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ECG
Question | Answer |
---|---|
P wave | atrial DEpolarization |
PR interval | time required for impulse to travel from atria through conduction system to Purkinje fibers |
QRS wave | ventricular DEpolarization |
ST segment | beginning of ventricular REpolarization |
T wave | ventricular REpolarization |
QT interval | time for electrical systole |
Heart Rate | # of intervals between QRS complexes in a 6-second strip multiplied by 10 |
Ventricular arrhythmias | originate from an ectopic focus in the ventricles (outside normal conduction system) |
Ventricular fibrillation | pulseless, emergency situation requiring EMT: CPR, defibrillation, medications |
Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) | NO P wave, bizarre & wide QRS that is premature, followed by a long compensatory pulse |
Serious PVCs | >6 per minute, paired or in sequential runs, multifocal, very early PVC (R on T Phenomena) |
Ventricular tachycardia | 3 or more PVCs occuring sequentially; very rapid rate (150-200 bpm) |
Ventricular tachycardia | wide, bizarre QRS waves, NO P waves, seriously compromised cardiac output |
Ventricular fibrillation | chaotic activity of ventricle originating from multiple foci; unable to determine rate |
Ventricular fibrillation | bizarre, erratic activity without QRS complex |
Ventricular fibrillation | No effective cardiac output; clinical death within 4-6 mins |
Atrial arrhythmias (supraventricular) | Rapid & repetitive firing of 1 or more ectopic foci in the atria |
Atrial arrhythmias (supraventricular) | P waves abnormal (variable in shape) or not identifiable (atrial fibrillation) |
Atrial tachycardia | 140-250 bpm |
Atrial flutter | 250-350 bpm |
Atrial fibrillation | >300 bpm |
Atrioventricular blocks | ab(N) delays or failure to conduct through (N) conductiong system |
If ventricular rate is slowed, | Cardiac output is decreased |
3rd degree AV block | life threatening, requires meds (ATROPHINE), pacemaker |
ST depression | impaired coronary perfusion (ischemia or injury) |
MI central zone of infarction | Ab(N) Q waves |
MI zone of injury | ST elevation |
MI zone of ischemia | T wave inversion |
Hyperkalemia | wide QRS, flat P wave, peaked T wave |
Hypokalemia | flat T wave (or inverted), produces U wave |
Hypercalcemia | wide QRS, short QT interval |
Hypocalcemia | prolonged QT interval |
Hypothermia | ST segment elevation; slow rhythm |
Digitalis | ST segment depression, flattened T wave (or inverted), shortened QT |
Quinidine | long QT, T flat/inverted, QRS long |
BetaBlockers (Propranolol/Inderal) | decreased heart rate, blunts HR response to exercise |
Nitrates (nitoglycerin) | Inc HR |
Antiarrhythmic agents | may prolong QRS & QT intervals |