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What sparked the Crusades?
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What were the main problems in the Catholic Church before reforms?
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Unit 8.5

Late Middle Ages

QuestionAnswer
What sparked the Crusades? The Crusades began when Pope Urban II called for a "holy war" to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim control.
What were the main problems in the Catholic Church before reforms? Issues included illiterate priests, corrupt popes, and practices like simony and lay investiture.
How did monasteries contribute to the Church's reform? Monasteries, especially Cluny, promoted a spiritual revival and established new religious orders focused on Christian principles.
What was the significance of Gothic architecture? Gothic cathedrals symbolized reaching toward heaven, featuring tall spires and stained glass windows that let in light.
What were some effects of the Crusades on Europe? The Crusades increased trade, weakened the Church's power, and left a legacy of distrust between Christians and Muslims.
What innovations increased food production during the Second Agricultural Revolution? The use of horsepower instead of oxen, iron plows, and the new three-field system boosted agricultural output.
What role did guilds play in medieval Europe? Guilds improved economic and social conditions for members, set quality standards, and trained apprentices in various crafts.
What was the Commercial Revolution? It was the expansion of trade and business, leading to new banking systems and increased availability of goods from foreign lands.
How did the growth of trade influence education? Cultural interactions with Byzantine and Muslim civilizations revived learning, leading to the establishment of universities in Europe.
Who was Thomas Aquinas, and why was he significant? Aquinas was a key philosopher who combined Greek thought with Christian teachings, influencing medieval philosophy and the development of democratic ideas.
Who were the main invaders that shaped early England? The Angles and Saxons settled in England, while the Danish Vikings threatened it until Alfred the Great pushed them back.
What was the significance of the Battle of Hastings in 1066? William the Conqueror's victory unified England under Norman control and laid the groundwork for a centralized government.
How did the Magna Carta influence English government? Signed in 1215, it limited the king's power and guaranteed rights like no taxation without representation and jury trials.
What was the Model Parliament, and why was it important? Established in 1295, it included commoners and nobles, setting a precedent for representative government in England.
What was the Estates-General, and how did it differ from Parliament? Formed by King Philip IV, it included clergy, nobles, and commoners. Unlike Parliament, it never became an independent check on royal power.
What conflict marked the end of the authority of the pope over monarchs? The clash between Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip IV of France, where Philip imprisoned Boniface, marked the decline of papal authority over kings.
What was the Great Schism and its impact on the Church? The Great Schism was the division of the Church into rival popes in Rome and Avignon, which weakened the Church's power and authority.
How did the Bubonic Plague affect European society? The plague killed about one-third of the population, disrupted the feudal system, caused peasants to demand higher wages, and led to anti-Semitic violence.
What was the significance of the Hundred Years’ War? It fostered national identity in England and France, marked the end of medieval warfare styles, and increased the power of the French monarchy.
What were some reasons for the decline of the Middle Ages? Factors included the Hundred Years’ War, the Bubonic Plague, the rise of a middle class, and the beginnings of democratic traditions like the Magna Carta.
Created by: lana12
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