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Development 1-4

Psychology Test Review

Question	Answer
development change throughout adulthood as well as childhood	life-span
development in terms of unconscious processes that are heavily colored by emotion	Freud's Theory
8 stages of developmental at each stage a unique developmental task confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved	Erickson's Theory
theory that children construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development	Piaget's Theory
consequences of a behavior produce changes in the probability of the behaviors recurrence	Skinner's Operant Conditioning
compares individuals of different ages	cross-sectional approach
the same individuals are studied over a period of time-usually seven years or longer	longitudinal approach
emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fitness in shaping behavior	evolutionary psychology
thread-like structures made up of deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA	chromosomes
a complex molecules with a double helix shape that contains genetic information	DNA
units of hereditary information composed of DNA. Genes direct cells to reproduce themselves and manufacture the proteins that maintain life	genes
cellular reproduction in which the cells nucleus duplicates itself with two new cells being formed, each containing the same DNA as the parent cell, arranged in the same 23 pairs of chromosomes	mitosis
a specialized form of cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm or gametes	meiosis
a persons genetic heritage the actual genetic material	genotype
the way an individuals genotype is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics	phenotype
the field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development	behavior genetics
a study in which the behavioral similarity of identical twins is compared with the behavioral similarity of fraternal twins	twin study
the period of prenatal development that takes place during the first two weeks after conception. It includes the creation of the zygote continued cell division, and the attachment of the zygote to the unterin wall	germinal period
the period of parental development that occurs two to eight weeks after conception. During the embryonic period the rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for the cells form, and organs appear	embryonic period
organ formation that takes place during the first 2 months of parental development	organogenesis
the parental period of development that begins two months after conception and usually last for 7 months	fetal period
a childbirth method in which no drugs are given to relieve pain or assist in the birth process. The mother and her partner are taught to use breathing methods and relaxation techniques during delivery	natural childbirth
the period after childbirth when the mother adjusts both physically and psychologically to the process of childbearing this period lasts for about 6 weeks or until her body has completed its adjustment and returned to a nearly prepregnant state	postpartum period
an egg and sperm fuse to create a single cell called a zygote 23 unpaired chromosomes from the egg and from the sperm combine	fertilization
agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes	teratogen
defined schedule of visits for medical care, and screenings for manageable conditions and treatable diseases	parental care
growth started at the center of the body and moves towards extremities	proximodistal
suddenly infant death syndrome, condition that occurs when an infant stops breathing, usually during the night and dies suddenly without an apparent cause	SIDS
rooting reflex cheek stoked in response infant turns to find something to suck	reflexes
skills that involve large muscle activites such as walking	gross motor skills
finely turned movements like grasping a spoon and buttoning a shirt	fine motor skills
the product of interaction between info and the sensory receptors eyes, ears, and skin	sensation
the interpretation of what is sensed	perception
decreased responsibilities to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus	habituation
recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation	dishabituation
what processes do children use a they contrast their knowledge of the world	Piaget
actions or mental representations that organize knowledge	schemes
using existing schemes to deal with new information and experiences	assimilation
grouping isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher-order-organizing	organization
shifting from one stage to the next	equilibration
ages from birth to 2 years of age	sensorimotor stage
facial expressions and learning by obersving and by doing g	imitation
rhythmic pattern cry silence whistle higher in pitch than a main cry brief rest and next cry	basic cry
variation of the basic cry with more excess air	anger cry
sudden long initial cry followed by holding of the breath must be simulated by physical pain	pain cry
smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli and appears during the first month after birth usually during sleep	reflexive smile
smile that occurs in response to an external stimulus typically a face in the case of young infant, occurs as early as 2 months of age	social smile
an infant shows fear and wariness of strangers emerges around 6 months increases around 9 months	stranger anxiety
infants distressed crying when the caregiver leaves	separation protest
an individual;s behavioral style and characteristics way of responding emotionally	temperate
this child is generally in a positive mood, quickly established regular routines in infancy and adapts easily to new experiences	easy child
this child reacts negatively
this child has a low activity level is somewhat negative and displays a low intensity of mood	slow to warm up child
refers to the match between a child's temperamnt and the environmental demands with which the child must cope	goodness of fit
close emotional bond between two people	attachment
observational measure of infants attachment and infants experiences introductions separations and reunions with the caregiver and adult stranger	strange situation
use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment when caregiver departs protest mildly when returns reestablish positive interaction	securely attached babies
show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver engage in little interaction are not distressed when leaving the room and do not reestablish contract	insecure avoidant babies
cling to caregiver then resist by fighting against closeness cling anxiously and don't explore playroom	insecure resistant babies
disorganized and disoriented dazed confused and fearful	insecure disorganized babies
meaning that children socialize parents just as parents socialize children	socialization
cling to caregiver then resist by fighting against closeness cling anxiously and don't explore playroom	insecure resistant babies
process in which parents time interactions so that infants experience turn taking with their parents	scaffolding
disorganized and disoriented dazed confused and fearful	insecure disorganized babies
meaning that children socialize parents just as parents socialize children	socialization
meaning that children socialize parents just as parents socialize children	socialization
cling to caregiver then resist by fighting against closeness cling anxiously and don't explore playroom	insecure resistant babies
process in which parents time interactions so that infants experience turn taking with their parents	scaffolding
disorganized and disoriented dazed confused and fearful	insecure disorganized babies
similar for individual in a particular age group	normative age-graded influences
meaning that children socialize parents just as parents socialize children	socialization
the study of animal behavior	ethology
process in which parents time interactions so that infants experience turn taking with their parents	scaffolding
unusual occurrences that have a major impact on the individuals life	normative life events
similar for individual in a particular age group	normative age-graded influences
common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances	normative history-graded influence
the study of animal behavior	ethology
unusual occurrences that have a major impact on the individuals life	normative life events
a person (typically a woman) trained to assist women in childbirth	midwife
The relationship between two versions of a gene one of the pair of genes is more likely to show than the other	dominant vs recessive
the study of animal behavior	ethology
are individuals from the same community as their client, who are trained to provide psychosocial, emotional, and educational support during pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum, and act as a liaison between their client and the health care system	Douglas
are individuals from the same community as their client, who are trained to provide psychosocial, emotional, and educational support during pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum, and act as a liaison between their client and the health care system	Douglas
The relationship between two versions of a gene one of the pair of genes is more likely to show than the other	dominant vs recessive
these are noninvasive imaging test that helps show real time pictures or videos of internal organs or other soft tissue	ultrasound sonography
these are noninvasive imaging test that helps show real time pictures or videos of internal organs or other soft tissue	ultrasound sonography
general pattern of development seen in the earliest years of postnatal development specifically ranging from infancy into toddlerhood. Head to Toe	cephalocaudal
general pattern of development seen in the earliest years of postnatal development specifically ranging from infancy into toddlerhood. Head to Toe	cephalocaudal
a person (typically a woman) trained to assist women in childbirth	midwife
a person (typically a woman) trained to assist women in childbirth	midwife
are individuals from the same community as their client, who are trained to provide psychosocial, emotional, and educational support during pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum, and act as a liaison between their client and the health care system	Douglas
the understanding that an object continues to exist even when it cannot be seen, heard, or touched	object performance
are individuals from the same community as their client, who are trained to provide psychosocial, emotional, and educational support during pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum, and act as a liaison between their client and the health care system	Douglas
a baby is born through a cut made in the mother's abdominal wall and uterus	cesarean delivery
a verbal or written understanding of abstract thought	concepts
a baby is born through a cut made in the mother's abdominal wall and uterus	cesarean delivery
general pattern of development seen in the earliest years of postnatal development specifically ranging from infancy into toddlerhood. Head to Toe	cephalocaudal
general pattern of development seen in the earliest years of postnatal development specifically ranging from infancy into toddlerhood. Head to Toe	cephalocaudal
the process wherein infants use the affective displays of an adult to regulate their behaviors toward environmental objects, persons, and situations	social referencing
the way a baby sleeps ( having too many blankets and the way a baby sleeps)	risk factors of sids
the understanding that an object continues to exist even when it cannot be seen, heard, or touched	object performance
a verbal or written understanding of abstract thought	concepts
crying cooling babbling and gestures	ways baby communicates during the early stages of life
the process wherein infants use the affective displays of an adult to regulate their behaviors toward environmental objects, persons, and situations	social referencing

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