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Ch5.Geo1150
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What makes up the Ecosphere Hierarchy? | Organism, Population, Community, ecosystem, Ecozone, Biome |
| What is a population? | A group of organisms of some species |
| Community is? | The set of populations in a particular environment |
| A collection of communities and their interactions with the physical envrionmemt defines what? | Ecosystems |
| an Ecozone is made of? | Ecosystems with similar characteristics |
| Examples of biomes include | Marine, freshwater, forest, grassland, tundra, desert |
| an Biome with high rainfall and cool tempertures | Northern Coniferous forest |
| An Biome with low percipitation and cool temptertures | Cool desert |
| Biome with low percipitation and High tempertures | Tropical desert |
| Biome with high tempetures and High rainfall | Tropicial rain forest |
| Biome with Temperate rainfall and temperate heat | temperate grassland |
| Difference between Forest and Woodland vegetation | Forest-Tree Dominated Woodland- Widely spaced trees with grasses or low vegetation between |
| Difference between Scrubland and Shrubland vegetation | Scrubland- Continuous layer of shrubs Shrubland-Mostly shrubby with individuals widely spaced |
| Components of an ecosystem | Biotic and abiotic components (living and non-living) |
| Biotic components | Relationships between species such as competition, predation and symbiosis |
| Abiotic Components | Light, Water, temp, wind, soil |
| Soil is composed of : | Mineral particles, organic matter, gasses, liquids and living organisms |
| Layer of atmosphere that soil is found on | Topmost layer of Lithosphere |
| SOIL - What are the roles of the mineral component in ecological services | Anchorage for roots Pore space for water and air Source and exchange of nutrients (weathering) |
| SOIL - What are the roles of the organic component in ecological services | Source and exchange for nutrient cycling Influences structure and porosity Energy source for heterotrophs |
| SOIL - What are the roles of the water component in ecological services | Solvent for many nutrients Maintains chemical equilibria |
| SOIL - What are the roles of air component in ecological services | Facilitates weathering Contains oxygen for aerobic metabolisms Exchange of carbon from soil respiration Provides N2 for nitrogen-fixing organisms |
| Describe the process of mineralization in soil development. | Mineralization is the process of breaking down organic substances in =to inorganic materials such as minerals, water, salts and carbon dioxide |
| How do soil bacteria contribute to nitrification | Soil bacteria transform ammonia compounds into nitrites during the process of nitrification |
| Define soil horizons and their significance | A set of horizontal layers in the soil, and their cross-section is reffered to as the soil profile |
| What is the B-Horizon in soil profiles | Subsoil layer and serves as a transition layer in the soil profile |
| Explain C-Horizon in soil profiles | known as the parent material layer in the soil profile |
| Identify components involved in the proccess of mineralization | Minerals, water, salts, carbon dioxide |
| Describe the different types of soil materials based on partical size | Differentiated by partical sizes intro categories: Gravel (+2mm), Sand (2-0.05mm), Silt (0.05-0.002mm), Clay (less than 0.002mm) and organic material (humus) |
| How does permeability vary among different soil types? | Clays are not very permeable to water due to very litter space between soil particals (quick saturation low moisture), sands and gravels are very permeable (drain quickely and often too dry for vegetation |
| Define Loam soils and their significance in argriculture | Mixtures of sand, silt, clay and organic material (humus) that provide best fertility for agriculture due to their balanced texture and good drainage |
| Impact of organic material on soil fertility | Improves moisture retention, nutrient availability and overall soil structure |
| Drainage characteristics of sandy soils | Drain quickly due to larger partical size and high permeability, leads to moisture levels that may not support much vegetation |
| Describe optimum range for a species | Range of conditions that is ideal for a species |
| Define the zone of physical stress | Sub-optimal conditions that can be tolerated by certain individuals within a population , although fairly few individuals can exist in this zone |
| What is the range of tolerance in relation to a population | range of conditions that the population cannot survive |
| how do abiotic factors influence the range of tolerance for organisms | abiotic conditions may be optimal for one factor but not for another |
| explain the significance of the range of tolerance in ecology | determins the conditions under which a species can thrive, survive or perish |
| Identify the relationship between optimum range and physiological stress | Optimum range represents ideal conditions while the zone of physiological stress indicates conditions that are less than ideal but can still be tolerated by some individuals |
| Describe the limiting factors in an ecosystem | Deternine whether and how well an organism can survive in an given ecosystem |
| Define the dominate limiting factor | Factor currently constraining growth |
| How does a fundamental niche differ from a realized niche | Fundamental niche refers to the physical conditions under whch a species might live without interactions with other species, while a realized niche is the more restricted conditions caused by interactions with other species |
| explain the Competitive Exclusion Theory | States that no two species can have the same niche |
| Characteristic of a specialist species | Narrow niches and are vulnerable to environmental change |
| Examples of a specialist species | Panda Bear and Cactus |
| What defines generalist specicies in terms of their ecological niche | may have a very broad niche |
| Examples of a gernalist species | Black Bear, Coyote and Dandelion |
| How do biotic relationships affect ecosystems | Biotic relationships, including competition, predation, and symbiosis, influence dynamics and health of ecosystems |
| explain the vulnerability of a specialist species | Vulnerable to environmental change due to their narrow niches |
| Describe interference competition | Involves direct interactions between individuals competing for access to food or mating opportunities |
| Examples of organisms involved in interference competition | grizzly bears and black walnut trees |
| Define resource exploitation competition | Occurs when individuals compete for the same resources, leading to potential niche partitioning |
| How can resource exploitation compettiton affect species interactions | May result in interspecific niche partitioning, where species divide resources based on time, space, food preference or foraging methods |
| Key components of resource expoitation competition | Competition for time, spcae, food preference and foraging method |
| Describe intraspecific competition | Occurs between members of the same species and regulates population size, potentially leading to the establishment of territories |
| Define Interspecific competition | Involves members of different species competing for resources, which can lead to a range reduction and competitive exclusion |
| How does competition regulate population size in a species | Limits resources available to individuals which can lead to territorial establishment and reduced reproduction |
| What is competitive exclusion | Principle stating that two species competing for the same resources cannot coexist at constant population values; one wil out compete the other |
| explain the role of specialization in competition | Allows certain species to aquire or digest difficult foods, reducing interspecies competiton by enabling them to exploit different niches |
| How does intraspecific competition affect territory establishment | Can lead to the establishment of territories as indiviuals compte for limited resources which helps to regulate population density |
| What are the implications of a interspecific competition on species range | Can lead to range reducion for one or more species as they compete for the same resources, potentially resulting in the exclusion of less competitve species |
| Describe the relationship between food acquisition and competition | Some foods are difficult to aquire or digest, leading to the need for speciliazation which can reduce interspecies competition by allowing species to exploit different resources |
| Describe apparent competition in ecological terms | Occurs when two species share a common predator, leading to an increase in one species that may result in a higher predator population which in turn decreases the other pray species |
| Define predation relationship | A predator species benifits at the xpense of a pray species often leading to an evolutionary arms race between the two |
| How do predators adapt to their pray in an evolutionary context | Predators and prey engage in an evolutionary arms race where prey develop adaptations such as evasion, camouflage, and defensive structures like armour or toxins to survive againts predation |
| What factors are considered in optimal foraging theory | Costs and benefits of obtaining prey, including energy spent hunting, risk of injury and the quaiity of food |
| Explain the concept of energy expenditure in predator behaviour | Behaviour adjusts to optimize benifits by balencing energy spent hunting against the rewards of capturing prey |
| How does an increase in one prey species affect the predator population | Increase in one prey species can lead to rise in predator population due to increased food availability, which may negatively impact other prey species |
| Describe Parasitism in ecological terms | Relatiosnhip where a predator lives on or inside it's prey deriving benefits at the expense of the host |
| Give an example of a parasitic plant | Monotropa Uniflora (Ghost Pipe) - Lacks chlorophyll and steals energy from fungi on the roots of other plants |
| Explain the concept of commensalism | Type of symbiotic relationship where one species benefits while the other is neither helped or harmed |
| Define mutalism and provide examples | Symbiotic relationship where both organism benefit Lichen (fungus and algea), Corals (polyps and algae), nitrogen-fixing bacteria and legumes and pollination |
| How do keystone species affect their ecosystems | Have strong influence on community; removal can lead to significant changes and a cascade of effets on other species |
| What is biodiversity and what factors contribute to it | Variety of life in an ecosystem (results from interactions from abiotic and biotic factors throughout evolution |
| 3 types of biodiversity | Genetic, Species and ecosystem diversity |
| Consequences of removing a keystone species from an ecosystem | May lead to overpopulation of certain species, losss of biodiversity and alter habitat conditions threatening the survivial of various organisms |
| Describe endemic species | Those that are particicular to a certain area and found nowhere else on Earth |
| Define biodiversity hotspots | Areas with high numbers of endemic species primarily found in tropical regions |
| What is the Convention on Biological Diversity | International Treaty established in 1993 to develop biodiversity strategies, monitor important components of biodiversity, create endagered species legislation and protected areas, and promote environmentally sustainable development |
| Define the concept of tolerance range in species | A species may have a wide range of tolerance to some factors but a very narror range for others |
| How does tolerance range affect species distribution? | Species with the largest ranges of tolerance for all factors tend to be the most widely distributed |
| examples of species with large tolerance ranges | Cockroaches and rats |
Created by:
HFlorell