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Urban change- leeds
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Why is leeds important- uk? | 4 unis ,4th largest student population in UK, motorways such as M1 and M62 link Leeds to other areas such as Manchester and London. 3rd largest jobs total by LA area with 480,000 in employment in 2015, largest legal and buisness centre in Uk after London |
Why is leeds important- wider world | leeds bradford airport- 9th busiest airport, headquarters of major TNCs such as Asda and BT, Headingley Stadium holds international test cricket matches for example the Ashes between England and Australia, uni of leeds has 12,000 international students |
National migration | Movement of people within a country, main UK cities supplying migrants to leeds are bradford, hull and newcastle, most migration out of Leeds is to London- 34,900 moving there |
Net inflow | Between 2009 and 2015, 250500 moved in from england and wales and 249,600 moved out. Net inflow is 900 people |
How does national migration affect the character of Leeds? | New housing estates have had to be built on the outskirts of the city in areas such as Alwoodley and Horsforth- led to urban sprawl and loss of individual character, more pressure on services such as public transport- commuting becoming stressful |
Irish migration | Significant role in the textile industry in Leeds, settled in an area known as Richmond Hill, brought irish folk music, arts and culture |
Jewish migration | Expanding the ready made clothes trade, marks & spencers first opened in leeds in 1904, built synagogues |
Caribbean population | Wanted work, introduction of new food, music and cultural events such as the Leeds West Indian Carnival, chapeltown riots in 1981 caused reputational damage |
European migration | More employees, influence music, art, literature and food |
Cultural mix | 2.9% pakistani, 2.1% indian and 3% from other European countries, contribute to music, art, literature, food, exploring different cultures and learn from each other, more inclusive/ stronger community |
Recreation and entertainment | 44% people 29 or younger, unis attract students from world, leeds arena attracts famous artists and groups, range of other theatres, professional cricket, football and rugby team, 1997 was start of leeds fest (75,000 every year) |
Employment | Largest legal and finical centre after london, 30 banks, 3rd largest manufacturing centre (around 39,000 employees), headquarters to first direct, yorkshire bank |
Integrated transport scheme | When different transport methods link together |
Why would an integrated transport scheme be more beneficial? | More efficient- more people use transport- environmentally sustainable, less congestion so less air pollution |
2 | Park and ride sites |
£161 million | Investment from network rail- new platform is planned |
11 | Core cities in the uk without a mass transport system |
Superhighway | There is a leeds- bradford cycle superhighway |
M- card | Contactless payment can be used on all buses and trains |
13 minutes | The bus and train station are 1km or 13 min walk apart |
Is the leeds integrated transport scheme effective | Yes- 5 new routes being built buses, new platform, roof etc, contactless on all transport, two park and ride sites. No- no mass transport system eg. Tube/ tram & walk between bus and train so not efficient |
Urban greening | Preserving and putting in green spaces in the city |
Roundhay park | 700 acres, castle, lake, mansion (£8million refurb), events eg. Festival of light, tropical world, 985,000 visitors per year |
Urban deprivation | Standard of living below the majority in a particular society that involves hardships and lack of access to resources. Places suffering from deprivation have visible differences in housing and economic oppurtunities |
Housing- houndhay | Detached or semi detached, 35% homeowners, defensible space, in the suburbs |
Harehills- housing | Terraced housing, 15% homeowners, no gardens (dense living) |
Roundhay- education | 72% will get 5 GCSEs, more go to uni (invested parents) |
Harehills- education | 40% will get 5 GCSEs, lower grades, less likely to go to uni |
Roundhay- health | 80 years life expectancy, fewer smokers, lower levels of obesity |
Harehills- health | 77 years life expectancy, more smokers, higher levels of obesity, informal work with drugs |
Roundhay- employment | Service work (doctors, dentists, headteachers) |
Harehills- employment | Higher % on benefits, minimum wage jobs or tradework ( plasterer, retail, plumber) |
Cycle of poverty and deprivation | Passed on generation to generation, children tend to have less parental support, attend inadequate schools, likely to leave school early with few qualifications, cannot find well paid employment- rely on social handouts, children born and cycle continues |
advantages of brownfield sites | close to existing facilities and services, reduces need for urban sprawl, cheaper to build on due to exisiting infrastructure eg. roads, electricity, cuts commuting and public transport is better in urban areas so less need for cars |
disadventages of brownfield sites | resentment and social conflict from those living in nearby poor quality housing, land is more expensive in urban areas, clear up costs as old buildings may need to be demolished first, close to existing poor housing- difficult to sell |
advantages of greenfield sites | easier to sell homes due to the pleasant countryside environment, cheaper to prepare as no demolition or decontamination needed, housing plots larger, land is cheaper, more spacefor gardens |
disadventages of greenfield sites | natural habitats may be destroyed. encourages urban sprawl, encourages commuting and therefore air pollution, no existing infrastructure so expensive, valuable farmland or land for recreation may be lost |
dereliction | abandoned buildings and wasteland |
dereliction- government policy | margaret thatcher- deindrustilasation and environmental concern- closing factories- decay |
derelicton- competiiton from abroad | access to countries around the world is easier- cheaper products abroad- closing factories- decay |
cycle fo urban decline dollowing deindustrilisation | deindustrilisation, industries & buisnesses reduce workforce and relocate, unemployment, outmigration of skilled people in search of jobs, population declines, shop and shcools start to close, low investor confidence in the area, cycle repeats |
cycle for urban decline following deindustrilisation | deindustrilisation, reduce workforce and relocate, industrial buildings sit empty, dereliction of industrial premises, waste land, increase of bulgary, graffiti etc, environmental ,building quality decline, low investor confidence in area, cycle repeats |
solutions to dereliction | since 2004, 75% of all new housing in Leeds have been built on brownfield land, new regeneration projct at South Bank Leeds will be built on a 253 hectare brownfield site |
470kg | every household in leeds produce 470kg of household waste a year |
346,000 | 346,000 households in leeds |
306,000 | tonnes of waster each year from homes |
40% | 40% of waste is recycled |
RERF | recycling and energy recovery facility has been built at cross green |
29,000 | RERF reduced amount of greenhouse gases being released into atmosphere by equivalent of taking 29,000 cars off road every year |
urban sprawl | the growth of cities spreading and taking over the countryside |
rural urban fringe | the area at the very edge of the city beside the countryside |
commuter settement | place where people live and travel elsewhere for work |
greenbelt legislation | supposed to prevent building on rural urban fringe |
Burley in Wharfedale | train station- 11miles into leeds so quick and reliable transport, green space- enjoy peace, close to leeds Bradford airport, close to major a roads so able to access wide variety of jobs |
problems- burley in wharfedale | a65 used to go through village but 3.2km bypass ( 5.5 million) has to be made, only 19% of commuters use train, house prices there are 60% higher than rest of yorkshire, 80% of businesses have on average 4 employees |
regeneration- south bank | used to have strong community spirit, workshop of leeds, fell into decline due to deindustrilisation |
aire park | planned 24 acres mixed-use development in Hunslet- will occupy abandoned brownfield site of the former Tetley's Brewery |
Tower works | 4 mins walk to station, residential buildings being built, new street food and makers market |
climate innovation district | former brownfield site into low carbon housing , lots of green space |
freibrug- energy conservation | area has a strict policy on energy use and production, city aims to create 100% of its energy from renewable sources by 2050 |
freiburg- water conservation | 80% of rainwater collected is for reuse inside and outside the home, homes have green roof 9rooftop gardens) and harvest rainwater that can be used indoors |
freiburg- waste reduction/ recycling | there are 350 community recycling points, burning waste provides energy for 28,000 homes |
freiburg- green spaces | 40% of city is covered in forest, river dreisam is unmanaged, flowing naturally and protecting habitats |
why do we need to reduce traffic congestion? | greater risk of accidents, co2 released, petrol burnt is expensive, loss of productivity, air pollution |
frieburg- cycle paths | 400km of cycle paths with 9000 parking spaces for bikes including bike and ride facilities at railway and bus stations |
freiburg- car parking | restrictions on car parking spaces, in Vauban district each one costs 20,000 pounds |
freiburg- consequences of transport plans | tram journeys have increased by over 25,000 in one year, while car journeys reduced by nearly 30,000 |