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OCTH 712 exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| central scaffold for maintaining or transitioning to various positions, body's core region | core or trunk |
| all vertebrae that form the spine, helps to absorb forces, has 5 regions | vertebral/spinal column |
| simultaneous activation of agonist and antagonist mm., contributes to static and dynamic stability for occupational performance | co-contraction |
| attachment site for large mm.; consists of vertebral column, ribs, sternum, and skull | axial skeleton |
| anterior curvature of spine, typically in cervical and lumbar vertebrae | lordosis |
| posterior curvature of spine, typically in thoracic and sacral vertebrae | kyphosis |
| main portion of vertebrae, made of cancellous/spongy bone, absorbs compressive forces | vertebral body |
| formed by pedicles and laminae, bony base for processes | vertebral arch |
| opening post. to vertebral body, bony canal for spinal cord | vertebral foramen |
| opening between adjacent vertebrae, passage for spinal nerves | intervertebral foramen |
| between vertebral bodies, stabilizes and absorbs shock | intervertebral disc |
| fibrous outer ring of IV disc | annulus fibrosis |
| gel-like inner core of IV disc | nucleus pulposus |
| project off vertebral bodies dorsally and inferiorly | spinous processes |
| extend laterally off of each side of vertebral bodies | transverse proceses |
| form joints between vertebrae, on each side | superior and inferior facets |
| articular surfaces for ribs, only on thoracic vertebrae | costal facet |
| vertebrae that have transverse foramen and connect to nuchal ligament | cervical vertebrae |
| superior projection through foramen of atlas, a.k.a. dens | odontoid process |
| on transverse processes of cervical vertebrae (except C1), vertebral a. and v. pass through | transverse foramen |
| ligament that extends inferior from external occipital protuberance of skull, attachment site for trapezius and splenius capitis mm. | nuchal ligament |
| has costal facets for rib attachment, compression fractures are common with last vertebra, thicker posteriorly and thinner anteriorly, body contributes to kyphotic curvature | thoracic vertebrae |
| flat vertical bone, aligned with vertebral column, runs in sagittal plane, anterior support for rib cage, articular surface for ribs, made of 3 bones | sternum |
| 12 pairs of ribs, held to skeleton by vertebrae and sternum | rib cage |
| 1-7 ribs, direct links to sternum through costal cartilage | true ribs |
| 8-10 ribs, cartilage connects to sternum indirectly | false ribs |
| ribs 11 and 12, no bony connection to sternum | floating ribs |
| muscular seal to inferior rib cage, controls volume of thoracic cavity for respiration and speech, contraction causes chest cavity to expand which brings air into lungs, when relaxed it decreases the volume and air is expelled from lungs | diaphragm |
| largest and least mobile vertebrae, thicker anteriorly, contributes to lordosis, thoracolumbar fascia | lumbar vertebrae |
| supports lumbar vertebrae posteriorly, thick membrane, limits shear force | thoracolumbar fascia |
| gliding of different structures makes them more stable | shear force |
| triangular bone made up of 5 bones that forms the posterior pelvic wall; has foramina on anterior and posterior surfaces for spinal nerves, sacral alae on the superior-lateral surface (articular surface) | sacrum |
| tailbone, formed by 3-5 vertebrae | coccyx |
| close chain position of back due to weight of gravity, increases interdependence of movement | upright |
| open chain position of back, more mobile, decreased compressive forces | laying on back |
| position of back, 3 natural curvatures, most conducive to functional movement/occupational performance, most stable and ready to move | neutral spine |
| joint of back, supported by synovial capsules and membranes, flexion and extension of head, "yes" joint, convex occipital condyles and concave superior facets of atlas | atlantooccipital joint |
| joint of back, rotation of head, pivot for rotation, supported by 2 membranes (ant. and post. atlantoaxial membranes), 2 synovial joint facets, "no" joint | atlantoaxial joint |
| joints of back; 3 distinct articulations between adjacent vertebrae: interbody joint (1), and zygapophyseal joint (2); supported by anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments, ligamentum flavum, intertransverse and interspinous ligaments | intervertebral joints |
| ligaments of intervertebral joints, span entire spine, thick, stabilizes, minimizes excessive gliding between vertebrae | anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments |
| ligament of intervertebral joints, stability between segments by connective laminae of adjacent vertebrae | ligamentum flavum |
| ligaments of intervertebral joints, connect processes of vertebrae | intertransverse and interspinous ligaments |
| joints of back, adjacent vertebral bodies, IV disc acts as a cushion, nucleus pulposus displaces to accommodate movement, annulus fibrosis limits displacement and stabilizes disc | interbody joints |
| joints of back, formed by superior and inferior facets, allows small amount of motion, alignment varies throughout spinal column, synovial joints surround joint capsule | zygapophyseal joints |
| costal joints, connects posterior ribs and thoracic vertebrae | costovertebral joints |
| costal joints, connect at vertebral body and transverse processes | costotransverse joints |
| costal joints, between ribs and sternum | sternocostal joints |
| what muscles act to position, align, and stabilize the trunk; blend of slow- and fast-twitch fibers nearly all of which are continuously active in some capacity; surround and support vertebral column; agonist and antagonist act simultaneously | spinal mm. |
| exerts force in different directions to stabilize, acts as a synergist for movement | co-contraction |
| musculature that extends, rotates, and laterally flexes trunk and neck; contribute to balanced stability of trunk along with anterior mm.; active for static and dynamic movement of trunk and return trunk to neutral after forward flexion | posterior musculature |
| posterior m. group, most superficial group, brings body back to neutral after flexing, cooperates with abdominal mm. for static standing | erector spinae group |
| posterior m. group, activity: maintaining an upright position, unilateral action: laterally flex vertebral column to same side, bilateral action: extend vertebral column | erector spinae group |
| posterior m. group, connect to spinous and transverse processes of vertebrae, enhance force and stability of trunk extension and rotation, deep to erector spinae mm., fibers are short and narrow | transversospinalis group |
| mm. of transversospinalis group, deep postural stability between adjacent vertebrae, unilateral action: rotate column to opposite side, bilateral action: extend vertebral column, activity: tai chi or yoga | multifidus and rotatores |
| m. of transversospinalis group, action: extend vertebral column and head, activity: using a computer workstation or looking overhead | semispinales capitis |
| posterior m. group, unilateral action: rotate head and neck to same side and laterally flex neck to same side, bilateral action: extend head and neck, activity: social interactions and driving | splenii group |
| posterior m. group, paired mm., small and precise movements, deepest neck mm., stabilize head, action: promote postural stability, activity: scan a computer or read a book | suboccipital group |
| mm. of suboccipital group, force for extension and rotation of head, connect "yes" and "no" joints, actions: rock and tilt the head back into extension | rectus capitis posterior major and minor and oblique capitis superior |
| m. of suboccipital group, laterally flex and extend head to same side | oblique capitis superior |
| mm. of suboccipital group, rotate head to same side | rectus capitis posterior major and oblique capitis inferior |
| m. of posterior back; stabilizes lower back; link btw pelvis and lower back; unilat: lat tilt/elevate pelvis, lat flex column to same side, assist to extend column; bilat: fix last rib in forced inhalation and exhalation; activity: using a ladder | quadratus lumborum |
| posterior m. group, stabilize and laterally flex between vertebrae | intertransversarii |
| posterior m. group, trunk extension | interspinales |
| 2 mm. of posterior back, spinous processes to ribs, elevate (superior) and depress (inferior) ribs during respiration | serratus posterior superior and inferior |
| musculature that stabilizes, laterally flexes, and rotates trunk and neck | anterior musculature |
| anterior. m., unilateral action: laterally flex the head and neck to the same side and rotate the head and neck to the opposite side, bilateral action: flex the neck and assist to elevate the rib cage during inhalation, activity: driving, socializing | sternocleidomastoid |
| anterior mm.; unilateral action: with ribs fixed laterally flex head and neck to same side, rotate head and neck to opposite side; bilateral action: elevate ribs during inhalation and flex head and neck; activity: driving and deep breathing with exertion | scalenes |
| tightness of scalene muscles causes compression of brachial plexus and subclavian a. and can lead to what syndrome | thoracic outlet syndrome |
| anterior m. group that serves as muscular support for trunk and counterbalance to erector spinae group, serve as a muscular shield protecting viscera of lower abdomen that lie outside the rib cage, help with postural stability and trunk motion | abdominal muscles |
| abdominal mm.; rectus sheath encases mm.; action: flexes trunk and stabilizes lumbar spine; activity: dressing, supine to sit | rectus abdominis |
| mm. of abdominal wall; action: trunk flexion, abdominal compression, ipsilateral flexion, contralateral trunk rotation; activity: playing a racket sport | external oblique |
| mm. of abdominal wall; work in symmetry with external oblique; action: trunk flexion, lateral flexion, ipsilateral trunk rotation; activity: bed mobility and playing a racket sport | internal oblique |
| mm. of abdominal wall; action: stabilizes pelvis and spine, increases pressure, assists with lifting activities; activity: carrying a child or pet | transversus abdominis |
| anterior mm., between adjacent ribs, action: elevate and depress ribs with deep breathing, activity: breathing during long run or singing | intercostals |
| movement of the spine mm.: SCM, anterior scalene, longus capitis, and longus coli ex) working on a car in supine | neck flexion |
| movement of the spine mm.: trapezius, levator scapulae, splenius capitis and cervicis, rectus capitis posterior major and minor, oblique capitis superior, and semispinales capitis ex) lifting head up to watch a movie in prone | neck extension |
| movement of the spine mm.: levator scapulae, splenius capitis, and splenius cervicis ex) looking out the window while driving | ipsilateral neck rotation |
| movement of the spine mm.: trapezius, SCM, all 3 scalenes ex) driving | contralateral neck rotation |
| movement of the spine mm.: trapezius, levator scapulae, SCM, scalenes, splenius capitis and cervicis, longus capitis and coli ex) yoga | neck lateral flexion |
| movement of the spine mm.: rectus abdominis and external oblique ex) sitting up in bed | trunk flexion |
| movement of the spine mm.: longissimus, iliocostalis, multifidis, semispinalis capitis, spinalis, quadratus lumborum ex) leaning back | trunk extension |
| movement of the spine mm.: external oblique, internal oblique, multifidis, rotatores ex) grabbing something to the side, dowel rod exercises | trunk rotation |
| movement of the spine mm.: iliocostalis, external oblique, internal oblique, longissimus, and quadratus lumborum ex) seated stretches | trunk lateral flexion |
| movement of the ribs mm.: scalenes, SCM, and external intercostals ex) running and inhalation | rib cage elevation/expansion |
| movement of the ribs mm.: internal intercostals and serratus posterior inferior ex) running and exhalation | rib cage depression/collapse |
| what 2 things should an OT look for when doing goniometry and MMT on spine | symmetry and overall flexibility |
| goal of this is to have a neutral spine | rest and sleep |
| type of sleeping that is recommended, may strain lumbar spine, place a pillow under knees | back sleeping |
| type of sleeping that is hard on neck, place a pillow under pelvis | stomach sleeping |
| type of sleeping that should have a pillow between knees and a large pillow under the head | side sleeping |
| part of upper extremity that provides gross positioning and stability, functional connection between trunk and upper extremity, places hand in position for functional tasks, dynamic and stable | shoulder |
| scapula, humerus, clavicle, manubrium, ribs, and vertebral column | bones of shoulder |
| bone, shoulder girdle, attachment for numerous mm., positions glenoid fossa for humeral motion, "floats" next to rib cage, has medial and superior borders and a lateral angle | scapula |
| border of scapula that anchors for mm. that rotate, adduct, and abduct shoulder | medial border |
| border of scapula that anchors mm. that elevate and upwardly rotate shoulder | superior border |
| angle of scapula that has the glenoid fossa cavity for the head of humerus | lateral angle |
| bone that links chest and upper arm, positions humerus away from upper body, a part of 2 joints, medial part is convex and round, lateral part is concave and flat | clavicle |
| bone that connects trunk and forearm, assists in scaption | humerus |
| functional positioning between flexion and abduction | scaption |
| shoulder joint; structural: atypical; functional: atypical; movements: gliding (elevate, depress, abduct, adduct), rotation (internal, external, up, down), and tilt (ant. and post.); pressure holds this in place; creates closed kinematic chain | scapulothoracic joint |
| shoulder joint; structural: saddle/ball-and-socket; functional: triaxial; movements: elevate, depress, protract, retract, post. and ant. rotation; only articulation of upper extremity to axial skeleton; synovial capsule, joint disc, 3 ligaments | sternoclavicular joint |
| actions of sternoclavicular joint, clavicular surface is convex, disc-manubrium surface is concave, creates medial end movement in opposite direction as lateral end | elevation and depression |
| actions of sternoclavicular joint, clavicle-disc unit is concave, manubrium is convex, creates medial end movement in same direction as lateral end | protraction and retraction |
| actions of sternoclavicular joint, creates spinning of clavicle head on disc, upward and downward | anterior and posterior rotation |
| part of sternoclavicular joint made of fibrocartilage, increases joint congruency, shock absorption, attached superiorly to clavicle, attached inferiorly to manubrium | sternoclavicular disc |
| which joint creates 3 spaces: medial, lateral, and inferior and has 3 major ligaments: costoclavicular, interclavicular, and anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments | sternoclavicular joint |
| shoulder joint, structural: gliding, functional: biaxial, movements: anterior/posterior gliding and superior/inferior gliding, allows small amount of motion, weak capsule, 2 major ligaments: acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular | acromioclavicular joint |
| ligament of acromioclavicular joint that has superior and inferior components | acromioclavicular ligament |
| ligament of acromioclavicular joint that has trapezoid and conoid components, limits upward rotation of scapula, and prevents medial displacement of scapula | coracoclavicular ligament |
| shoulder joint; structural: ball-and-socket; functional: triaxial; movements: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, internal rotation, external rotation, horizontal abduction and adduction | glenohumeral joint |
| shoulder joint where convex humeral head is larger than concave glenoid fossa; has great joint mobility; has less joint stability (provided by mm.); minimal contact between bones; contains a capsule, an arch, and a labrum | glenohumeral joint |
| part of glenohumeral joint that is taught superiorly but slack inferiorly and anteriorly, tightens with abduction and external rotation, close-pack position is the arm up and out (flexing) | glenohumeral capsule |
| part of GH joint, superior arch over humeral head, creates subacromial space, protects soft tissues from trauma, protects from superior dislocation of humeral head | coracoacromial arch |
| part of GH joint, redundant fold of fibrous connective tissue that holds onto humeral head, attached to periphery of glenoid fossa, deepens glenoid cavity, resists humeral head translation, reduces friction, disperse contact forces, attachment site | glenoid labrum |
| superior, middle, and inferior glenohumeral ligaments and coracohumeral ligament | ligaments of glenohumeral joint |
| ligament of GH joint, superior glenoid labrum to neck of humerus, between supraspinatus and subscapularis tendons, limits anterior and inferior translations of humeral head | superior glenohumeral ligament |
| ligament of GH joint, limits inferior humeral head translations in abduction, limits anterior humeral head translation in abduction with ext. rotation, limits posterior humeral head translations in adduction with int. rotation | inferior glenohumeral ligament |
| ligament of GH joint, superior and anterior aspect of glenoid labrum to neck of humerus, inferior to superior GH attachment, limits anterior humeral head movement | middle glenohumeral ligament |
| ligament of GH joint, limits inferior translations of humeral head when arm is dependent, limits external rotation of humeral head with arm at side, runs from coronoid process to humerus | coracohumeral ligament |
| trapezius, levator scapulae, serratus anterior, pectoralis minor, rhomboids | axioscapular mm. |
| axioscapular m.; stabilizes and mobilizes scapula; positioning of proximal upper extremity, functionally is 3 muscles | trapezius |
| actions: upper fibers - elevate and upward rotate scapula; middle fibers - adduct scapula, functional retraction, and stabilizes scapula; lower fibers - assist with upward rotation or depression of scapula | trapezius |
| axioscapular m.; actions: elevation and downward rotation of scapula, rotate head and neck to same side, lateral flexion of head and neck, extend head and neck; activity: shrugging, carrying a briefcase | levator scapulae |
| axioscapular m.; actions: elevation, adduction, and downward rotation of scapula; activity: reach into back pocket | rhomboid major and minor |
| axioscapular m.; action: maintains position of scapula against rib cage, depress, abduct, and downwardly rotate scapula; activity: pushing open a heavy door; relates to scapular winging | serratus anterior |
| axioscapular m.; actions: depress, abduct, and downwardly rotate scapula; activity: taking a deep breath, walking with crutches; stabilizes scapula against rib cage anteriorly | pectoralis minor |
| movement of scapula mm.: trapezius, rhomboid major and minor, and levator scapulae ex) lifting a bag off the ground | elevation |
| movement of scapula mm.: trapezius, serratus anterior, and pectoralis minor ex) pushing on arm rests of a chair to stand up | depression |
| movement of scapula mm.: trapezius and serratus anterior ex) reaching to retrieve an item on the top shelf | upward rotation |
| movement of scapula mm.: rhomboid major and minor, levator scapulae, and pectoralis minor ex) reaching into back pocket | downward rotation |
| movement of scapula mm.: serratus anterior and pectoralis minor ex) pushing a lawn mower | protraction |
| movement of scapula mm.: trapezius and rhomboid major and minor ex) pulling a lawn mower | retraction |
| made up of 4 mm., maintains functional integrity of GH joint and produces movement of arm, stabilizes humeral head in glenoid fossa | rotator cuff |
| rotator cuff m.; action: external rotation and adduction of shoulder, stabilize head of humerus in glenoid cavity; activity: playing racket sports | infraspinatus |
| rotator cuff m.; actions: abducts shoulder and stabilizes head of humerus in glenoid cavity; activity: painting overhead or washing hair; most commonly injured rotator cuff m. | supraspinatus |
| rotator cuff m.; actions: externally rotate and adduct shoulder, stabilize head of humerus in glenoid cavity; activity: washing back of head/neck | teres minor |
| rotator cuff m.; actions: internally rotates humerus and shoulder, stabilizes humeral head in glenoid cavity; activity: don bra, toilet, throw baseball | subscapularis |
| different action in each area: all fibers - abduct shoulder, anterior fibers - flex, internally rotate, and horizontally adduct shoulder; posterior fibers - extend, externally rotate, and horizontally abduct shoulder | deltoid |
| activities: doing yoga poses with arms overhead (all fibers), reaching for (anterior fibers) and putting on (posterior fibers) a seat belt | deltoid |
| actions: extend, adduct, and internally rotate the shoulder; activity: toileting and perineal care | teres major |
| movement of GHJ mm.: deltoid and supraspinatus ex) holding a hose to water a garden | abduction |
| movement of GHJ mm.: latissimus dorsi, teres major and minor, infraspinatus, pectoralis major, triceps brachii, and coracobrachialis ex) carrying books to class | adduction |
| movement of GHJ mm.: posterior deltoid fibers ex) pulling seatbelt across to latch | horizontal abduction |
| movement of GHJ mm.: anterior deltoid fibers and pectoralis major ex) reaching across to grab seatbelt | horizontal adduction |
| movement of GHJ mm.: anterior deltoid, pectoralis major, biceps brachii, and coracobrachialis ex) lifting up objects | flexion |
| movement of GHJ mm.: posterior deltoid, latissimus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major, and triceps brachii ex) painting | extension |
| movement of GHJ mm.: posterior deltoid, infraspinatus, and teres minor ex) swinging a paddle playing table tennis | external rotation |
| movement of GHJ mm.: anterior deltoid, latissimus dorsi, teres major, subscapularis, and pectoralis major ex) texting | internal rotation |
| ability to voluntarily position and stabilize body's core, essential motor component for occupational performance, significant role in standing and sitting, ex) sitting and standing balance | trunk control |
| keep back straight so vertebrae are aligned vertically to absorb compressive forces, lift with legs and not back, forces applied to a flexed back generate shear forces which increases likelihood of injury | safe lifting |
| maintains a more neutral pelvis and reduces strain on spine, one foot slightly in front of other, hips and knees flexed, ex) vacuuming or sweeping | stagger stance |
| facilitates purposeful movement of the body, maintaining a neutral spine, moving body weight from 1 leg to another, ex) lifting and carrying objects | weight-shifting |
| stagger stance, bend knees, keep back straight, hold load close to body, avoid rotation of trunk, stabilize lumbar spine | body mechanics of safe lifting |
| affects core strength, function, and development; postural supports increase independence; ex) unable to sit upright with low m. tone | cerebral palsy |
| compression may cause sensory and motor impairment over time, can lead to paralysis or loss of sensation, injuries to the cord can block transmission of neurological signals from brain and body and cause functional impairment | spinal injuries |
| supports occupations while limiting trunk flexion | adaptive equipment |
| dons sock without trunk flexion | sock aid |
| customized seating systems | seating and postural support |
| extension of upper extremity, ex) object manipulation | reacher |
| condition where shoulder blade doesn't move or position normally during shoulder movement | scapular dyskinesis |
| cooperative movement pattern; scapula facilitates the motion of humerus at GHJ to produce functional elevation of UE; SC and AC joints elevate, depress, and rotate clavicle to facilitate scapular motion | scapulohumeral rhythm |
| co-contraction of surrounding mm. stabilizes scapula and prox. UE for closed-chain functional activities like gymnastics and rock-climbing | scapular position and movement |
| maintains musckuloskeletal balance, promotes purposeful movement of shoulder, after sitting too long core mm. begin to fatigue leading to flexion of trunk as well as protraction and ant. scapular tilt | upright posture of trunk and scapula |
| may lead to tightening of pectoralis major and minor as well as stretching and weakness of scapular stabilizers, exacerbating postural imbalance | consistent slouching |
| compression of soft tissues between acromion and humeral head, can be caused by prolonged postural compromise, as scapula abducts and ant. tilts glenoid fossa and acromion are oriented down which narrows space increasing pressure and limiting mobility | subacromial impingement |
| which repetitive movements may also contribute to impingement of the subacromial space | abduction and internal rotation |
| compression of structures in the neck by the scalene mm.; OT interventions: postural education, workstation or task modification, and exercises or activities to counter-act the postural compromise and contribute to occupational performance | thoracic outlet syndrome |
| humeral head partially dislocates inferiorly; can be caused by hemiparesis; result of instability, weakness, or paralysis; pull of gravity through humerus; painful strain of joint capsule | glenohumeral subluxation |
| eventually the strain on the joint capsule may elongate ligamentous fibers of the capsule and allow humeral head to partially dislocate, can cause pain receptors to activate and cause considerable pain, orthotics or wheelchair trays may help | subluxation |
| weakness of these mm. causes impingement because the humeral head migrates superiorly in fossa and compresses tissues against inferior acromion and AC ligament | rotator cuff mm. |
| usually due to forceful loading of shoulder while elevated, risk increases with age as flexibility and m. mass decreases, may develop slowly due to friction over time or a single traumatic instance | rotator cuff tear |
| most commonly dislocated joint, leads to instability, involves damage to labrum, common in sports, can require surgery, involves long head of biceps, rehab goal is functional stability, capsule and mm. are elongated, risk increased with previous one | glenohumeral joint dislocation |
| can significantly limit function, possible in any synovial joint with repetitive use, shoulder replacement may be an option to restore function and mobility, requires activity modification or adaptive equipment (ex. reacher to compensate painful motion) | osteoarthritis |
Created by:
emma.scarmon-coyotes
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