Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
CPII Exam 3
Lecture 9: Blood Parasites... Heartworms ONLY
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| heartworm disease | infection of DOGS and CATS by DIROFILARIA IMMITIS (nematode) |
| heartworm disease transmission | vector borne disease carried by MOSQUITOES; requires reservoir of infection, vector, and susceptible host |
| heartworm incidences increase due to | environmental and climate change, relocation of microfilaremic dogs, expansion of territories of microfilaremic wild canids |
| HW life cycle step 1 | mosquito feeds from infected host (one w/ microfilaria) |
| HW life cycle step 2 | D. immitis microfilaria mature in mosquito and develop into stage 1 larva |
| HW life cycle step 3 | larva progress to 3rd stage LARVAE within the mosquito |
| HW life cycle step 4 | L3 LARVA ARE TRANSMITTED TO NEW HOST (DOG) |
| HW life cycle step 5 | within the dog, L3 larva molt into L4, then into IMMATURE adults between days 50-70 while they migrate through the body |
| HW life cycle step 6 | immature adults reach PULMONARY ARTERIES around DAY 67 after transmission |
| HW life cycle step 7 | sexual maturity occurs at DAY 12 post-infection |
| HW life cycle step 8 | circulating microfilaria occur as early as 6 MONTHS, but usually 7-9 MONTHS |
| clinical signs | cough, exercise intolerance, general weakness, ASCITES if RIGHT sided, BW may show eosinophilia |
| occult HW disease | adult worms present in heart without circulating micrfilaria; 10-20% of CANINE cases; due to adult worms incapable of reproduction or worms of only one sex being present (often female adult worms) |
| diagnosis | ELISA (SNAP) Testing -> tests for the presence of the ADULT FEMALE WORM, thoracic radiographs, echocardiogram, CBC, check for microfilaria in blood adult ANTIGEN test in DOGS, ANTIBODY test in CATS, MOST SENSITIVE TEST |
| identifying microfilaria -> direct smear | place a drop of well-mixed blood on a slide with a cover slip and looking for swimming microfilaria or cell movement |
| identifying microfilaria -> buffy coat smear | use buffy coat from CENTRIFUGED PCV tubes to smear and stain with Diff-Quik to examine for microfilaria |
| microfilaria of D. immitis | 295 to 325 um long with tapered heads, but are wider than RBCs at mid-body |
| microfilaria of A. reconditum | 250 to 288 um long with blunt heads and curved 'button hook' tails (non-pathogenic microfilaria from ingestion of fleas) |
| prevention | Macrocyclic lactones, kill susceptible larval stage, highly effective and safe when given correctly, increased resistance in endemic states |
| treatment | stabilize if showing clinical signs, STRICT exercise restriction starting at DAY 0, pre-adulticide Tx, adulticide Tx |
| pre-adulticide Tx | DOXY for 4 weeks to treat Wolbachia, microfilaricide for 2 months prior to adulticide Tx, steroid to decrease inflammation |
| adulticide Tx | melarsomine injection DEEP IM, 3 injections total, repeat DOXY with melarsomine injection |
| HW in cats | cats more resistant to infection than dogs, but if infected usually less than 6 worms present (often single sex) still life-threatening in small #s |
| HW diagnosis in cats | ANTIGEN test (3DX), antibody test to test for exposure, thoracic radiographs +/- echocardiogram |
| HW treatment in cats | not as well understood in cats; start PREDNISONE for anti-inflammatory effect, CANNOT use melarsomine in cats, consider SURGERY for large worm burden |
| in-house testing | SNAP 4DX Plus and Flex 4 -> Lyme (Bordatella burgdorferi), Anaplasma phagocytophilum/platys, Ehrilichia canis/ewingii, heartworms (adult female worms) |
Created by:
mkroon26
Popular Veterinary sets