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Katie Pryor
SCI 221 Study Stack 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The period of time that an axons membrane resists restimulation. | Absolute refractory period. |
| The tree structures that make up a chemical synapes | Synaptic knob. Synaptic cleft. Plasma membrane of the postsynaptic neuron. |
| Acetylcholine, Amines, Amino acids are 3 examples of ____. | Small-Molecule Neurotransmitters. |
| Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP), Met-enkephalin, and Substance P are 3 examples of _____. | Large-Molecule Neurotransmitters. |
| What are the two types of synapes? | Electrical Synapse. Chemical Synapse. |
| What are the three distinct layers the compose the meninges? | Dura mater, Arachnoid mater Pia mater |
| What are the three extensions in the Dura mater? | Falx cerebri Falx verebelli Tentorium 140mLcerebelli |
| What is the average amount of CSF in an adult? | 140mL |
| ___ tracts provide conduction paths from the spinal cord to the brain while ___ tracts provide conduction paths from the brain down the spinal cord. | Ascending tracts Descending tracts |
| What three brain structures make up the brain stem? | Medulla Oblongata, Pons, and Midbrain |
| How many pairs of spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord? List how many of each type there is. | 31 in total. 8 Cervical 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 5 Sacral 1 Coccygeal |
| Spinal nerves are designated mixed nerves because they contain both ___ and ___ fibers. | Motor and Sensory. |
| What is the largest nerve in the body? | Sciatic nerve. |
| Define "Myotome" | A skeletal muscle or group of muscles that receives motor axons from a given spinal nerve |
| How many Cranial Nerves are there? | 12 |
| What are the 2 branches of the ANS? | Sympathetic and Parasympathetic |
| Define "Dually innervated" when speaking about the ANS. | Autonomic effectors receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways. |
| What is the ENS and where is it found? | Enteric Nervous System. Found in the intestinal walls. |
| Why is the white ramus referred to as such? | Because of the myelinated axons in the sympathetic preganglionic fibers. |
| At least 75% of all parasympathetic preganglionic fibers travel in the ____ nerve. | Vagus. |
| Receptors can be classified by what 4 things? | Sensory system pathway. Location in the body. Particular stimulus that causes them to respond. Their structure. |
| What 3 groups or classes of receptors can be identified by location? | Exteroceptors Visceroceptors Proprioceptros |
| What are the 6 categories based on types of stimuli? | Mechanoreceptors chemoreceptors thermoreceptors Nociceptors Photoreceptors Osmoreceptors |
| What is it called when someone has the complete lack of smell? | Anosmia |
| The papillae of the tongue are classified their structure. Name the 4 types of papillae. | Fungiform papillae. Circumvallate papillae Foliate papillae Filiform papillae |
| The ear is broken down into what parts? | Inner ear, Middle ear, External ear. |
| What is the bony labyrinth make of? | Vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. |
| The ___ eye muscles are smooth (involuntary) while the ___ eye muscles are skeletal muscles are attached to the outside of the eyeball and the bones of the orbit. | Intrinsic Extrinsic |
| What is a chemical messenger that can be either a hormone or neurotransmitter? | Norepinephrine (NE) |
| What are cholesterol cells manufactured into by endocrine cells? | Steroid hormones |
| ____ is a combination of hormones that have a greater effect on a target cell than the sum of the effects that each would have if acting along. | Synergism |
| ___ occurs when a small amount of one hormone allows a second hormone to have its full effect on a target cell. | Permissiveness. |
| Prostaglandin, Thromboxanes, and Leukotrienes are examples of _____. | Eicosanoids |
| The ___ develops from an upward projection of the pharynx and is composed of regular endocrine tissue | Adenohypophysis |
| The ____ is a downward projection of the brain and is composed of neurosecretory tissue. | Neurohypophysis |
| The 4 principal hormones that are produced and secreted by the basophils of the pars anterior | TSH ACTH FSH LH |
| What are the 2 primary actions of oxytocin? | Stimulates rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle in the uterus and causes milk ejection from the breasts in lactating women. |
| What are the 3 major body fluids? | Plasma Intracellular fluid Interstitial fluid |
| Whole blood constitutes __% of total body weight. Plasma accounts for __% of total blood volume Formed elements account for __% of total blood volume | Whole blood: 8 Plasma: 55 formed elements: 45 |
| Where does the synthesis of plasma proteins occur? | In the liver. |
| ___ is the liquid part of blood. It is the whole blood minus formed elements | Plasma |
| Protein in blood plasma is made up of what three compounds | albumins, globulins, and fibrinogens. |
| Approximately how much of the hearts mass is to the left of the midline of the body? | 2/3 |
| CPR stands for ___________ | Cardiopulmonary resuscitation |
| Where is the apex of the heart found? | Midclavicular line, between the 5th and 6th intercostals. |
| How much fluid is found in the pericardial space? | 10-15mL |
| What are the 3 main types of blood vessels of the heart? | Arteries, veins, and capillaries |
| Another name for conducting arteries. | Elastic arteries |
| Another name for distributing arteries | Muscular arteries |
| A term used to describe the short connecting vessel for a true arteriole with the proximal end of 20-100 capillaries. | Metateriole |
| Types of "fabric" that makes up the walls of blood vessels | endothelial tissue, collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and smooth muscle tissue. |
| What does the foramen ovale become as an adult? | Fossa ovalis |
| What is the mechanism that keeps blood flowing to maintain a relative consistence of the body's internal environment? | Hemodynamics |
| What is the greatest drop in pressure in the body? | about 50mmHg |
| What represents pressure gradient? | P1-P2 |
| Arterial pressure is ____ to arterial blood volume | directly proportional |
| Cardiac output= ___x___ | HR and stroke volume |
| The name for iolated nodules of lymphatic tissue found in the intestinal walls or nodules of the vermiform appendix of the large intestines. | Peyer patches |
| What are additional lymphoid structures? | Tonsils, the thymus, the spleen, and red bone marrow. |
| How does the lymphatic system differ from the cardiovascular system? | It is not a closed circuit and does not contain a pump such as the heart. |
| What is the average concentration of protein in the lymph taken from the thoracic duct? | 4grams/100mL |
| Lymphatic and blood capillaries lie ___ to each other, but function ____. | side by side/independently. |
| The ability for our immune system to attack abnormal foreign cells but spare our own normal cells is called ______ | self-tolerance. |
| What are the primary cells involved in innate immunity? | Epithelial barrier cells, phagocytic cells, and natural killer cells. |
| Chemicals released from cells to trigger an adaptive immune response. | Cytokines. |
| The name of the phenomenon in which genetic characteristics common to an organism or species provides defense against certain pathogens. | Species resistance |
| Cutaneous membrane is a ___ line of defense for the immune system. | First |
| Adaptive immunity is the bodies ____ line of defense. | Third. |
| What are the 2 major classes of lymphocytes? | B cells and T cells. |
| B cells do not attack the pathogens, but instead produce ____. | Antibodies. |
| What does CD stand for when speaking about the immune system? | Cluster of Differentiation. |
| Where do naive B cells circulate to after being released by the red bone marrow? | the lymph nodes, the spleen, and other lymphoid structures. |
| What is the most common term for "pulmonary ventilation" | Breathing. |
| When air moves into the lungs | Inspiration |
| When air moves out of the lungs | Expiration |
| What structures are used during quiet inspiration? | Diaphragm and external intercostals. |
| What is it called when the thorax and lungs return to their preinspiration volume? | Elastic recoil. |
| Partial pressures is also known as | Dalton's Law |
| What conditions can decrease the total functional area of the lungs by collapsing alveoli? | Surfactant disorders and Pneumothorax |
| A quaternary protein made of four different polypeptides. | Hemoglobin. |
| What is the average O2 saturation of hemoglobin? | 97% |
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