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Yuseira Jimenez
Physiology Weeks 1-6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The concept that information may flow ahead to another process to trigger a change in anticipation of an event that will flow is called | Feed-forward |
| The impact of effector activity on sensors may be positive or negative. Therefore, homeostatic control mechanisms are categorized as | Organs that are directly influenced by physiological variables or mechanisms |
| Which of the following is a basic component of every feedback control loop? | Sensory mechanism, integrating center, effector, feedback |
| Extrinsic control usually involves which mode of regulation | Nervous, Endocrine |
| Events that lead to an immune response to an infection or the formation of a blood clot are examples of | Positive feedback |
| The normal reading or range is called the | Set point |
| Because negative feedback control systems oppose changes that are opposite in direction to the initial disturbance, they are | Slowed or maintained in the homeostatic range |
| Processed for maintaining or restoring homeostasis are known as | Homeostatic control mechanisms |
| The body naturally changes some set points to different values at different times of the day. These daily cycles are called | Circadian cycles |
| What term describes a signal traveling toward a particular center or point of reference | Afferent |
| Which level of control operated at the cell level, often using genes and enzymes to regulate cell function | Intracellular regulation |
| The relatively constant state maintained by the body is known as | Homeostasis |
| Many complex processes of the body are coordinated at many levels. These include | Intracellular, intrinsic, extrinsic |
| To accomplish self-regulation, a highly complex and integrated communication control system or network is required. This type of network is called a | Feedback control loop |
| Local control or ____, intrinsic mechanisms often make use of chemical signals | Autoregulation |
| Effectors can be described as | Organs that directly influence controlled physiological variables |
| The contraction of the uterus during the birth of a baby is an example of ____ feedback | Positive |
| If the secretion of oxytocin during childbirth operated as a negative-feedback control loop, what effect would it have on uterine contractions? | Oxytocin would inhibit uterine conractions |
| Intracellular parasites that consist of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes by a lipoprotein envelope are called: | Viruses |
| Epidemiology is the study of the ____ of diseases in human populations | Occurrence, distribution, transmission |
| Of the 11 major body systems, which is the least involved in maintaining homeostasis? | Reproductive |
| Which of the following may put one at risk for developing a given disease? | Environment, stress, lifestyle |
| Which of the following is a protein substance with no DNA or RNA and is thought to be the cause of mad cow disease? | Prion |
| Which of the following is not one of the basic components in a feedback control loop? Effector mechanism, Transmitter, Sensor, Integrating center | Transmitter |
| The normal reading or range of normal is called the: | Set point |
| Pathogenesis can be defined as: | The course of disease development |
| Shivering to try to raise your body temp back to normal would be an example of: | The body trying to maintain homeostasis, a negative-feedback mechanism |
| Intrinsic control: | Is sometimes called autoregulation |
| Positive-feedback control systems: | Accelerate a change |
| The body’s thermostat is located in the: | Hypothalamus |
| Of the pathogenic organisms, which of the following are the most complex? | Tapeworms |
| Negative-feedback control systems: | Oppose a change |
| Homeostasis can be best described as: | A state of relative constancy |
| When two amino acids are joined, a peptide bone is formed and an H+ ion is released. True or False | False |
| The most important monosaccharide is | Glucose |
| ATP | Is the form of energy that cells generally use |
| The lipid that is often referred to as a tissue hormone is | Protaglandin |
| The base pairing of DNA molecules is, ____ is bound it ____. | Adenine; thymine |
| Proteins are polymers of | Amino acids |
| A saturated fatty acid is one in which | All available bonds of it hydrocabon chain are filled |
| DNA and RNA are important because | They contain information molecules |
| Which of the following is polymer of glucose that is sometimes referred to as a animal starch? Disaccharide, Polysaccharide, Monosaccharide, Glycogen | Glycogen |
| A triglyceride is composed of a glycerol molecule and three of the same type of fatty acid. True or False | False |
| RNA and DNA have the same pyrimidine bases but different purine bases. True or False | False |
| The carbon-containing molecules formed by living things are often called | Organic molecules |
| What determines how a protein performs? | Shape |
| Chaperone proteins assist in the proper folding of other proteins so they can have the correct functional shape. True or False | True |
| Which of these is not a lipid. Fat, Steroid, Cholesterol, Polysaccharide | Polysaccharide |
| A very large molecule composed of subunits of sugar, a nitrogen base, and phosphate bond is a | Nucleic acid |
| What term is often used to describe certain arrangements of atoms attached to the carbon core of many organic molecule? | Functional group |
| Which term means “water loving” and applies to the phospholipid head? | Hydrophilic |
| Any large molecule made up of many identical small molecules is called a(n) | Polymer |
| Unsaturated fats: | Will kink or bend because of the double bonds between the caron atoms |
| The types of lipids found that form hormones, such as cortisone, estrogen, and testosterone are: | Steroids |
| Which lipid is part of vitamin D | Steroids |
| Amino acids frequently become joined by: | Peptide bonds |
| Humans can synthesize 13 of 21 basic amino acids; the remaining 8, which must be included in the diet, are called: | Essential amino acids |
| Peptide bonds join together molecules of: | Amino acids |
| The element that is present in all proteins but not in carbohydrates | Nitrogen |
| Which level or protein structure refers to the number, kind, and sequence of amino acids? | Primary |
| They type of lipoprotein associated with “bad” cholesterol and the production of atherosclerotic changes in blood vessels is: | LDL |
| DNA: | Is a double-helix strand of nucleotides |
| What is the most important factor in determining the physical and chemical properties of fatty acids | Degree of saturation |
| The term glycoprotein, a combination of two words, tells you that the compound is made of ___, with___ being the dominant component | Carbohydrate and protein; protein |
| Prostaglandins and steroids share which of the following characteristics | Both have a ring structure in their molecule |
| The basic building blocks of fats are: | Fatty acids and glycerol |
| All of the following substances are organic except: Lipids, Electrolytes, Carbohydrates, Proteins | Electrolytes |
| Which lipid acts as a “tissue hormone”? | Prostaglandin |
| Which of the following is not one of the major groups of organic substances in the human body? | Salts |
| A molecule or other agent that alters enzyme function by changing its shape is called | Allosteric effector |
| Meiosis is called “reduction division” because | The number of chromosomes is reduced by half |
| RNA makes proteins by | Translation |
| Which of the following is an active transport process? | Endocytosis |
| Transcription can best be described as the | Synthesis of mRNA |
| Replication of DNA occurs in which phase of interphase | S phase |
| Diffusion moves | Down a concentration gradient |
| In the DNA molecule, a sequence of three base pairs forms a | Codon |
| In the electron transport system, the final electron acceptor is | Oxygen |
| The two processes of protein synthesis are | Transcription and translation |
| The total number of 46 chromosomes per cell is referred to as ____ number | Diploid |
| Meiotic division occurs in | Primitive sex cells |
| Osmosis can be defined as | the net movement of water molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration |
| Proteins that act as catalysts are called | Enzymes |
| The component that distinguishes one nucleotide from another is the | Nitrogen base |
| Mitosis is subdivided into four phases, including all of the following except | Karyophase |
| Which of the following phases is not correctly matched with its description | Anaphase - mitosis is complete |
| A chemical that reduces the amount of activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction is a | Catalyst |
| If red blood cells containing 10% solute are places in a solution containing 10% solute, what will happen? | Water will move into and out of the cells at a equal rate |
| Diffusion can be defined as | The net movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration |
| The cell process in which microorganisms or other large particles are engulfed is called | Phagocytosis |
| Water pressure that develops in a solution as a result of osmosis into that solution is called ____ pressure | Osmotic |
| In which stage of mitosis do chromosomes move to the opposite ends of the cells along the spindle fibers? | Anaphase |
| Facilitated diffusion is not an active transport process because it | Does not depend on cell energy |
| Red blood cells are placed in an unknown solution. After 45 minutes, the cells are examined and determined to have decreased in size. The unknown solution is | Hypertonic |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of meiosis | Two haploid gametes |
| The result of meiosis is | Four daughter cells that are haploid |
| Normal mitosis results in | Cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell |
| Glycolysis occurs in what part of the cell | Cytoplasm |
| If oxygen is available, the pyruvate molecules formed by glycolysis are prepared to enter the next phase of aerobic cellular respiration, called the | Citric acid cycle |
| Which is true about the sodium and potassium pump? | Three sodium ions are taken out of the cell |
| An individual's entire set of DNA can be referred to as a: | Genome |
| When the chromosomes align themselves across the equator of the spindle fibers, it is characteristics of which phase of mitosis? | Metaphase |
| The site of transcription is within the nucleus, whereas the site of translation is in the cytoplasm. True or False | True |
| Extensive weight training causes the muscle cells to: | Hypertrophy |
| The physical process by which water and solute move through a membrane when a hydrostatic pressure gradient exists across the membrane is the process of: | Filtration |
| Diffusion of particles through the membrane by means of a carrier molecule is called: | Facilitated diffusion |
| During which stage of mitosis do the centrioles move to the opposite poles of the cell? | Prophase |
| Term that is synonymous with tumor | Neoplasm |
| Which is not true about the sodium and potassium pump? | Sodium moves into cell and potassium moves out of the cell |
| Which of the following is not true of diffusion? | Uses cellular energy |
| Materials can be moved from a low concentration to a high concentration through: | Active transport |
| A saline solution that contains a higher concentration of salt than a red blood cell would be | Hypertonic |
| The small water channels in the cell membrane are called | Aquaporins |
| The correct order of the phases of mitosis is | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase PMAT |
| Twenty-three chromosomes per cell in humans is referred to as | Haploid |
| Transcription can be best describes as the | Synthesis of mRNA |
| If a sequence of nitrogen bases in nucleic acid were A-U-C-G-A, which of the following would be true about the nucleic acid? | It contains ribose sugar |
| A membrane carrier structure attracts a solute to a binding site, changes shape, and releases the solute on the other side of the cell membrane. This describes the process of: | Carrier-mediated transport |
| Which cells of the skin act as a type of antigen-presenting cells in the skin? | Dendritic cells |
| Which cells of the skin are filled with a tough, fibrous protein and account for most of the epidermal cells of the skin? | Keratinocytes |
| Which skin layer contains closely packed, clear cells that contain a gel-like substance called eleidin? | Stratum Lucidum |
| Apocrine sweat glands are not found in the: | Soles of the feet, or hands |
| The nail body forms at the nail root, which has a matrix of proliferating cells from the ____ that enables the nail to grow continuously | Stratum basale |
| Fingernail growth is the result of the mitosis of the cells in the stratum: | Germinativum |
| Which skin layer is called the barrier area? | Stratum corneum |
| In which skin layer does the process of keratinization begin? | Stratum granulosum |
| The hair papilla consists of ____ tissue | Dermal |
| Which of the following epithelial functions is a primary activity of glandular epithelium? | Secretion |
| Hematopoietic tissue can be found in the | Bones |
| Does smooth muscle have intercalated disks? | No |
| Which of the following is not a proteoglycan found in the matrix of connective tissue | Collagen |
| Which tissue is most likely to form a keloid scar as it heals? | Connective |
| Which type of connective tissue helps newborns maintain body temp by producing heat? | Brown fat |
| Which vitamins are absorbed through the skin? | A,D,K |
| Of the five epidermal cell layers, the only one that can undergo mitosis is the stratum | Basale |
| Connective tissue forms from the stem cell tissue called | Mesenchyme |
| A tissue is | A group of similar cells that perform a common function |
| What structure is formed by the union of the basal and reticular lamina | Basement membrane |
| The hypodermis | Connects the dermis to underlying tissues |
| Which cells form the blood-brain barrier that protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood? | Astrocytes |
| Which cells help destroy pathogens and damaged tissue in the brain? | Microglia |
| Basement membrane is composed of molecules made by ___ tissue | Connective and Epithelial |
| Are epithelial tissues important in communication and control? True or False. | False |
| The papillary layer of the dermis | Produces the ridges that makes fingerprints |
| Which is not a function of connective tissue? Transport, Support, Defense, Communication | Communication |
| The external portion of the bone is known as | Cortical bone |
| Bones grow due to activity in the | Epiphyseal plates |
| Why is cartilage slow to heal | Because it is semi-solid and flexible and has no or limited blood supply |
| Where would you find fibrous cartilage | Pubic symphysis and interverbal discs |
| The axial structure: | Provides framework for muscles that anchor and stabilize the appendicular bones |
| Adipocytes, found in the yellow bone marrow, stores and releases ___ and ___ for energy | Fat and triglycerides |
| Which of the following provide flexibility and smooth surfaces for movement | Cartilage |
| The fontanelles of an infant's skull consists of | Fibrous membrane |
| The ulna articulates proximally with the | Humerus |
| Calcification of the organic bone matrix occurs when | Complex calcium salts are deposited in the matrix |
| Small cells that synthesize and secrete a specialized organic matrix are | Osteoblasts |
| The cells responsible for active erosion on the bone minerals are called | Osteoclasts |
| Bones act as a reservoir for which minerals | Calcium and phosphorus |
| Blood calcium levels involve secretion of which two hormones | Parathyroid and Calcitonin |
| Appositional growth of cartilage occurs when chondrocytes begin to divide and secrete | Additional matrix |
| A condition that is caused by an abnormally increased roundness in the thoracic curvature is | Kyphosis |
| The cell organelles that synthesize organic matrix substances in bone formation are | ER and Golgi apparatus |
| The energy required for muscular contraction is obtained by hydrolysis of | ATP |
| Muscle tone is maintained by | Negative feedback mechanisms |
| The muscle's ability to stretch or extend and to return to its resting length is called | Extensibility |
| Synovial joints are | Freely movable |
| An example of a uniaxial joint is the | Elbow |
| Synarthortic joints are | Immovable |
| The contractile unit of a muscle cell is the | Sarcomere |
| If a structural classification is used, joints are named according to the type of ___ tissue that joins the bones together | Connective |
| The joint present during the growth years between the epiphyses of a long bone and its diaphysis is the | Synchrondrosis |
| Which structure allows the electrical signals to travel along the sarcolemma and move deeper into the cell | Transverse tubule |
| The more muscle fibers contracting at the same time, the stronger the contraction of the entire muscle. The number of muscle fibers contracting depends on how many motor units are | Recruited |
| A contraction in which muscle length remains the same but muscle tension increases is called an | Isometric contraction |
| Which type of movement occurs between the carpal and tarsal bones and between the articular facets of adjoining spinal vertebrae | Gliding |
| Anaerobic respiration results in the formation of an incompletely catabolized molecule called | Lactate |
| Three phases of the twitch contraction are the | Latent period, Contraction phase, and relaxation phase |
| The four kinds of protein that make up myofilaments are myosin, actin, ____, and ____ | Tropomyosin, troponin |
| Joints joined by fibrocartilage are called | Symphyses |
| Which of the following is not among the structures that characterize synovial joints? | Tendons |
| Some synovial joints contain a closed pillow-like structure called a | Bursa |
| According to the sliding filament therory | Actin moves past myosin |
| The minimal level of stimulation required to cause a fiber to contract is called the | Threshold stimulus |
| Which joint allows for a unique movement called opposition | Saddle |
| Cross-bridges are also called | Myosin heads |
| After it is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the calcium combines with which protein? | Troponin |
| The lactate produced by anaerobic respiration is converted back to glucose in the | Liver |
| Which structure functions to temporarily store calcium ions | Sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| The chief function of the T-tubules is to | Allow for electrical signals to move deeper into the cell |
| The first event to occur in muscle relaxation is that | The SR begins actively pumping calcium back into its sacs |
| Thick myofilaments extend the length of the | A-band |
| During which phase of the twitch contraction is there a triggering of the release of calcium ions into the sarcoplasm | Latent period |
| The ability of muscles cells to respond to nerve stimuli is called | Irritability |
| A contraction in which the tension within the muscle remains the same but the length change is called a ____ contraction | Isotonic |
| The type of movement possible at a synovial joint depends on the | Shape of the articulating surfaces of the bones |
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