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PS 3260
final cases
| case name | brief |
|---|---|
| bowers v. hardwick (1986) facts & rulings | facts: atlanta police officer came to hardwicks home to serve him with an arrest warrant and caught him enganging in sodomy issue: does the consitution protects a persons right to engage in homosexual sex? no 5-4 |
| bowers v. hardwick (1986) reasoning | reasoning: the georgia law was upheld by using the rational basis rest. fundamental liberties are rooted in tradition and consensual homosexual sodomy is not that significance: homosexual activity is not considered a fundamental right |
| lawrence v. texas (2003) facts & rulings | facts: lawrence and garner were walked in on by a texas officer and was arrested for violating texas law regarding same sex sodomy issue: does texas law that criminalizes homosexual activity violate 14A due process clause? yes 6-3 |
| lawrence v. texas (2003) reasoning | the bowers decision was overstated and too broad. it is overruled. early sodomy laws were never directed at homos and were only looked down on bc they didnt regard procreation. since they are adults, they are free to engage in private conduct |
| what case is seen as a constitutional watershed | lawrence v. texas (2003) |
| goodridge v. department of public health (2003) issue & ruling | issue: does MA law allowing heterosexual couples to arry discriminate agasint gay persons in violation of the constitution? yes reasoning: court ruled this law violated states constitutions. MA first state to legalize same sex marriage |
| US v. windsor (2013) facts & issue | facts: two married women realized they were not legally recognized as married. after one died the other found it would cost alot to stay issue: does the federal defense of marriage act violate the due process rights of same sex couples? |
| US v. windsor (2013) ruling & importance | ruling: unconstitutional because of the due process clause of 5A, which refised the fed gov from recognizing same sex couples as married importance: struck down the FDMA |
| obergefell v. hodges (2015) facts & rulings | facts: ohio residents married in a different state before one died. since he died in ohio they were not legally married issue: does Ohios same sex marriage ban violate due process and equal protection of 14A? yes 5-4 |
| obergefell v. hodges (2015) reasoning | the right to marry is fundamental and the court built this on 4 principles 1) the right to personal choice of marriage 2) supports 2 person union 3) a safeguard to children& families and draws in their specific rights 4) its a keystone to social order |
| masterpiece cake shop v. colorada civil rights commission (2018) facts & issue | facts: gay couple requested a cake for their wedding. bakery owner refused on religious grounds issue: does the colorado law to compel a cake maker to design and make cake that violates their religious beliefs about same-sex marriage violate free speech? |
| masterpiece cake shop v. colorado civil rights commission (2018) ruling | justices didnt want to answer these kinds of questions yet. they sent the case back to the civil rights commission because the law didnt go through all the right regulations |
| 303 creative LLC v. elenis (2023) facts & issue | facts: she wants to expand her business to include wedding websites but not same sex marriages on religious grounds issue: does the colorado anti-discrimination act violate 1A free speech rights? no |
| bostock v. clayton county (2020) facts & issue | facts: after joining a gay softball league bostock was fired fir conduct unbecoming of its employees issue: does the section 7 of the CRA of 1964, which prohibits employment discrimination because of sex encompass discrimination based on sexuality? yes |
| bostock v. clayton county (2020) reasoning | the opinion recognized that if a woman said if a women said she liked a man she wouldnt be fired. since a man said he liked men, he was discriminated on the basis of his sex |
| cruzan v. director, missouri department of health (1990) facts & issue | facts: cruzans parents asked dr to remove their daughters feeding tubes and staff refused to assist her death issue: does the due process clause of 14A allow family members/ guardians to refuse life-sustaining treatment on behalf of a loved one? no 5-4 |
| cruzan v. director, missouri department of health (1990) reasoning | competent individuals have the right to refuse treatment, but incompetent individuals do not. this led to the clear and convincing evidence test. evidence must be strong and reliable enough to meet the states interest of protecting human life |
| washington v. glucksberg (1997) facts & issue | facts: washington state law banned physician assisted suicide. dr issue: does washingtons ban on phsyician assisted suicide violate 14A due process clasue by denying competent terminally ill adults the liberty to choose death over life? no7-2 |
| washington v. glusckberg (1997) reasoning | right to physician assisted suicide is not fundamental right. court concluded the right to assist suicide wasnt protected by the due process clause.WA ban reationally related to states legitimate interest in preserving human life& upholding medical ethics |
| vacco v. quill (2006) facts & issue | facts: NY ban PAS state allows patients to refuse lifesaving treatment on theri own issue: does NY ban on PAS violate the equal protection clause of 14A by allowing terminally ill patients to withdraw treatment but deny those who cant on their own? no9-0 |
| vacco v. quill (2006) reasoning | court concluded that the disctinction btwn allowing a patient to refuse life-sustaining treatment& allowing a patient to request assistance on dying did not violate the equal protection clause. the diff is the criminal intent of the dr |
| gonzales v. oregon (2006) facts & issue | facts: oregons death w dignity act allowed physicians to disepnse lethal dosage to terminally ill AG ruled it unlawful issue: did the controlled substances act authorize the AG to ban the use of controlled substances in oregons death w dignity act? no6-3 |
| gonzales v. oregon (2006) reasoning | court held that congress intended the CSAA to prevent dr only from engaging in illicit drug dealing, not to define general standards of state medical practice. court rules the fed gov cant override state laws regulating medical practices |
| ferguson v. city of charleston (2001) facts & issue | fact:hospital in SC implemented policy where women seeking prenatal care routinely drug tested w/o their consent issue:is the states performance of drug test w/o consent for law enforcement purposes violation of 4A against illegal searches&seizuers? yes |
| ferguson v. city of charleston (2001) reasoning | this was seen as an unreasonable search if the patient had not consented. hospitals can run drug tests but cannot turn them over to the police |
| boe of pottawatomie county v. earls (2001) facts &issue | fact:implemented a policy requiring all students to undergo random drug testing if they participated in extracurriculars issue:is the student activities drug testing policy violative of 4A right against illegal searches&seizures? no |
| boe of pottawatomie county v. earles (2001) reasoning | the policy reasonable serves the school districts interest in detecting anf preventing drug use among its students, its constitutional. this was seen as a minimal intrusion |
| doe v. reed (2010) facts & issue | f: john doe filed a lawsuit seeking to prevent the state from disclosing their names&personal info under WA public records law i: does the states public disclosure law violate the petitoners constitutional rights and 1A? no |
| doe v. reed (2010) reasoning | the state has an important interest in preservinf the integrity of the electoral process. the petitions can be released because they are public information |
| city of ontario california v. quon (2010) facts & issue | f: officers in CA received pager phones for work. quon seemed to reach the limit of texts& the PD searched the device i:did the city of ontario infringe on the officers privacy rights under 4A when they checked for texts on the pager? no 9-0 |
| city of ontario california v. quon (2010) reasoning | the city is allowed to check text messages on an officers pager because it was motivated by a legitmate work-related interes. the court made note that employer-provided technology might have implications for future cases |
| mahanoy area school district v. BL (2021) facts & issue | f: BL made JV instead of varsity and off campus posted on snap complaining. she was suspended i: does the 1A prohibit public school officials from regulating off-campus student speech? yes 8-1 |
| mahanoy area school district v. BL (2021) reasoning | off campus speech could not be regulated by the school importance: the first time the court protected students free speech rights off campus &felt that by allowing schools to have that much power would deplete students of all speech rights |
| yick wo v. hopkins (1886) facts & issue | f: san fran passed ordinance for laundry mats be located i brick or stone buildings. wo opened one in a wooden building i:did san fran city ordinance, while be facially neutral, was discriminating its application, violate 14A equal protection clause? yes |
| yick wo v. hopkins (1886) reasoning | court held that the equal protection clause applies to persons other than black. it also protects non-citizens who are large targets of the state. a resident alien was entitled to equal protection guarantees (financial aid, employment) |
| scott v. sanford (1857) facts & issue | f:dred scott was a former slave who went to live in IL before moving back to MO. after returning to MO, scott claimed his residence in free territory made him a free man i:was scott considered a free man or a slave? ruled against scott 7-2 |
| scott v. sanford (1857) reasoning | court ruled that black individuals did not have the same rights as white individuals. therefore, they couldnt sue in the federal court. blacks were considered to be a part of the inferior race |
| plessy v. ferguson (1896) facts & issue | f: LA passed a seperate car law. plessy bough a rail ticket and sat in a seat for whites i: does the LA segregatio law, calling for seperate railway carriages for white and colored races, violate 14A equal protection clause? no 7-1 |
| plessy v. ferguson (1896) reasoning & importance | r: court held law constitutional. segregation laws didnt violate 14A i: created the seperate but equal doctrine and ruled that segregation is not protected under the 14A |
| missouri ex rel gaines v. canada (1938) facts & issue | f: gaines denied law school admission because of his race. state offered to send him to neighboring states law school i: did gaines denial of admission to the university of MO law school violate the equal protection clause of 14A? yes 7-2 |
| missouri ex rel gaines v. canada (1938) reasoning | missouris plan to pay out of state tuition did not meet the obligations imposed by the equal protection clause. the denial of access to legal education was unlawful discrimination. the state then went to establish an all black law school at lincoln uni |
| sweatt v. painter (1950) facts & issue | f: sweatt applied to uni of texas law school and was denied because of his race. i:does the texas admission policy that bars african americans from admission to the university of law school violate the equa protection clause of 14A? yes 9-0 |
| sweatt v. painter (1950) reasoning & importance | r:the education and experience at the uni of texas law school was not substantially equal to the law school provided to black individuals i:the separate but equal doctrine was weakened. segregation laws for law school admission was dismissed |
| mclaurin v. oklahoma state regents (1950) facts & issue | f:in order to prevent interracial marriage, the uni segregated students i:did the university of oklahomas segregation system that segregated black grad students from whites to prevent interracial marriage violate the 14A equal protection clause? yes 9-0 |
| korematsu v. us (1944) facts & issue | f:during pearl harbor the us gov removed all japanese americans and put them in internment camps because they were a threat to national security i: did the internment of jap americans during ww2 violate the constitution, specifically due process of 5A?no |
| brown v. boe I (1954) facts & issue | f: brown family wanted their daughter to recieve an integrated education i:does kansas law allowing cities to segregate public schools, solely on race, violate the equal protection clause of 14A? yes9-0 |
| brown v. boe I (1954) importance | thurgood marshall argued the case and it overturned the separate but equal doctrin and plessy v. ferguson |
| bolling v. sharpe (1954) facts & issue | f:there were segregation issues within the schools and since it was not a state, 14A didnt apply i:did the segregation of the public schools of washington DC violate the due process clause of 5A? yes 9-0 |
| brown v. boe II (1955) facts & issue | f: the court had to determine how this ruling would be implemented i: who would be responsible for desgregating schools consequenting from the decision of brown I and at what speed? 9-0 all deliberate speed |
| swann v. charlotte mecklenburg boe (1971) facts & issue | f: 2/3 of black students continued to attend schools that were majority black i: what are the proper guidelines for courts and school districts to follow when implementing desegregation order? 9-0 |
| milliken v. bradley (1974) facts & issue | f:detroit still had a segragation problem and the district coirt ordered desegregation plan i:could courts order bussing as a desegregation plan invoving multiple districts outside the detroit area? no 5-4 |
| boe of oklahoma city public schools v. dowell (1991) facts & issue | f:boe requested to lift the desegregation regulation bc schools werent violating constitution i: school district be released from fed supervision if it made substantial progress toward desegregation, even if hadnt courts original desegregation plan? yes |
| freeman v. pitts (1992) facts & issue | f:district made strides in desegragating&boe wants released from fed oversight i:is district court permitted to release supervision of school system thats under desgregation plan in areas where schools have complied with the plan in majority of areas?yes |
| parents involved in community schools v. seattle school district no. 1 & meredith v. jefferson county boe (2007) facts & issue | f:seattle school never faced segregation issues. jefferson scool used to have segregation policies i:may a public school district that hasnt or isnt operating legally segregated schools choose to make school assignments on the basis of race? no 5-4 |
| shelly v. kraemer (1948) facts &issue | f:kraemer family filed against shelly family for violatinf a restrictive covenant that prevented other races to live in the neighborhood i:are court-enforced restrictive covenants a violation of 14A equal protection clause? yes |
| shelly v. kraemer (1948) importance | this case made racial convenants unenforceable and allowed for more racial integration in communities |
| burton v. wilmington parking authority (1961) facts & issue | f:burton denied service for race. delaware state law allowed this i:does the coffee shops discriminatory practice of refusing service to a black man count as state action under 14A equal protection clause? yes 6-2 |
| moose lodge no. 107 v. irvis (1972) facts & issue | f: white member brought black friend both denied service i:does the lodges practice of denying service to black men, classify as state actions under 14A because the state has issued the lodge a license to service liquor? no 6-3 |
| new york transit authority v. baezer (1979) facts & issue | f: NYC transit refused to hire ppl who used narcotics. methadone is a drug that helps heroine addicts i: did the new york transit authortiys prohibition against the hiring of anybody using methadone violate equal protection clause of 14A? no |
| cleburne v. cleburne living center (1985) facts & issue | f:clc planned to use the facility for housing the intellectually disabled. special use permit was denied i:did celeburnes zoning ordinance that denied the clc the ability to house mentally disabled ppl violate equal protection clause of 14A? yes 9-0 |
| cleburne v. cleburne living center (1985) importance | this was a rare case of the government losing in the rational basis test |
| loving v. virginia (1967) facts & issue | f:interracial couple charged violating anti-miscegenation law i:does virginias anti-miscegenation law, which makes interracial marriage illegal. violate 14A equal protection and due process clauses? yes 9-0 |
| regents of the university of california v. bakke (1978) facts & issue | f:uni had a special admission program for academically or economically disadvantaged i:is the uni of cali davis med schools special admission program a violation of the equal protection clause of 14A? yes and no |
| gratz v. bollinger (2003) facts & issue | f:uofm undergrad admission policy promoted diversity by giving nonwhites 20 points i:did the uofm undergrad admisssions policy violate 14A equal protection clause? yes 6-3 |
| grutter v. bollinger (2003) facts & issue | f:uofm law school admission gave special consideration to nonwhites i:is the uofm law school admission policy a violation of the equal protection clause of 14A? no 5-4 |
| schuette v. coalition to defend affirmative action (2014) facts & issue | f:michigan added to state constitution to remove sex&race from public contracts i:does the amendment to michigan constitution prohibiting race and sex based discrimination&preferential treatment in public uni admission violate 14A equal protection? no6-2 |
| schuette v. coalition to defend affirmative action (2014) importance | today, in michigan, race and gender cannot be taken into consideration for schools, employment, and contracting |
| fisher v. university of texas I importance | the case was remanded to lower courts due to the claim that strict scrutiny was not used properly. the lower courts affirmed the judgment. it was then re-appealed |
| fisher v. university of texas II (2016) facts & issue | f:admission was granted to those 10% of their hs class i:does the use of a race-conscious admissions program at the university of texas violate the equal protection clause of 14A? no 4-3 vote |
| students for fair admissions v. president and fellows of harvard college (2023) facts & issue | f:harvard used race as a plus factor. asian american studetns were denied i:does insitutions of higher education that use race as a factor for admissions violate the equal protection clause of 14A? yes 6-3 |
| students for fair admissions v. president and fellows of harvard college (2023) importance | this effectively but not explicitly overruled grutter (2003) |
| bradwell v. illinois (1873) facts & issue | f:bradwell was denied a license to practice law bc of her race i:could the state of illinois constitutionally prohibit a woman from being admitted to the state bar on the grouns of her gender? yes |
| muller v. oregon (1908) facts & issue | f:oregon law limited working hours for women in factories and laundaries i:did oregons maximum work hours law violate the 14A equal protection clause? no |
| reed v. reed (1971) facts & issue | f:their son died and the court gave the dad their sons house bc men are preffered to own property i:does the idaho probate code, that discriminates against women as estate administrators, violate 14A equal protection clause? yes 7-0 |
| craig v. boren (1976) facts & issue | f:oklahoma state law women can legally drink at 18 men have to be 21 i:does the oklahoma alcohol statute, that prohibits males under the age of 21 from purchasing beer, violate 14A equal protection clause? yes 7-2 |
| mississippi university for women v. hogan (1982) facts & issue | f:man denied admission to mississippi uni nursing school for women i:did the state statute that prevented men from enrolling in the mississippi uni for womens nursing school violate the equal protection clause of 14A? yes |
| united states v. virginia (1996) facts & issue | f:VMI was a male only program that trained men to be citizen soldiers. women not allowed so they made VWIL i:is the state of vriginias creation of the VWIL a sufficient remedy to the VMI admissions policy under equal protections clause? no 7-1 |
| romer v. evans (1996) facts & issue | f:local laws were giving sexuality same status as race&sex within protected categories i:is enactment of A2, which prohibits protection of individuals based on sexual orientation, into the CO constitution violation of the equal protection clause? yes6-3 |
| san antonio independent school district v. rodriguez (1973) facts & issue & importance | f:school funding comes from local property taxes i:is the texas system of financing public education a violation of the equal protection clause of 14A? no 5-4 im:education is not a fundamental right& the poor is not a suspect class |
| plyer v. doe (1982) facts & issue | f:texas law allowed schools to deny enrollment of students who were undocumented under the texas education code i:does the texas law, that allows schools to deny enrollment to undocumented children, violate 14A equal protection clause?yes 5-4 |
| south carolina v. katzenbach (1966) facts & issue | f:SC filed against AG asking that he not enforce the voting rights act of 1965 i:does the voring rights act of 1965 exceed the powers of congress and that such powers should be reversed to the states? no 8-1 |
| shelby county, alabama v. holder (2013) facts & issue | f:25 year extenssion of the voting rights act of 1965. shelby county sued AG because there is no more racism i:is the renewal by congress of the voting rights act of 1965 constitutional? no 5-4 |
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