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Civil Rights

Term Definition
civil rights policies designed to protect people against arbitrary treatment by the government
slavery social-economic system in which people are forced to work without compensation and dehumanized
chattel slavery type of slavery in which the enslaved persons were seen as property by an 'owner'
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) case in which Justice Taney declared that black Americans were 'chattel,' and therefore had no rights under a white man's government
Jim Crow laws segregation laws used especially by southern states that required African Americans to use separate public schools and facilities
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) court ruling that segregation of public goods was constitutional if it was substantially equal in its separation
grandfather clause laws enacted in the south to block the black vote; examples include literacy tests and poll taxes
Guinn v. United States (1915) court ruling that the grandfather clause was unconstitutional and thus established protection for the southern black vote
white primary primary elections in the south in which only white Americans were allowed to vote; overturned by Smith v. Allwright in 1944
Smith v. Allwright (1944) case that overturned the white primary
Sweatt v. Painter (1950) ruled that the University of Texas' race-based admissions were unconstitutional; established more equal protection in university admissions
de jure segregation segregation that occurs as a direct result of legislative policy, such as Jim Crow laws
de facto segregation segregation not sanctioned by law but that is observable through cultural trends like residential patterns
Brown v. Board of Education (1954) declared that segregation had no place in education and marked the beginning of the Civil Rights era in American history
Civil Rights Act of 1964 denied federal funding to schools that refused to desegregate
Thurgood Marshall member of the NAACP and the nation's first black Supreme Court justice
Created by: emilydickinson
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