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______________ is any substance that is useless to the body or present in excess of the body’s needs
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is a waste substance produced by the body.
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The Urinary System
Urinary System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ______________ is any substance that is useless to the body or present in excess of the body’s needs | waste |
| is a waste substance produced by the body. | metabolic waste |
| are toxic metabolic wastes that contain nitrogen. | nitrogenous waste |
| is a by-product of protein catabolism | urea |
| is a by-product of nucleic acid catabolism | uric acid |
| is produced by the catabolism of creatinephosphate | creatine |
| The level of nitrogenous waste in the blood is typically expressed as | blood urea nitrogen (bun) |
| is an abnormally elevated BUN and may indicate real insufficiency | azotemia |
| Artificial removal of nitrogenous wastes from blood requires | hemodialysis |
| is the principal organ of the urinary system | kidney |
| is a fibrous sac that encloses the kidney and protects if from trauma and infection | renal capsule |
| on the outside, which has extensions called renal columns that project towards the center and divide the inner | renal cortex |
| into 6-10 renal pyramids. One pyramid and overlying cortex constitute one lobe of the kidney. | renal medulla |
| Each renal pyramid is joined to a cup called a ______ , which collects its urine | minor calyx |
| Two or three minor calyces (plural) converge to form a __________ | major calyx |
| minor calyx then major calyx which converge again to form the _____ | renal pelvis |
| which is a continuation of the _______ that drains urine down to the urinary bladder | ureter |
| __________ is a slit where the kidney receives renal nerves, blood vessels (J&K) , lymphaticsand ureter | hilum |
| Each kidney contains about 1.2 million functional units called _____, which consists of two principal parts | nephrons |
| where blood plasma is filtered | renal corpuscle |
| which is a long tube that process the filtered plasma into urine | renal tubule |
| _______ brings blood into the renal corpuscle where it turns into a mass of capillaries called a ________ | afferent arteriale / glomerulus |
| is a two-layered capsule that the glomerulus | glomerular (bowmans) capsule |
| The glomerular capsule is composed of an outside layer of simple squamous epithelium (H1) and an inner layer of cells called ______ that wrap around the capillaries | podocytes |
| is the fluid that filters from the glomerular capillaries | glomerular filtrate |
| This fluid collects in the _______ where it exits at the renal tubule ( | capsular space |
| (Renal corpuscle) Blood leaves via the | efferent arteriale |
| is a winding, hollow tube extending from the renal corpuscle to the end of the nephron, where it joins a collecting duct shared in common with other nearby nephrons. | renal tubule |
| arises from the glomerular capsule and is composed of simple cuboidal epithelium with prominent microvillus (brush boarder). | proximal convoluted tubule |
| This _______ allows for a great deal of absorption to occur | brush boarder |
| is a long U-shaped structure | loop of hennle |
| loop passes from the cortex into the medulla | Descending |
| loop is the portion of the loop that turns 180 degrees and returns to the cortex. | Ascending |
| have simple cuboidalepithelium, which are engaged in active transport of salts and therefore need extra mitochondria (ATP production) making the cells thick | Thick segment |
| have simple squamous epithelium and are very permeable to water | Thin segment |
| is distal to the loop of Henleand functions to conduct filtrate out of the nephron and into a collecting duct | distal convoluted |
| is a portion of the distal convoluted tubule that brushes past the afferent arterial. This interaction helps maintain homeostasis of blood flow | juxtaglomerular apparatus |
| is formed by the joining of distal convoluted tubules of several nephrons. | collecting ducts |
| Although the kidneys account for only 0.4% of the overall body weight, they receive about _____of the blood pumped by the heart per minute (cardiac output). | 21% |
| arises from the abdominal aorta | renal artery |
| Just before or after entering the hilum, the renal artery divides into a few | segmental arteries |
| The segmental arteries give rise to ______that travel between each renal pyramid where it again branches into ______ and several ______, which pass upward into the cortex | interiobar arteries, accuate arteries, interlabular arteries |
| As the interlobular artery ascends through the cortex, it branches into a series of _____________ | afferent arterioles, |
| which as previously discussed turns into a spherical mass of capillaries called a _______ | glomerulus |
| and then leaves the glomerular capsule as an _____ | efferent arteriole |
| The afferent arteriole also pass near the distal convoluted tubule and with it forms a ______ | juxta glomerular apparatus |
| The efferent arteriole leads to a plexus of _________ , which pick up the water and solutes reabsorbed by the renal tubules. These capillaries drain into the interlobular veins (G) and so on | peritubar capillaries |
| The renal medulla is supplied by a network of vessels called the | vasta recta |
| The kidney converts blood plasma to urine in three stages and each stage changes blood plasma into something new | Glomerular filtration2.Tubular reabsorption and secretion3.Water conservation |
| is the process in which water and some solutes in the blood plasma pass from the capillaries of the glomerulus across a three-layer filtration membraneinto the capsular space of the renal corpuscle | glomerular filtration |
| the endothelium of the glomerular capillaries are covered with large filtration pores that are highly permeable to many substances, except red/white blood cells. | fenestrated endothelium |
| this membrane is composed of a proteoglycan gel that slows the movement of large and charged molecules | basement membrane |
| this layer is composed of podocytes (P) that wrap around the capillary and contain filtration slits that carry a negative charge, thus providing another obstacle for large molecules | filtration slits |
| is the amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys combined | glomerular filtration rate |
| is the volume of filtrate produced for every 1 mmHg of filtration pressure. It depends on the permeability and surface area of the filtration barrier | filtration coefficient |
| is the driving pressure that creates the pressure gradient between capillary and renal capsule required for fluid movement | net filtration pressure |
| ______ with the renal capsule is dependent on 1) blood pressure, 2) capsular pressure, and 3) osmotic pressure | Fluid movement |
| is the ability of the nephrons to adjust their own blood flow and GFR without external (nervous or hormonal) control. This allows them to maintain a stable GFR in spite changes in arterial blood pressure | renal auto regulation |
| occurs when the smooth muscle surrounding the afferent arteriole contracts when stretched via increases in arterial blood pressure | myogenic mechanism autoregulation |
| The contraction of the afferent arterial smooth muscle causes ________ and a decrease in blood flow into the glomerulus | vasoconstriction |
| is a feed back loop that includes involves the juxtaglomerular apparatus | tubuloglomerular feedback |
| As flow increase, solute delivery to the justaglomerular apparatus increases causing its cells to secrete _______that cause afferent arterial vasoconstriction, so that GFR in the same nephron decreases | chemical messengers |
| of the renal blood vessels is very complex because an afferent and efferent both exist | sympathetic control |
| when systemic blood pressure drops, the sympathetic nervous system signals cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus to secrete the enzyme _____ | renin- anglotensin-aldosterone mechanism / renin |
| Renininteracts with the plasma protein angiotensinogen causing it to release a chain of amino acids called angiotensin 1which is converted to _______ in the lungs | angiotensin 2 |
| Stimulate widespread vasoconstriction, which increases systemic arterial pressure | Angiotensin 2 |
| Constricts both the afferent and efferent arterioles to reduce GFR and water loss | Angiotensin 2 |
| Stimulate NaCland water reabsorption (increase blood volume) | Angiotensin 2 |
| Stimulate the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone, which promotes sodium and water retention (increase blood volume) | Angiotensin 2 |
| Stimulate the secretion of antidiuretichormone, which promotes water reabsorption (increase blood volume) | Angiotensin 2 |
| Stimulates the sense of thirst and encourages water intake (increase blood volume) | Angiotensin 2 |
| is the process of reclaiming water and solutes from the tubular fluid and returning them to the blood. Reabsorption occurs in the distal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, the distal convoluted tubule, and collecting ducts | tubular reabsorbtion |
| in which substances pass through the cytoplasm and out the base of the epithelial cells | transcellular route |
| in which substances pass between the epithelial cells | paracellular route |
| Reabsorption is primarily coupled to movements of ________________ which is actively transported out of the tubular cell by an Na+-K+pump located in the basolateral membrane. This pumping creates a gradient for Na+out of the PCT into the cell | sodium |
| -_______ and ______ are co-transported with Na+into the cell | glucose and amino acids |
| ______ is counter-transported out of the cell in exchange for Na+ | hydrogren H+ |
| -_______________ (not shown) moves follows the movement of Na+because of electrical stimulation | chloride |
| This movement creates an osmotic gradient that drags _______________ with it | water |
| most water and solutes are recovered by the blood via two routes | Tubular reabsorption in the PCT: |
| this is a process in which the renal tubule extracts chemicals from the capillary blood and secretes them into the tubular fluid | Tubular secretion in the PCT: |
| Waste removal. Urea, uric acid, bile acids, ammonia, catecholamines, and prostaglandins are all secreted into the tubule | Tubular secretion in the PCT: |
| Blood pollutants, morphine, penicillin, aspirin, and other drugs are also secreted into the PCT | Tubular secretion in the PCT: |
| Tubular reabsorption/secretion in the Loop of Henleoccurs via the | counter current multipler mechanism |
| Water is reabsorbed from the tubule fluid, and urea is picked up from the interstitial fluid in the descending limb | Tubular reabsorption/secretion in the Loop of Henleoccurs |
| Sodium and chloride are reabsorbed from the filtrate in the ascending limb, where the reabsorption of salt makes the tubule fluid dilute and creates and maintains a high osmotic pressure of the medulla’s interstitial fluid | Tubular reabsorption/secretion in the Loop of Henleoccurs |
| are cells in the DCL and CD that carry receptors for specific hormones that regulate the amount of water and salts reabsorbed | prinicple cells |
| is the “salt-retaining hormone” that is secreted by the adrenal cortex when the blood Na+falls or its K+rises. Aldosteronecauses retention of NaCland water, which reduces urine volume | aldonsterone |
| is secreted by the atrialmyocardium of the heart in response to preload (filling pressure). ANP results in the excretion of more salt and water in the urine, which causes a reduction in blood volume and blood pressure | atrial natriuretic peptitide |
| or ADH is secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland in response to dehydration and rising blood osmolarity. ADH promotes water reabsorption | antidiuretic hormone |
| is secreted when blood calcium is low, therefore it promotes the reabsorption of calcium | parathyroid hormone |
| The renal pelvis funnels urine into the ______, which is a muscular tube that passes dorsal to the bladder and enters it from below | ureter |
| is a muscular sac on the floor of the pelvic cavity, inferior to the peritoneum and posterior to the pubic symphysis | urinary bladder |
| Its muscular layer is called the | detrusor muscle |
| The openings of the two uretersand the urethra mark a smooth-surfaced triangular area called the ________ on the bladder floor. This is a common site of bladder infection | trigone |
| transfers urine out of the body | urethra |
| 3-4 cm tube bound to the anterior wall of the vagina | Female urethra |
| Internal urethral sphincter is under involuntary control | Female urethra |
| External urethral sphincter is under voluntary control | Female urethra |
| Prostatic urethra –begins at the urinary bladder and pass through the prostate gland | Male Urethra |
| Membranous urethra –thin-walled portion that pass through the pelvic cavity | Male Urethra |
| Spongy urethra –passes through the penis to the external urethral orifice | Male Urethra |
| is the act of urinating and is partially controlled by a spinal micturitionreflex. | micturition |
| is the glandular tissue that forms the urine and can be divided into two zones | The renal parenchyma |
| urinary system consists of 6 organs | 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 urinary bladder, 1 urethra |
| enables a nephron to monitor and stabilize its own performance and compensate for fluctuations in blood pressure | juxta glomerular apparatus |
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aswarts1