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Chapter 3 Key Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Argot | Specialized language used by members of a group or subculture |
| Bilingualism | The use of two languages in a particular setting, such as the workplace or schoolroom, treating each language as equally legitimate |
| Counterculture | A subculture that deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture |
| Cultural capital | Noneconomic goods, such at family background and education, which are reflected in a knowledge of language and the arts |
| Cultural relativism | The viewing of people's behavior from the perspective of their own culture |
| Cultural universal | A common practice or belief found in every culture |
| Culture | The totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior |
| Culture lag | A period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions |
| Culture shock | The feeling of surprise and disorientation that people experience when they encounter cultural practices that are different from their own |
| Diffusion | The process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society |
| Discovery | The process of making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality |
| Dominant ideology | A set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests |
| Ethnocentrism | The tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others |
| Folkway | A norm governing everyday behavior whose violation raises comparatively little concern |
| Formal norms | A norm that has been written down and that specifies strict punishments for violators |
| Informal norm | A norm that is generally understood but not precisely recorded |
| Language | An abstract system of word meaning and symbols for all aspects of culture, includes gestures and other nonverbal communication |
| McDonaldization | The process by which the principles of bureaucratization have increasingly shaped organizations worldwide |
| Material culture | The physical or technological aspects of our daily lives |
| Mores | Norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society |
| Nonmaterial culture | Ways of using material objects, as well as customs, beliefs, philosophies, governments, and patterns of communication |
| Nonverbal communication | The sending of messages through the use of gestures, facial expressions, and postures |
| Norm | An established standard of behavior maintained by a society |
| Sanction | A penalty or reward for conduct concerning a social norm |
| Society | A fairly large number of people who live in the same territory, are relatively independent of people outside their area, and participate in a common culture |
| Sociobiology | The systematic study of how biology affects human social behavior |
| Subculture | A segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of customs, rules, and traditions that differs from the pattern of the larger society |
| Symbol | A gesture, object, or word that forms the basis of human communication |
| Technology | Cultural information about the ways in which the material resources of the environment may be used to satisfy human needs and desires |
| Value | A Collective conception of what is considered good, desirable, and proper-or bad, undesirable and Improper-in a culture |
Created by:
romerlor
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