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pharm tech chap 2
pharmacology for technicians
Question | Answer |
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Absorption | the process whereby a drug enters the circulatory system |
Addiction | a dependence characterized by a a perceived need to take a drug to attain the psychological and physical effects of mood-altering substances |
affinity | the strength by which a particular chemical messenger binds to its receptor site on a cell |
agonist | drugs that bind to a particular receptor site and trigger the cells response in a manner similar to the action of the body's own chemical messenger |
allergen | substance that produces an allergic response |
allergic response | an instance in which the immune system overreacts to an otherwise harmless substance |
anaphylactic reaction | a sever allergic response resulting in immediate life-threatening respiratory distress, usually followed by vascular collapse and shock and accompanied by hives. |
angioedema | abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissue |
antagonist | drugs that bind to a receptor sire and block the action of the endogenous messenger or other drugs |
antigen | a specific molecule that stimulates and immune response |
bioavailability | the degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration |
blood-brain barrier | a barrier that prevents many substances from entering the cerebrospinal fluid from the blood; formed by glial cells that envelope the capillaries in the central nervous system, presenting a barrier to many water-soluble compounds, lipids allowed. |
ceiling effect | a point at which no clinical response occurs with increased dosage |
clearance | the rate at which a drug is eliminated from a specific volume of blood per unit of time |
contraindication | a disease, condition or symptom for which a drug will not be beneficial and may do harm |
dependence | a state in which a person's body has adapted physiologically and psychologically to a drug and cannot function without it |
distribution | the process by which a drug moves from the blood into other body fluids and tissues and ultimately to its sites of action |
dose | the quantity of a drg administered at one time |
duration of action | the length of time a drug gives the desired response or is at the therapeutic level |
elimination | removal of a drug or its metabolites from the body |
first-order | depending directly on the concentration of the drug; elimination of most drugs is a first-order process in which a constant fraction of the drug is eliminated per unit of time. |
first-pass effect | the extent to which a drug is metabolized by the liver before reaching systemic circulation |
half-life | the time necssary for the body to eliminate half of the drug in the body at any time; written T 1/2 |
homeostasis | stability of the organism |
idiosyncratic reaction | an unusual or unexpected response to a drug that is unrelated to the dose given |
indication | a disease, symptom or condition for which a drug is known to be of benefit |
induction | the process whereby a drug increases the concentration of certain enzymes that affect the pharmacologic response to another drug |
inhibition | the process whereby a drug blocks enzyme activity and impairs the metabolism of another drug |
interaction | a change in the action of q drug caused by another drug, a food, or another substance such as alcohol or nicotine |
lipid | a fatty molecule, an important constituent of cell membranes |
local effect | an action of q drug that is confed to a specific part of the body |
loading dose | amount of a drug that will bring the blood concentration rapidly to a therapeutic level |
maintenance dose | amount of a drug administered at regular intervals to keep the blood concentration at a therapeutic level |
metabolic pathway | the sequence of chemical steps that convert a drug into a metabolite |
metabolism | the process by which drugs are chemically converted to other compounds |
metabolite | a substance into which a drug is chemically converted in the body |
peak | the top or upper limit of a drug's concentration in the blood |
pharmacokinetic modeling | a method of describing the process of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of a drug within the body mathematically |
pharmacokinetics | the activity of a drug within the body over a period of time; includes absorption , distribution, metabolism, and elimination |
prophylaxis | effect of a drug in preventing infection or disease |
pruritis | itching sensation |
receptor | a protein molecule on the surface of or within a cell that recognizes and binds with specific molecules, thereby producing some effect within the cell |
side effect | a secondary response to a drug other than the primary therapeutic effect for which the drug was intended |
solubility | a drug's ability to dissolve in body's fluids |
specificity | receptor site's property of that enables it to bind only with a spec. chem. messenger; to bind with a spec. cell type, the messenger must have a chem. structure complimentary to the structure of that cell's receptors |
systemic effect | an action of a drug that has a generalized, all-inclusive effect on the body |
therapeutic effect | the amount of drug in a patient's blood at which beneficial effects occur |
therapeutic range | the optimum dosage, providing the best chance for successful therapy; dosing below this range has little effect on the healing process, while overdosing can lead to toxicity |
tolerance | a decrease in response to the effects of a drug as it continues to be administered |
trough | the lowest level of a drug in the blood |
urticaria | hives, itching sensation |
volume of distribution | mathematical relationship between the blood concentration attained and the amount of drug administered |
wheals | slightly elevated, red areas on the body surface |
zero-order | not depending on the concentration of the drug int he body; elimination of alcohol is a zero order process in which a constant quantity of the drug is removed per unit of time. |
ADME | pharmacokinetics 4 processes of interaction of drug with body; absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination |
addition | the combined effect of two drugs is equal to the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. |
antagonism | the action of one drug negates the action of a second drug |
potentiation | 1 drug increases or prolongs the action of another drug, & the total effect is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug used alone.if one drug alone doesnt work well another is prescribed to increase the 1st drugs potency. |
synergism | the combined effect of two drugs is more intense or longer in duration than the sum of their individual effects. synergistic drugs are usually prescribed together |