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Biology
Metabolic Pathways
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which step in glycolysis goes from glucose to glucose-6-phosphate? What is the enzyme used for this conversion? | - This step 1 of glycolysis - The enzyme used is called hexokinase ( it involves the transfer of a terminal phosphate group of an ATP unit to some other compound) - ATP is converted into ADP |
| Which step in glycolysis goes from glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate? What is the enzyme used for this conversion? | - This is step 2 of glycolysis - The enzyme used is called phosphoglucoisomerase |
| Which step in glycolysis goes from fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-diphosphate? What is the enzyme used for this conversion? | - This is step 3 of glycolysis - The enzyme used is called phosphofructokinase - ATP is converted into ADP |
| Which step in glycolysis goes from fructose-1,6-diphosphate to DHAP and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate? What is the enzyme used for this conversion? | - This is step 4 of glycolysis - The enzyme is called aldolase |
| Which step in glycolysis goes from DHAP to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate? What is the enzyme used for this conversion? | - This is step 5 of glycolysis - The enzyme used is called triose phosphate isomerase |
| How many molecules of glyceraldehyde -3-phosphate can be made from 1 fructise-1,6-diphosphate? | Two |
| Which steps in glycolysis are apart of phase 1 of glycolysis? | Steps 1 - 5 |
| Which step in glycolysis goes from glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-diphosphoglycerate? What is the enzyme used for this conversion? | - This is step 6 in glycolysis - The enzyme used is called glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase - 2 NAD+ and Pi are converted into 2 NADH and 2 H+ |
| Which step in glycolysis goes from 1,3-diphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate? What is the enzyme used for this conversion? | - This is step 7 in glycolysis - The enzyme is called phosphoglycerate kinase - ADP is converted into ATP |
| Which step in glycolysis goes from 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate. What is the enzyme used for this conversion? | - This is step 8 in glycolysis - The enzyme is called phosphoglyceromutase |
| Which step in glycolysis goes from 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate? What is the enzyme used for this conversion? | - This is step 9 of glycolysis - The enzyme used is called enolase |
| Which step in glycolysis goes from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate? What is the enzyme used for this conversion? | - This is step 10 in glycolysis - The enzyme used is called pyruvate kinase - ADP is converted to ATP |
| What causes lactate to be produced? | It occurs in the cells of organisms when oxygen becomes a limiting factor |
| What are the two different pathways that pyruvate can take to regenerate NAD+ ? | 1) The production of lactate 2) The production of Ethanol (yeasts) |
| The convention from pyruvate to lactate uses what enzyme? | Lactate dehydrogenase |
| What enzymes are used to convert pyruvate to ethanol? | 1) pyruvate decarboxylase (pyruvate to acetaldehyde)(H+ converted to CO2) 2) alcohol dehydrogenase (acetaldehyde to ethanol) (NADH + H+ converted to NAD+) |
| What does high ATP levels inhibit? | Phosphofructokinase from step 3 of glycolysis |
| What does low levels of AMP stimulate? | Phosphofructokinase |
| What kinds of disaccharides can enter glycolysis and which must be converted first then enter into glycolysis? | - Can enter = glucopyranose - Converted first then enter = fructofuranose |
| What are the different names for the Krebs cycle? | The citric acid cycle and the tricarboxylic acid cycle |
| Where does the citric acid cycle take place? | The mitochondria |
| Where does glycolysis take place? | The cytosol |
| In anaerobic conditions, pyruvate can be converted into what? | - Bacteria pyruvate = lactic acid - Yeast pyruvate = carbon dioxide and ethanol |
| In aerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted into what? | Carbon dioxide |
| What coenzymes are the by products of the tricarboxylic acid cycle | - 8 NADH - 2 FADH2 - 2 GTP (which converts to ATP) |
| Define cristae | It is what the inner membrane is folded into and it increases the surface area of the inner membrane |
| What is the purpose of the Penrose phosphate pathway? | It is to generate reducing power in the form of NADPH and 5 carbon sugars such as ribose-5-phospahte |
| Where dose the pentose phosphate pathway occur? | In the cytosol |
| What are the mobile electron carriers found in the electron transport chain? What are their charges? | - NADH (2e-) - UQH2 (1-2e-) - Cyt c (1e-) |
| What are the non mobile electron carriers found in the electron transport chain? What are their charges? | - FADH2 (1-2e-) - Fe-S (1e-) |
| Where does the electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation occur? | They occur on the inner membrane of the mitochondria |
| What is another name for complex 1 of the respiratory chain? | NADH-Q Reductase |
| What is another name for complex 2 of the respiratory chain? | Succincte-Q Reductase |
| What is another name for complex 3 of the respiratory chain? | Cytochrome Reductase |
| What is another name for complex 4 of the respiratory chain? | Cytochrome Oxidase |
| Define cytochromes | They are electron transporting proteins that contain a heme prosthetic group with an iron atom that alternates between the Fe2+ and Fe3+ condition |
| Does the ETC have a positive or negative delta G not? | Negative |
| Why does FADH2 only generate 2 molecules of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation? | The electrons from FADH2 enter into the ETC at a lower energy level than the electrons from NADH |
| All of the ATO produced in the ETC is dependent of what? | The presence of oxygen |
| What is the enzyme used in oxidative phosphorylation? | F0F1 ATPase |
| Is the ATPase complex apart of the ETC? | No |
| Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in the inner membrane of the mitochondria, but where exactly in the inner membrane does it take place? | - Oxidation actually takes place in the respiratory chain - phosphorylation takes place in the ATPase complex |
| What are the different ways that NADH is transported into the mitochondrial matrix? | Via the glycerol phosphate shuttle or the malate-aspartate shuttle |
| How many ATP molecules can transported in each shuttle? | - Glycerol phosphate shuttle = 2 ATP molecules - Malate-aspartame shuttle = 3 ATP molecules |
| Which steps in the pentose phosphate pathway is part of the oxidative phase? | Steps 1 - 3 |
| Which steps in the pentose phosphate pathway is part of the non oxidative phase? | Steps 4 - 8 |
| Since mature erythrocytes do not have a mitochondria, where do they obtain their NADH from? | The pentose phosphate pathway |
| Where does the conversion of lactate to glucose take place? | In the liver |
| Define gluconeogenesis | It is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors such as lactate, amino acids like alanine, and glycerol (which are all 3 carbon molecules) |
| During glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, how much ATP is gained or lost? | - Glycolysis = + 2 - Gluconeogenesis = - 6 |
| What is the process of gluconeogenesis? | [ Pyruvate -> OAA -> Malate ] (inside mitochondrial matrix) Malate -> OAA -> PEP -> glucose or PEP -> pyruvate |
| What enzyme is used to convert fructose- 1,6-diphosphate into fructose-6-phosphate? | Fructose- 1,6 - diphosphate phosphate |
| What enzyme is used to convert glucose - 6 - phosphate into glucose? | Glucose - 6 - phosphate phosphate |
| Are fats metabolized aerobically or anaerobically? | Aerobically |
| What happens to fats when they are broken down? | Fats are broken down into glycerols and fatty acids. Both will be converted into acetyl CoA (happens with two different pathways). The acetyl CoA will then enter into the kreb cycle and be converted into ATP |
| How does a fat become acetyl CoA through glycerol? | Fats -> glycerol -> DHAP -> pyruvate -> acetyl CoA |
| How does a fat become acetyl CoA through fatty acids? | Fats -> fatty acids -> acetyl CoA |
| What is step 1 in fatty acids oxidation via glycerol and what enzymes and coenzymes if any are used? | - Fat converts into 1 molecule of glycerol and 3 fatty acids residues - The enzyme used is lipase along with 3 H2O molecules |
| What is step 2 in fatty acids oxidation via glycerol and what enzymes and coenzymes if any are used? | - Glycerol to glycerol - 3 - phosphate - The enzyme used is glycerol kinase w/ coenzyme ATP |
| What is step 3 in fatty acids oxidation via glycerol and what enzymes and coenzymes if any are used? | - Glycerol - 3 - phosphate into DHAP - The enzyme used is called glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase with coenzymes NAD+ |
| What is step 4- 9 in fatty acids oxidation via glycerol and what enzymes and coenzymes if any are used? | It is steps 5 - 10 of glycolysis |
| What is step 10 in fatty acids oxidation via glycerol and what enzymes and coenzymes if any are used? | - Pyruvate into acetyl CoA - Enzyme used is pyruvate dehydrogenase complex with coenzyme NAD+ |
| What is step 1 in fatty acids oxidation via fatty acids and what enzymes and coenzymes if any are used? | - Fat converts into 1 molecule of glycerol and 3 fatty acids residues - The enzyme used is lipase along with 3 H2O molecules |
| What is step 2 in fatty acids oxidation via fatty acids and what enzymes and coenzymes if any are used? | - Fatty acid + ATP into acyl adenylate + PPi - Enzyme used is called acyl- CoA synthetase |
| What is step 3 in fatty acids oxidation via fatty acids and what enzymes and coenzymes if any are used? | - Acyl adenylate + HS-CoA into acyl-CoA + AMP - Enzyme used is acyl-CoA synthetase |
| What is the beta- oxidation pathway? | It is when the fatty acyl-CoA is in the mitochondrial matrix ready to be oxidized to fully become acetyl- CoA |
| How does activated fatty acyl-CoA enter into the mitochondrial matrix? | It is shuttles across the inner mitochondrial membrane by carnitine |
| What is step 4 in fatty acids oxidation via fatty acids (step 1 of the beta-oxidation pathway) and what enzymes and coenzymes if any are used? | - Fatty acyl-CoA into enoyl-CoA - The enzyme used is acyl-CoA dehydrogenase with coenzyme FAD - This is an oxidation reaction |
| What is step 5 in fatty acids oxidation via fatty acids (step 2 of the beta-oxidation pathway) and what enzymes and coenzymes if any are used? | - Enoyl-CoA into L-hydroxyacyl-CoA - The enzyme used is called enoyl-CoA hydratase with the addition of water - This is an hydration reaction |
| What is step 6 in fatty acids oxidation via fatty acids (step 3 of the beta-oxidation pathway) and what enzymes and coenzymes if any are used? | - L-hydroxylacyl-CoA into ketoacyl-CoA - The enzyme used is called L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase with coenzyme NAD+ - This is an oxidation reaction |
| What is step 7 in fatty acids oxidation via fatty acids (step 4 of the beta-oxidation pathway) and what enzymes and coenzymes if any are used? | - Ketoacyl-CoA into fatty acyl-CoA (two carbons shorter) + acetyl- CoA - The enzyme used is called beta-ketothiolase with a second molecule CoA-SH - This is a thiolysis reaction |
| How would an unsaturated fatty acid go through beta-oxidation? | - If the double bond is in the alpha-beta position (trans) then it can go ahead through the bet-oxidation pathway - If the double bond is in the beta-gamma position (cis) then it must be converted to the alpha-beta position with the enzyme isomerase |
| What happens when a fatty acid has an even number of carbons? | It must go keep going through beta-oxidation until the fatty acid has only two carbons left. They will all be considered a two carbon acetyl CoA residue |
| What happens when a fatty acid has an odd number of carbons? | It must go keep going through beta-oxidation until the fatty acid has only two carbons left, but there will be one 3 carbon molecule and the rest will be a two carbon acetyl CoA residue |
| Where is the major site in mammals amino acid degradation take place? | In the liver |
| In the urea cycle, what is it called when a protein converts into an amino acid? What molecule is used in this conversion? | - It is called transamination - H2O is used |
| The conversion of amino acids into alpha-keto acids is phase 1 of the urea cycle, what is the other name for this phase, what is the enzymes and coenzymes if any are used, and what are the reactants and products? | - Oxidative deamination - The enzyme is amino-transferase w/ coenzyme PLP - Alpha-amino acid + alpha-ketoglutarate -> alpha-keto acid + glutamate |
| What happens to the glutamate after oxidative deamination? | - It reacts with NAD+ or NADP+ + H2O to form alpha-ketoglutarate + NADH or NADHP + NH4+ - H+ leaves the reaction - The enzyme used is glutamate dehydrogenase |
| Why is the kreb cycle an intermediate to the urea cycle? | Since amino acids are degraded they will form metabolic intermediates which can be funneled into the kreb cycle |
| Steps 1 & 2 of the urea cycle occur where? | In the mitochondria |
| Steps 3 - 5 of the urea cycle occur where? | In the cytoplasm |
| Are there any ATP dependent steps in the urea cycle? | Yes, step 3 |
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Gabbgabb04
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