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The Digestive System
Digestive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The main organs of the digestive system form a tube that goes all the way through the ventral cavities of the body. This tube is referred to as the | alimentary canal |
| while the term _____ is used to describe the stomach and intestines | gastrointestinal tract (GI) |
| It is important to understand that when food is passing through the digestive system it is still considered part of the _________, despite being inside the body | external environment |
| GI tube is comprised of four layers of tissue: a ______, a ____ of connective tissue that contains blood vessels and two nerve plexuses (_____ and _____), a ______ (smooth muscle), and a ________ of connective tissue attached to abdominal cavity | mucus lining, submucus layer, myenteric and intramural plexus - muscularis layer, serosa layer |
| covered externally by skin and internally by mucous membrane; the junction between skin and mucous membrane is highly sensitive | lips |
| lateral boundaries of the oral cavity that are continuous with the lips and lined by mucous membrane | cheeks |
| comprised of four bones: two maxillae and tow palatines | hard palate |
| forms the partition between the mouth and the nasopharnx and is made of muscles arranged in an arch structure | soft palate |
| Solid mass of skeletal muscle covered by mucous membrane | tongue |
| organs of mastication | teeth |
| –exposed portion of a tooth, covered by enamel | Crown |
| –narrow portion that joins the crown to the root | Neck |
| –portion that fits into the socket of the alveolar process | Root |
| ducts from the glands to the lumen of the oral cavity | salivary gland secretions |
| salivary gland are located outside the | alimentary canal |
| located between the skin and underlying massetermuscle in front and below the external ear. They produce a water, or serous, type of saliva containing enzymes but not mucus | paritid glands |
| or mixed glands –are located just below the mandibular angle. It produces both enzymes and mucus | submandibular glands |
| are the smallest of the salivary glands and are located in front of the submandibular glands. They produce a mucous type of saliva | sublingual glands |
| The act of swallowing | deglutition |
| a collapsible, muscular, mucosa-lined tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach. It lies posterior to the trachea and heart. The key function of the esophagus is to push foot towards the stomach. | esophagus |
| Each end of the esophagus is encircled by a muscular sphincter (________ and _______) that acts as a valve to regulate the passage of material | upper and lower esophageal sphincter |
| _is the term used to describe the backward flow of stomach acid up through the LES. | gastroesophageal reflux disease |
| is a portion of the digestive tube that dilates (expands) into an elongated pouch-like structure. | stomach |
| what is location is in the upper part of the abdominal cavity under the liver and diaphragm | stomach |
| collar-like region at the junction of the esophagus | cardia |
| enlarged portion to the left and above the opening of the esophagus into the stomach | fundus |
| central portion of the stomach | body |
| lower part of the stomach | pylorus |
| Reservoir for food until it is partially digested and moved further along the GI tract | Functions of the stomach |
| Secretes gastric juice to help digest food | Functions of the stomach |
| Breaks food into small particles and mixes them with gastric juice | Functions of the stomach |
| Secretes intrinsic factor | Functions of the stomach |
| Limited absorption | Functions of the stomach |
| Produces gastrin and GHRL | Functions of the stomach |
| Helps protect the body from pathogenic bacteria swallowed with food | Functions of the stomach |
| The small intestine is approximately __cm in diameter and __meters in length | 2.5 / 6 |
| Intestinal lining has _______________ (folds of the inner wall) with _____________ (tiny projections | plicae |
| important modifications of the mucosal layer | villi |
| The large intestine has an approximate diameter of __cm and length of meters. It consists of two key divisions: | 6 / 1.5-1.8 |
| first 5 to 8 cm of the large intestine; blind pouch located in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen | cecum |
| vertical position on the right side of the abdomen; the ileocecalvalve prevents material from passing from the large intestine into the ileum | ascending colon |
| passes horizontally across the abdomen above the small intestine; extends from the hepatic flexure to the splenic flexure | transverse colon |
| vertical position on left side of the abdomen | descending colon |
| joins the descending colon to the rectum | sigmond colon |
| last 7 or 8 inches of the intestinal tube; terminal inch is the anal canal with the opening called the anus | rectum |
| is the largest gland in the body, weight in at approximately 1.5 kg | The liver |
| forms approximately one sixth of the liver | left lobe |
| forms approximately five sixths of the liver; divides into right lobe proper, caudate lobe, and quadrate lobe | right lobe |
| anatomical units of the liver; a small branch of the hepatic vein extends through the center of each lobule | hepatic lobules |
| are pathways for bile to travel from the liver to the small intestine | Bile Ducts |
| ___or Bile Salts assist in the digestion of fats. | bile |
| Detoxification by liver cells: ingested toxic substances and toxic substances formed in the intestines may be changed to nontoxic substances | Functions of the Liver |
| Bile secretion by liver: bile salts are formed in the liver from cholesterol and are the most essential part of bile | Functions of the Liver |
| Liver metabolism carries out numerous important steps in metabolizing proteins, fats, and carbohydrates | Functions of the Liver |
| Storage of substances such as iron and some vitamins | Functions of the Liver |
| Production of important plasma proteins | Functions of the Liver |
| process of swallowing; complex process requiring coordinated, rapid movements | deglutition |
| mouth to oropharynx): voluntarily controlled; formation of a food bolus in the middle of the tongue; tongue presses bolus against the palate and food is then moved into the oropharynx | oral stage |
| (oropharynxto esophagus): involuntary movement; to propel bolus from the pharynx to the esophagus, the mouth, nasopharynx, and larynx must be blocked; a combination of contractions and gravity move bolus into esophagus | pharyngeal stage |
| esophagus to stomach): involuntary movement; contractions and gravity move bolus through esophagus and into stomach | esophageal stage |
| wavelike ripple of the muscle layer of a hollow organ; progressive motility that produces forward movement of matter along the GI tract | peristalsis |
| mixing movement; digestive reflexes cause a forward-and-backward movement with a single segment of the GI tract; | segmentation |
| helps break down food particles, mixes food and digestive juices, and brings digested food in contact with intestinal mucosa to facilitate absorption | segmentation |
| emptying the stomach takes approximately 2 to 6 hours | gastric motility |
| while in the stomach, food is churned (propulsion and retropulsion) and mixed with gastric juices to form | chyme |
| chymeis ejected approximately every ______ into the duodenum; | 20 seconds |
| what is the gastric emptying controlled by | hormonal and nervous mechanisms |
| fats in duodenum stimulate the release of gastric inhibitory peptide, which decreases peristalsis of gastric muscle and slows passage of chymeinto duodenum | hormonal mechanism |
| enterogastricreflex; receptors in the duodenal mucosa are sensitive to presence of acid and distention; impulses over sensory and motor fibers in the vagusnerve cause a reflex inhibition of gastric peristalsis | nervous mechanism |
| When consumed, carbohydrates generally take the form of long chains of ______ called ______ | saccharides,polysaccharides |
| During digestion these large polysaccharides are hydrolyzed by a ______ to form disaccharides | amylases |
| Enzymes in the brush boarder of the small intestine then promote the hydrolysis of these disaccharides to ______, which can then be absorbed. | monosaccharides |
| Remember that proteins consist of chains of | amino acids |
| The substance called _________________ promotes the hydrolysis of large protein chains into intermediate compounds (peptides and proteoses), and finally, individual amino acids | protease |
| fat molecules are what to water | hydrophobic |
| fat must be _______ (dispersed into small droplets) before it can be digested. | emulsified |
| Bile assists in the _____ digestion of fat, | mechanical |
| while pancreatic lipase assists with the ______ digestion. | chemical |
| refers to the release of various substances from exocrine glands | Digestive secretion |
| release of saliva, gastric juice, bile, pancreatic juices, and intestinal juices | Digestive secretion |
| is primarily composed of water, and lower concentrations of mucus. | salvia |
| Mucus is a mixture of glycoproteins and digestive substances, particularly ____ –carbohydrate-digesting enzyme. | amylase |
| contain water, mucus, and a unique combination of substances, which include: pepsin, hydrochloric acid, and intrinsic factor | gastric juices |
| contain proteases, lipases, colipase, nucleases, and amylase | pancreatic juices |
| contain sodium bicarbonate | intenstinal juices |
| key substances in salvia | mucus ,amylase |
| key substances in Gastric juice | pepsin,hydrochloric acid,intrinsic factor |
| key substances in Pancreatic juice | proteases, lipases,colipase, nucleases, amylase |
| key substances in Intestinal juice | sodium bicarbonate, mucus |
| Lubricate bolus of food and facilated mixing | mucus |
| Enzyme; begins digestion of startches (carbohydrates | amylase |
| Enzyme; digest proteins | pepsin |
| decrease pH | hydrochloric acid |
| protects and allows for later absorption of vitamin B12 | intrinsic factor |
| Enzyme; digest proteins and polypeptides | proteases |
| Enzyme; digest lipids | lipases |
| Coenzyme; helps lipase digest fats | colipase |
| Enzyme; digest nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) | nucleases |
| increase pH (assists certain enzymes | sodium bicarbonate |
| is the passage of substances through the intestinal mucosa into the blood or lymph. | absortion |
| This primarily occurs in the small intestine, where the large surface area provided by the intestinal villi and microvilli facilitate this process | absorbtion |
| is absorbed via epithelia cells that form the outer wall of the villus and constantly pump sodium from the GI lumen into the internal environment through a process called secondary transport | sodium |
| _are absorbed via a process called sodium cotransport. They become bound to a sodiumion which allows for the passive movement out of the GI lumen. | glucose and amino acids |
| are transported with the aid of lecithin andbile salts. | fatty acids and monoglycerides and cholestrol |
| Lecithin and bile salts form microscopic spheres called_________________,which carry the lipid | micelles |
| Once int he cells fatty acids are bound with monoglycerides and placed in a specific micelle called a______,which allows for transport in the bloodstream or lymph | chylomicron |
| is the expulsion of feces from the digestive tract | elimation |
| The act of expelling feces is called | defecation |
| contents of the lower part of the colon and rectum move at a slower than normal rate; extra water is absorbed from the feces, resulting in a hardened stoo | constipation |
| result of increased motility of the small intestine, causing decreased absorption of water and electrolytes and a watery stool | diarrhea |
| Defecation occurs as a result of a reflex brought about by stimulation of receptors in the _______ that is produced when the rectum is distended | rectal mucosa |
Created by:
aswarts1