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Exam 2
Agriculture
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Fertile crescent | A historically significant region in the Middle East, referred to as the "Cradle of Civilization." Area in modern-day Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, and parts of Turkey. (Sumer, Akkad, Babylonia, and Assyria) |
| Domestication | Is the proccess by which humans adapt wild plants and animals for their own use. This involves selective breeding to enhance desirable traits (Behavior) |
| Plaster production | Dates back to around 12,000 ya, in the Middle East. Lime plaster required knowledge and skill. Used for buildings, art and burials. |
| Goats, sheep | Reduction of size in body and in horns, abundance of young males (females most valuable), bones found outside their natural range. |
| Kebaran | Culture from the Epipalaeolithic period. Nomadic lifestyle/ hunter-gatherers. Microlithic tools, collected wild cereals, found engraved limestone to indicate they engaged in art. |
| Jericho tower | Stone structure located in the site of Tell es-Sultan in Jericho. Built during the pre-pottery Neolithic A period. Stands about 8.5 meters (28 feet) tall. Had to do with summer solstice - marking the transition to a more settled, agricultural lifestyle. |
| Hunter Gatherers | Relied on hunting animals and gathering wild plants for their food. Nomadic (moved with the seasons to follow food sources). |
| Natufian | Culture from the Late Epipaleolithic period. Located in the Levant, covering modern-day Isreal, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria. Among the first to establish sedentary. Built circular or oval stone houses. Hunter-gatherers. Burials some found with ornaments. |
| PPNA | Pre-pottery Neolithic A refers to the earliest phase of the Neolithic period in the Levant and Anatolia. Saw round or oval mud-brick houses. Early forms of barely and wheat. |
| PPNB | Pre-Pottery Neolithic B is a significant period in the Near East. This period follows PPNA and marks further advancements in early human societies. Multi-room houses, domesticated plants and animals. Art and symbolism |
| Late Neolithic | Arrowheads stopped being produced, pottery is introduced, and settlements collapsed. Desertification happened |
| Plastered Skulls | "birth of the gods" - they started making plaster not pots. From PPNB, Believed to be part of ancestor worship practices or for rituals. Typically buried under the floors of houses. |
| Younger Dryas | This period is characterized by a sudden and sharp drop in temperature which temporarily reversed the warming trend at the end of the Ice Age. Ended as abruptly as it began. |
| Co-evolution | The relationship between animals and humans has profoundly shaped both species over thousands of years. Dogs, cats, cattle, sheep, goats. |
| Marshal Sahlins | The founder of the "original Affluent society." Arguing that hunter-gatherer societies were affluent not because of material wealth but do to their ability to meet their needs with minimal labor. |
| Population Pressure | Thought by Ester Boserup. She argued that population growth drives agricultural innovation. As population density increases, the need for more food leads to the development of farming. NOT ENOUGH EVIDENCE. |
| Ester Boserup | First to think of population pressure as the reason for the start of farming and agriculture. |
| Competitive Feasting | Thought by Bryan Hayden. He argues that feasts were not just about food and celebration but were strategic events used by individuals and groups to gain social prestige and political power. Supported by ethnographic studies. Archaeological findings. |
| Abu Hureya | Prehistoric site located in modern-day Syria. Provides valuable insight into the transition from hunter-gatherers to farming. |
| Birth of Gods | Big gods from different beliefs emerge. |
| Genotype | Genetic makeup of an organism, specifically the set of genes it carries. Genetic compostition (DNA). |
| Phenotype | the set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism. Outward apperance like eye color, height, and skin color. |
| Evolution by natural selection | First articulated by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace. Explains how species adapt to their environments over time through differential survival and reproduction, variation (size, color, and behavior). |
| Atrophy | Refers to the wasting away or decrease in size of a body part or tissue due to various factors. In animals it means smaller body parts, smaller horns and teeth. |
| Metates | is a traditional ground stone tool used for processing grains and seeds, particularly in Mesoamerican cultures. |
| Site Furniture | refers to a range of outdoor furnishings designed for public spaces. |
| Sedentism | The practice of living in one place or a long time instead of a nomadic lifestyle. |
| Niche Construction | Process by which organisms actively modify their own and each other's environments, thereby influencing their own and other species' evolutionary trajectories. Beavers, earthworms, and humans |
| Intentional Domestication | the deliberate process by which humans select and breed plants and animals for specific traits, enhancing their usefulness and compatibility with human needs. Selective breeding - choosing the animals with desirable traits and getting rid of the others. |
| Affluent society | Not rich in money or materials but in what they have. Enjoy life and lots of free time. |
| Cat domestication | Self-domestication. Cats were attracted to human settlements by the abundance of rodents, which thrived on stored grain. Weren't actively bred like dogs and wolves were. |
| Milk | Milk is found in cattle, goats, sheep and can be used to make other dairy products. As well as feeds offspring to make more |
| Cheese | Is made by fermented milk. |
| Wild Chicken | wild chickens are much more different than domestic chickens. domestic chickens are much larger for meat production. Wild chickens have longer and thinner legs, making them more agile and better suited for their natural habitats. |
| Micro-lunate blades | small, crescent-shaped stone tools, often refered to as microliths. Lunate microliths have a sharpened straight edge and a blunt, crescent shaped back. Commonly used in the Natufian period. |
| Paleoethnobotany | also known as archaeobotany, is the study of past human-plant interactions through the recovery and analysis of ancient plant remains. |
| Silver fox | An experiment done by Dmitry Belyayev. The goal was to understand the process of domestication by selectively breeding foxes for tameness. Over time the foxes had changes like floppy ears, curled tails and spotted coats. |
| Desertification | The process of which a fertile land becomes desert-like conditions. Goats eat trees, plaster needs woods, fire needs wood. Trees die out and don't regrow. |
| Zooarchaeology | the study of animal remains to understand past human-animal interactions and environmental conditions. Focus on bones, teeth, shells, and sometimes hair and skin. |
| Symbiosis | Refers to a close and long-term interaction between two different species, which can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful to one or both parties. Humans to animals. |
| Bulls | Domesticated bulls and cattle provideded meat, milk, hides, and labor for plowing and transportation. |
| Neolithic | New Stone Age, marks the final stage of cultural evolution and the beginning of agriculture and animal domestication, permanent settlements and technological advances (pottery, weaving, stone tools). |
| Catalhoyuk | The sight is known for its unique layout, with houses built closely together without streets. Used the roofs to get around. People buried their dead beneath the floor of the homes. Grew crops like wheat and barely, and herded animals like sheep and goats. |
| Weed | Botany of Desire - having plants that are relatively useless but have lots of meaning. Weed for intoxication. |
Created by:
gallagsm206
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