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CPII Exam 3
Lecture 7: Disorders of WBCs
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| neutrophil storage pool | post mitotic pool in the bone marrow, usually a 2-3 day reserve; 70% of total neutrophilic cells in the blood and bone marrow |
| neutrophil circulating pool | seen in large vessels |
| neutrophil marginal pool | stored in small capillaries |
| neutrophils in which pool are represented in the neutrophil count on the CBC? | CIRCULATION POOL |
| neutrophil emigration | cells circulate in the peripheral blood and move into tissues; in tissue, neutrophils survive 2-12 days and then undergo APOPTOSIS to be phagocytized by tissue macrophages |
| lymphocyte emigration | recirculate and redistribute between BLOOD and LYMPHOID TISSUE |
| monocyte, eosinophil, basophil emigration | circulate briefly in the blood, then migrate to tissues |
| leukograms | patterns that change for all WBCs; three kinds: physiologic, stress, inflammatory, +/- leukemic |
| physiologic leukogram | seen in NORMAL, HEALTHY ANIMALS that are subject to exertion or emotional stress, response seen is due to EPINEPHRINE, more common in CATS, HORSES, PIGS, uncommon in DOGS, short-lived duration |
| physiologic leukogram CBC RESULTS | LEUKOCYTOSIS (inc in WBCs), NEUTROPHILIA (inc in mature, segmented neutrophils), LYMPHOCYTOSIS (more pronounced in young animals and adult cats), EOSINOPHILIA |
| stress leukogram | seen in animals due to PHYSICAL STRESS, parasites, malnutrition, injury, surgery, or pain; mediated by GLUCORTICOID release, most common in DOGS |
| stress leukogram CBC RESULTS | mild leukocytosis, NEUTROPHILIA (mature, segmented neutrophils), LYMPHOPENIA (most consistent feature), EOSINOPENIA, MONOCYTOSIS (dogs and cats ONLY) |
| inflammatory leukogram | seen in animals with INFLAMMATION or INFECTION; caused by infectious (bacteria, fungal, viruses) or non-infectious (neoplasm, tissue necrosis, toxicities, hemolysis) agents |
| inflammatory leukogram CBC RESULTS | mature NEUTROPHILIA, NEUTROPHILIA with left shift, NEUTROPENIA with left shift, LYMPHOPENIA, EOSINOPENIA, MONOCYTOSIS |
| imflammatory response | tissue demand for neutrophils increases, which leads to: increased release of segmented neutrophils, more effective production of neutrophils, band neutrophils are released from marrow post-mitotic pool, inc recruitment of granulopoiesis stem cells |
| during inflammation, the net increased tissue demand vs marrow production can result in: | NEUTROPHILIA, NEUTROPENIA, or NEUTROPHILS WNL |
| inflammatory leukogram -> mature neutrophilia | absence of bands, typical of mild inflammation or chronic inflammation when marrow production is meeting inflammatory demand |
| inflammatory leukogram -> neutrophilia with left shift | CLASSIC hematologic picture of acute inflammation; sudden tissue demand depletes segmented neutrophils, bands are released from bone marrow as a result |
| inflammatory leukogram -> neutropenia | SEVERE INFLAMMATION, left shift often observed w NEUTROPENIA due to acute inflammation |
| left shift | defined by an INCREASE in BAND NEUTROPHILS, NORMAL is 0-3% |
| regenerative left shift | the # of band cells in the differential is HIGHER than normal, but it doesn't exceed the # of mature neutrophils |
| degenerative left shift | the # of band cells is HIGHER than the # of mature neutrophils |
| toxic neutrophils | CYTOPLASMIC changed seen in blood neutrophils due to INCREASED RATE OF GRANULOPOIESIS or a DECREASED TRANSIT TIME IN BONE MARROW |
| cytoplasmic organelles indicate: | immature NOT bacterial infection |
| toxic neutrophil characteristics | diffuse cytoplasmic basophilia, Dohle bodies, cytoplasmic vacuolization, toxic granulation |
| diffuse cytoplasmic basophilia | retention of free ribpsomes |
| Dohle bodies | lightly basophilic, variably sized inclusions @ cytoplasmic margins (retained RNA) |
| cytoplasmic vacuolization | 'foamy' cytoplasm |
| toxic granulation | small purple granules in cytoplasm, least frequent change (occasionally observed in HEALTHY FOALS and BIRMAN CATS) |
| neutrophil hyper segmentation | prolonged transit time in blood leading to ageing in BLOOD vs TISSUE |
| giant neutrophil | up to 2x normal size due to SKIPPED STEP in cell division during more rapid production (FeLV) |
| inclusions | protozoal, Rickettsial, viral, fungal |
| hemosiderin | golden brown pigment that occurs with MARKED HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA (IMHA, EIA) -> RARE |
| species variation | all animals can have toxic neutrophils but can't judge the SEVERITY of the disease by the SEVERITY of the toxicity ie.) Dohle bodies can be normal in FELINE NEUTROPHILS in low numbers |
| cattle | have the smallest POST-MITOTIC and STORAGE POOLS, often develop NEUTROPENIA vs NEUTROPHILIA in acute inflammation |
| cats | have an INCREASED number of NEUTROPHILS in their marginal pool compared to their CIRCULATING POOL |
| leukemia | abnormal presence of NEOPLASTIC hematopoietic cells in BLOOD/BONE MARROW, typically originate in BONE MARROW; some cancerous lymphocytes originate from the SPLEEN or LIVER |
| atypical lymphocytes | basophilic cytoplasm, cleaved nuclei can indicate LEUKEMIA |
| lymphoblasts | increased numbers of LARGE-SIZED LYMPHOCYTES, prominent nucleoli |
| reactive lymphocytes | LARGER in size, MODERATE amounts of deeply basophilic cytoplasm, LARGER and MORE CONVOLUTED NUCLEUS |
| when do you see reactive lymphocytes? | seen in low #s during INFLAMMATION, INFECTIONS, and POST-VACCINATIONS |
| WBC individual changes -> neutrophilia | often associated with infections (chronic, acute) ex) pyometra, IMHA, surgical site infection |
| WBC individual changes -> neutropenia | severe BACTERIAL disease, increased margination, overwhelming tissue demand and emigration of neutrophils ex) distemper, parvo, panleukopenia, FIP, BVD, septicemia |
| WBC individual changes -> lymphocytosis | response to antigenic stimulation, associated with chronic BACTERIAL or VIRAL disease or VACCINATION ex) Rickettsial, fungal infections in DOGS |
| WBC individual changes -> lymphopenia | severe VIRAL or BACTERIAL disease, disruption of lymphocyte re-circulation from lymphatics to venous blood ex) Chylothorax, lymphosarcoma, Johne's |
| WBC individual changes -> monocytosis | ACUTE and CHRONIC infection, glucorticoids (STRESS LEUKOGRAM) ex) abscess, pyometra, tuberculosis |
| WBC individual changes -> eosinophilia, basophilia | associated with PARASITISM and ALLERGIC REACTIONS |
Created by:
mkroon26
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