution passed, to the delight of Pompey’s veterans. Caesar forced every senator: | to swear an oath to respect the land distribution policy. |
| Caesar then brought three more proposals to the Tribal Assembly without consulting the senate. These included: | a refund to the tax collecting syndicate who were supported by Crassus. the ratification of Pompey’s settlement in the East. laws concerning the conduct of governors in the provinces. |
| Pompey married Julia, who was _ | Caesar’s daughter. |
| Vatinius, a tribune of the plebs, proposed awarding Caesar a five-year command in Gaul. This was appealing to Caesar because: | b) he couldn’t be prosecuted for crimes during his time as consul while he is in Gaul. |
| In April 56 the triumvirs met at Luca to renew their pact. Several senators joined them. At this meeting they made plans to ensure that Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, Caesar’s opponent, not be elected consul. The machinations of the triumvirs led to: | Pompey being awarded the province of Spain. Crassus being awarded the province of Syria (which would lead to his death and loss of the legion’s standards to the Parthians). the extension of Caesar’s command in Gaul for another five years (50) |
| 6a) In December of the year 50, Curio orders that both Pompey and Caesaer give up their commands. 370 senators vote in favor of this and 22 vote against it. The consuls ignore the vote and give Pompey command of two legions to face Caesar. | Pompey and Caesaer. Pompey |
| 6b) On January 1, 49 Mark Antony, a tribune of the plebs, read a letter from Caesar to the senate in which Caesar proposed that he and Pompey lay down their commands and submit to the judgment of people. Caesar’s request is accepted (true/false). | False |
| On January 7, 49 the senate passed the _. The tribunes were: | senatus consultum ultimum. instructed to flee Rome |
| On January 10, 49 Caesar crossed the Rubicon which formed the boundary between _ and _ | Cisalpine Gauls and Italy. |
| Unlike his predecessors, Caesar does not execute his political enemies, but offer them clemency (true/false). | TRUE |
| 7a) At the battle of _ in Thessaly in the year 48, Caesar defeated the forces of Pompey. Pompey fled to _ where he was killed by the advisors to King Ptolemy XIII. Caesar arrived in Alexandria a few days later. | Pharsalus. Egypt |
| 7b) He became embroiled in an ongoing dispute between family members. It was at this time that _ became his mistress. The two had a child together names Caesarion. | Cleopatra |
| In 47, Caesar returned to Italy, but leaves shortly after to pursue the supporters of Pompey in North Africa, where he defeats the Pompeians at the Battle of Thapsus, after which _ commits suicide rather be granted clemency by Caesar. | Cato |
| Caesar pursues the Pompeians in Spain until June 45 BCE where 30,000 of Pompey’s supporters are killed. Pompey’s son, _, escapes. | Sextus |
| In 44 Caesar acquired the title _ which confirmed for many that the republic was dead. | perpetual dictator |
| Julius Caesar wrote two works: _and _. | The Gallic Wars and The Civil Wars |
| On March 18 44 Caesar planned to leave Rome for _, but he is killed three days earlier. | Parthia |
| Although Caesar’s perpetual dictatorships were hateful to many, others may have supported Caesar for the following reasons: | Addressing the financial crisis in Rome, including allowing tenants to live rent free for a year, fixing the calendar, settling veterans overseas , increasing the numbers of the senate and raising the number of quaestors to 40 |
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