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module 4 chapter 19
Anatomy 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Explain the functions of the respiratory system. | Helps with sense of smell, helps regulate blood pH, produces vocal sounds, brings oxygen into body and expels carbon dioxide, has passages that filter, moisten, warms incoming air and transports it to body/lungs/microscopic air sacs |
| Define respiration | How an organism acquires energy; oxygen required to produce energy, cells obtain energy from glucose, or process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells |
| Define external respiration | Ventilation or breathing, allows gas exchange between capillaries in the lungs and the air, gas exchange between alveolar air and blood |
| Define internal respiration | Gas transport in blood and exchange between all body cells, gas exchange between blood and tissue |
| Define cellular respiration | Process of ATP production in mitochondria, which uses oxygen to harness energy and gives off carbon dioxide back to the lungs. Use of oxygen for metabolic reactions within cells. |
| Identify organs that are in the respiratory system and which are in the upper respiratory tract | Nose, nasal cavity, sinuses. pharynx, larynx |
| Identify organs that are in the respiratory system which are in the lower respiratory tract. | Trachea, Bronchial tree (bronchus), lungs |
| Explain functions of the nose | Nostrils (external nares) provides opening for air to enter and leave nasal cavity. Openings of nose are protected from large particles by internal hairs. |
| Explain the functions of the nasal cavity | Warms, moistens, and filters incoming air. |
| Nasal Cavity: | Hollow space behind the nose and is separated into left and right portions by nasal septum. Cavity is separated from cranial cavity by the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and from oral cavity by the hard palate. |
| Nasal conchae (turbinate bones): | Curls out from lateral walls of cavity forming passageways called the superior, middle, and inferior meatuses. Nasal conchae support the mucous membrane that lines the nasal cavity. The conchae also help increase the mucous membrane’s surface area. |
| Explain the functions of the sinuses (paranasal sinuses) | Reduces weight of skull, resonates voice. Sinuses open into the nasal cavity and are lined with mucous membranes that are continuous with the lining of nasal cavity, allowing mucus secretions to drain from the sinuses into the nasal cavity. |
| Describe sinuses (paranasal sinuses) | Air-filled spaces in the maxillary, frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones of the skull. |
| Explain problems associated with cigarette smoking | Slows and paralyzes cilia. Dirt/pathogens can no longer be removed from respiratory system. Smoker's cough occurs when cilia no longer functions, excess mucus is produced. Pathogen access respiratory surfaces, causing infections. Leads to emphysema. |
| Explain location and functions of the pharynx | The space posterior to the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx. It is a passageway for food moving from the oral cavity to the esophagus and for air passing between the nasal cavity and the larynx. Aids in producing the sounds of speech. |
| What are the 3 portions of the pharynx? | Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx |
| Nasopharynx: | Superior to the soft palate. Communicates with the nasal cavity and provides a passageway for air during breathing. Contains openings to auditory tubes. |
| Oropharynx: | Posterior to the mouth and soft palate and inferior to the nasopharynx. It's a passageway both for food moving downward from the mouth and for air moving to and from the nasal cavity. |
| Laryngopharynx: | Inferior to the oropharynx. Extends from the upper border of the epiglottis downward to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage of the larynx. Continuous with larynx and esophagus. |
| Explain functions of the larynx. | A passageway for air moving in and out of the trachea/prevents foreign objects from entering the trachea. Houses vocal cords. Composed of a framework of muscles/cartilages bound by elastic tissue. |
| Know the location of the larynx | An enlargement in the airway superior to the trachea, anterior and somewhat inferior to the laryngopharynx. |
| Name the 3 large cartilages associated with the larynx | Thyroid (adam's apple), cricoid, and epiglottic cartilages |
| Thyroid (Adam's apple) cartilage: | Shieldlike structure. Largest cartilage. Thyroid gland covers lower part. |
| Cricoid cartilage: | Lies inferior to the thyroid cartilage. It marks the lowermost portion of the larynx. Below thyroid cartilage. |
| Epiglottic cartilage: | Central portion of flap-like epiglottis. Only one of the laryngeal cartilages that is elastic. Allows air to enter the larynx, helps prevent foods and liquids from entering the air passages. |
| Define false vocal cords | The upper vestibular folds, are called false vocal cords because they do not produce sound, helps close airway during swallowing. |
| Define true vocal cords | Responsible for vocal sounds, lower folds, sounds created as air is forced between them/vibrating them. |
| Define glottis | The part of the larynx consisting of the vocal cords and the opening between them. It affects voice modulation through expansion or contraction. |
| Detail characteristics of the trachea | A flexible cylindrical tube about 2.5 centimeters in diameter and 12.5 centimeters in length. Extends downward anterior to the esophagus and into the thoracic cavity. Transports air between the larynx and the bronchi. |
| Detail characteristics of the trachea (windpipe) | Lined with ciliated mucous membrane (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium) with goblet cells. Tracheal wall has 20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage to prevent collapse of trachea. |
| What is a bronchial tree? | Consists of branched airways leading from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs in the lungs. Its branches begin with the right and left main (primary) bronchi, which arise from the trachea at the level of the fifth thoracic vertebrae. |
| List the divisions of the bronchial tree | 1. Right/left main (primary) bronchi 2. Lobar (secondary) bronchi 3. Segmental (tertiary) bronchi 4. Intralobular bronchioles 5. Terminal bronchioles 6. Respiratory bronchioles 7. Alveolar ducts 8. Alveolar sacs 9. Alveoli |
| Explain the function and structural characteristics of alveoli. Know what type of tissue alveoli are made of. | Microscopic air sacs that perform gas exchange; sites of gas exchange between the inhaled air and the bloodstream. Made of simple squamous epithelium tissue which is a thin flat layer of cells that allows efficient gas exchange in the lungs. |
| Define bronchodilation | Widening of the airways in the lungs due to relaxation of smooth muscles surrounding them. |
| Define bronchoconstriction | Narrowing of the airways caused by contraction of smooth muscles, making it harder to breathe. |
| Know the difference in lobes between the two lungs. | Right lung has 3 lobes and left lung has 2 lobes |
| Define visceral pleura | Inner layer of serous membrane; attached to surface of lung. |
| Define parietal pleura | Outer layer of serous membrane; lines thoracic cavity |
| Define pleural cavity | Potential space between visceral and parietal pleura |
| Define breathing/ventilation | The movement of air from outside the body into the bronchial tree and alveoli, followed by a reversal of this air movement. |
| Define inspiration (inhalation) | Breathing in; inhaling. Active process that requires the contraction of the external intercostal muscles. |
| Define expiration (exhalation) | Breathing out; exhaling. Passive process as no muscular contraction are involved. |
| Define respiratory cycle | One inspiration plus the following expiration or begins with inspiration and ends with expiration. |
| What is normal atmospheric pressure at sea level? | 760 millimeters (mm) of mercury (Hg) |
| Describe characteristics of Boyle's law | Pressure and volume of gases are inversely proportional. |
| Explain the processes/events for inhalation and exhalation and how Boyle's law and atmospheric pressure relate to airflow into and out of the lungs. | During the process of inhalation, the lung volume expands as a result of the contraction of the diaphragm/intercostal muscles (the muscles that are connected to the rib cage), expanding thoracic cavity. Due to increase in volume, pressure is decreased. |
| Distinguish normal inspiration and describe the major muscles involved | Normal inspiration known as eupnea is a mode of breathing that occurs at rest. The diaphragm/external intercostal muscles are involved. |
| Distinguish forced inspiration and describe the major muscles involved. | forced breathing (during exercise or in disease) requires accessory muscles. |
| Distinguish between normal and forced expiration and the major muscles involved in forced expiration and the nature of elastic recoil and surface tension that passively drives normal expiration | Quiet expiration is a passive process occurring at rest, whereas forced expiration is an active process that occurs during exercise. internal intercostals, intercostalis intimi, subcostals/ abdominal muscles. |
| Define respiratory volume | Different volumes of air that can be moved into or out of lungs. |
| Define spirometry | Measurement of different air volumes. |
| Describe inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) Volume: 3,000mL | The amount of air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort. Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled at the end of a resting inspiration. |
| Describe tidal volume (TV) Volume: 500mL | Volume of air moved in or out of lungs during a quiet respiratory cycle. Volume of air exchange during normal breathing. |
| Describe expiratory reserve volume (ERV) Volume: 1,100mL | Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled at the end of a resting expiration. The amount of air in excess of a normal breath that can be exhaled with maximum effort. |
| Describe residual volume (RV) Volume: 1,200mL | Volume of air that remains in the lungs even after a maximal expiratory effort. |
| The total lung capacity minus the residual volume equals the ? | Vital capacity. |
| The vital capacity minus the ___ equals the inspiratory capacity. | Expiratory reserve volume. |
| The total amount of air a person can exhale after filling the lungs completely is called? | Vital capacity |
| What are dead air spaces? | Some air entering respiratory tract during breathing does not reach functional alveoli. |
| Explain anatomic dead space | Air in respiratory tract that remains in conduction structures, and does not reach alveoli. |
| Explain alveolar dead space | Air in respiratory tract that reaches nonfunctional alveoli, such as alveoli associated with capillaries with poor blood flow; this occurs occasionally. |
| Explain physiologic dead space | Total of anatomical and alveolar dead space. |
| Explain nonrespiratory air movements | Air movements other than breathing. Plays a role in verbal communication (speaking). Some clear air passages as in coughing/sneezing or express emotions as in laughing/crying. Usually result from reflexes, sometimes they are initiated voluntarily. |
| Describe the parts of the brain that control the respiratory system. | Groups of neurons in the brainstem control breathing. Adjusts heart rate/depth of breathing. Initiate impulses that travel on cranial/spinal nerves causing inspiration and expiration. |
| Define partial pressure | The amount of pressure each gas contributes to the total pressure. Proportional to its concentration. |
| Distinguish the role and chemosensitivities of central chemoreceptors and the effect they have on respiratory rate and drive | Respond to changes in blood pH, but only indirectly, because hydrogen ions do not easily cross the blood-brain barrier and therefore do not have direct access to this area. Low blood partial pressure of oxygen doesn't have much effect, |
| Distinguish the role and chemosensitivities of peripheral chemoreceptors and the effect they have on respiratory rate and drive | Sense changes in the blood Po2, Pco2, and pH in specialized structures called the carotid bodies and aortic bodies. Decreased Po2 causes increase in breathing rate/tidal volume, leading to an increase in alveolar ventilation. |
| Where does gas exchange between the air and blood occur? | The alveoli are the sites of the vital process of gas exchange between the air and the blood. |
| What helps to clean alveoli? | Alveolar macrophages |
| Explain the difference between type I and type II cells in the wall of an alveolus. | Most of the wall of an alveolus consists of a layer of type I cells, simple squamous epithelium. Part of the wall of an alveolus is made up of type II cells that secrete pulmonary surfactant. |
| How are gases transported to tissues? | Areas of higher partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure. |
Created by:
Alena stephanoff