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A&p study guide #1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3. Histology could be defined as a study of | cella |
| 4. What is the highest level of structural organization you would expect a blood vessel to be? | organ |
| 5. An increased rate of breathing as a result of an increased buildup of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream would be an example of what life function | metabolism |
| 6. Normal body temperature is ________ degrees centigrade. | 37 |
| 7. If you consider your home air conditioner in terms of homeostasis then the wall thermostat would be the: | control center |
| 8. The purpose of negative feedback is: | to prevent sudden and severe changes within the body |
| 9. ________ is the specific name for hip/ groin/ thigh/ leg/ forearm/arm/front of elbow/calf/ shoulder blade/ breastbone/ cheek/ chin/ eye/ chest/ armpit/ neck/ etc. | regional |
| 10. An oblique cut is one that: | diagonally |
| 11. The heart lies in the ________ cavity. | pericardial |
| 12. ________ cavities are spaces between bones | Synovial |
| 13. A structure that is composed of two or more tissues would be: | Organ |
| 14. Your appendix would lie in which quadrant? | right lower |
| 15. Your stomach would lie in which quadrant? | upper left |
| 16. List and explain the functional characteristics of life? | maintaining bounderies, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion,reproduction,gfrowth |
| 17. The single most abundant chemical substance of the body, accounting for 60 to 80% of body weight, is: | water |
| 18. The posterior side of the patella would be called | Popliteal |
| 19. Compare and contrast negative and positive feedback mechanisms? | In negative feedback systems, the output shuts off the original stimulus. In positive feedback systems, the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus. Both bring about equilibrium |
| 20. Describe the anatomical position | Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from body |
| 21. A good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be: | Child birth or the regulation of blood clotting |
| 22. A parasagittal plane is: | Sagittal planes offset from the midline |
| 23. A frontal plane is: | (or Coronal) divides the body into anterior and posterior parts |
| 24. Which organs or structures would be found in the left iliac region? | Initial part of sigmoid colon |
| 25. The parietal pleura would represent a serous membrane which _______________ | lines the walls of the thoracic cavity. |
| 26. Distinguish between functional systems and organ systems. | |
| 27. List and describe the subdivisions (topics) contained within the study of anatomy. | • Regional- all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg)• Systemic- gross anatomy of the body studied by system• Surface- study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin |
| 28. Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains _________________ | equilibrium |
| 29. The lungs are located in which cavities: | • Pleural cavities |
| 30. Describe the structure and function of serous membranes. | • The walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains are by a thin double-layered membrane, called the serosa or serous membrane |
| 31. List the components of the hierarchy of structural organizatim from simplest to most complex: | • Chemical• Cellular• Tissue• Organ• Organ System• Organismal |
| 32. List the functional characteristics of humans or other complex life forms? | • Maintaining boundaries• Movement• Responsiveness• Digestion• Metabolism• Excretion• Reproduction• Growth |
| 33. List the components of the dorsal cavity? | •Cranial cavity- within the skull encases the brain•Vertebral cavity- within vertebral column and encases the spinal cord |
| 34. The spleen is located in which abdominopelvic quadrant? | left upper |
| 35. Describe the process of homeostatic imbalance? | |
| 36. The term pollex refers to the: | thub |
| 37. The dorsal body cavity is the site of which of the | spinal cord and brain. |
| 38. One of the functional characteristics of life is irritability. This refers to: | •Responsiveness- ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them. |
| 39. Survival needs of the body include: | • Nutrients- chemical substances used for energy and cell building• Oxygen- needed for metabolic reactions• Water- provides the necessary environment for chemical reactions• Maintaining normal body temperature- necessary for chemical reactions to oc |
| 40. The pancreas and liver work together to maintain homeostasis through: | controling blood sugar levels |
| 41. The anatomical position is used: | •To provide an standard reference point. |
| 42.A horizontal section through the body is called: | • Transverse section (Cross section) |
| 43. A vertical section through the body, dividing it into left and right, is called: | • Sagittal |
| 44. A vertical section through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior, is called: | • Frontal or Coronal |
| 45. Which body cavity contains the pleural and pericardial cavities? | • Thoracic cavity |
| 46. ________ consist of similar cells that have a common function. | tissues |
| 47. The ________ system secretes hormones that regulate growth processes and nutrient usage by body cells. | Endocrine system |
| 48. ________ is a term that describes the back of the elbow. | Orecranal |
| 49. ________ is a term that describes the heel region | Calcaneal |
| 50. The elbow is ________ to the wrist | superior |
| 51. The ________ cavity contains tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the organ of hearing in the inner ear. | Middle ear |
| 52. ________ is explained by chemical and physical principles and is concerned with the function of specific organs or organic systems. | Physiology |
| 53. ________ is a dynamic equilibrium of your internal environment. | Homeostasis |
| 54. The ________ cavity contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum. | Pelvic |
| 55. ________ peritoneum is the serous membrane that covers the intestines. | Visceral |
| 56. ________ physiology concerns urine production and kidney function. | Renal |
| 57. ________ is a broad term that covers all chemical reactions that occur within the body cells. | Physiology |
| 58. What is the function of the serous membranes? | •To protect organs from bones |
| 59. Fully describe the anatomical position for the human body. | • Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from body |
| 60. Gross anatomy refers to: | • The study of large body structures visible to the naked eye |
| 61. Can lungs carry out excretory functions? Explain. | • The lungs release the waste product, carbon dioxide, by exhalation |
| 62. The higher we go in the mountains the greater the atmospheric pressure which causes a loss of oxygen. Comment on this statement. | • Lungs depend on appropriate atmospheric pressure. At high altitudes, where atmospheric pressure is lower and the air is thin, gas exchange may be inadequate to support cellular metabolism |
| 63. Why is anatomical terminology necessary? | • To prevent misunderstanding, anatomists use universally accepted terms to identify body structures precisely and with a minimum of words. |
| 64. Be able to identify the components of a G protein-linked receptor system as shown in Fig 3.16 | |
| 65. Be able to identify the components of the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure as shown in fig 3.3 | |
| 66. Describe the generation of a membrane potential? | • A negative membrane potential is established when the movement of K+ out of the cell equals K+ movement into the cell.• 1. K+ diffuse down their steep concentration gradient (out of the cell) via leakage channels. Loss of K+ results in a negative char |
| 67. Transcytosis is: | • moving substances into, across, and then out of a cell |
| 68. Calcium ions are stored (in the cell): | lysosomes |
| 69. The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the "factory" site for protein formation is the: | Transfer RNA (tRNA) |
| 70. A red blood cell placed in pure water would: | • In a hypertonic solution the cells take in water by osmosis and become bloated and burst |
| 71. The plasma membrane (cell membrane) is: | • Membrane, composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins, that encloses cell contents; outer limiting cell membrane |
| 72. Describe the functions of the plasma membrane? | • Separates intracellular fluids from extracellular fluids• Plays a dynamic role in cellular activity• Glycocalyx is a glycoprotein area abutting the cell that provides highly specific biological markers by which cells recognize one another |
| 73. Fingerlike projections that greatly increase the absorbing surface of cells are | cillia |
| 74. Describe the process of diffusion? What factors affect the rate of diffusion? | • Molecules are constantly moving colliding and ricocheting off one another, changing direction with each hit.• Diffusion is the tendency of molecules to spread evenly• Molecule size and temperature |
| 75. List and describe the different cell junctions | • Tight Junction- impermeable junction that encircles a cell• Desmosome- anchoring junction scattered along the sides of cells• Gap Junction- a nexus that allows chemical substances to pass between cells |
| 76. If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen? | • It will shrivel up and shrink as its water exits the cell to try an equalize the solute outside |
| 77. What are subcellular structures? | existing inside a cell, or relating to the component parts of cells |
| 78. Once solid material is phagocytized and taken into a vacuole describe what happens? | • The phagosome fuses with the lysosome and its contents are digest |
| 79. Describe the function of microtubules | • Determine the overall shape of the cell and distribution of organelles• Braces and strengthens the cell surface• Attach to CAMs and function in endocytosis and exocytosis |
| 80. List the functions of a plasma membrane protein. | • Transport • Enzymatic Activity• Receptors for signal transduction• Intercellular adhesion• Cell-cell recognition• Attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix |
| 81. Describe the functions of RNA? | • Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.• Transfer RNA (tRNA) bound to amino acids base pair with the codons of mRNA at the ribosomes to begin the process of protein synthesis• Ribos |
| 82. Describe the constituents of a plasma membrane? | • Differ in the kind and amount of lipids they contain• Glycolipids are found only in the outer membrane surface• 20 % of all membrane lipid is cholesterol |
| 83. Mitosis is: | nuclear division |
| 84. The electron microscope has revealed that one of the components within the cell consists of microtubules arranged to form a hollow tube. This structure is a: | Tubulin |
| 85. Compare and contrast inclusions and organelles | • Organelles are the metabolic machinery of the cell. Each type of organelle has a specific job for the cell. (synthesize proteins)• Inclusions are chemical substances that may or may not be resent, depending on the cell. (store nutrients) • Organelle |
| 86. Cholesterol is used in the cell membrane to: | • It helps to stiffen the membrane, making it less soft.• It also helps the membrane to remain relatively fluid (as in "fluid mosaic model").• It also provides (ib lipid rafts) a suitable molecular environment for certain membrane proteins.• It make |
| 87. If the nucleotide or base sequence of the DNA strand used as a template for messenger RNA synthesis is ACGTT, then the sequence of bases in the corresponding mRNA would be: | UGCAA |
| 88. Describe the structure and function of Phospholipids: | • Chief component of cell membranes • Helps with lipids move in plasma• A phospholipid molecule consists of a hydrophilic polar head group and a hydrophobic tail. |
| 89. Passive membrane transport processes include: | • Simple Diffusion- movement of O2 through membrane• Facilitated Diffusion- movement of glucose into cells• Osmosis- Movement of H2O in & out of cells• Filtration- formation of kidney filtrate |
| 90. Describe the glycocalyx. | • Layer of glycoprotein on cell membrane that determines blood type and also helps with adhesion of cells. |
| 91. Describe the structure and function of Mitochondria: | • Double membrane structure with shelflike cristae • Provide most of the cell’s ATP via aerobic cellular respiration• Contain their own DNA and RNA |
| 92. Ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus functionally act in sequence to synthesize and modify proteins for what purposes? | |
| 92. Ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus functionally act in sequence to synthesize and modify proteins for what purposes? | • Membranous sacs in cytoplasm containing powerful oxidase enzymes that use molecular oxygen to detox harmful substances |
| • Membranous sacs in cytoplasm containing powerful oxidase enzymes that use molecular oxygen to detox harmful substances | • K+ in the cell |
| 95. List the concepts of the cell theory? | • Cell is basic unit of life• Activity of organism depends on its cells• Biochemical activities denote relative number of subcellular structures• Continuance of life through cells |
| 96. Cells are composed mainly of which elements | • Carbon• Hydrogen• Oxygen • Nitrogen |
| 97. Describe the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure? | |
| 98. Describe the intracellular chemical signals known as "second messengers"? | • G-proteins |
| 99. The main component of the cytosol is: | • Water |
| 100. What are Lysosomes? | • Membranous sac that contains digestive enzymes in order to break down food |
| 101. The endomembrane system is: | • System of organelles that work together to produce store and export biomolecules. And degrade harmful substances |
| 102. The functions of centrioles include: | • Organize mitotic spindle• Base for ciia and flagella |
| 103. A gene can best be defined as: | • Segment of DNA which contains instructions for creating one polypeptide chain |
| 104. Extracellular matrix is: | • Non-living material in connective tissue, consisting of ground substance and fibers that separate cells |
| 105. Crenation is an example of: | • Hypertonic solution |
| 106. List the ways hormones may enter cells | • Simple diffusion• Facilitated diffusion• Osmosis• Filtration |
| 107. If a tRNA had an AGC anticodon, it could attach to a(n) ________ mRNA codon. | UCG |
| 108. The RNA that has an anticodon and attaches to a specific amino acid is ________ RNA. | Ribosomail |
| 109. Water may move through membrane pores constructed by transmembrane proteins called ________. | aquaporins (AQP) |
| 110. ________ is the division of the cytoplasm. | Cytokinesis |
| 111. The metabolic or growth phase of a cell life cycle is called ________. | Interphase |
| 112. In order for the DNA molecule to get "short and fat" to become a chromosome, it must first wrap around small molecules called ________. | |
| 113. ________ are hollow tubes made of spherical protein subunits called tubulins. | Microtubules |
| 114. Aerobic cellular respiration occurs in the ________. | mitochondria |
| 115. Two very important second messengers used in the G protein-linked receptor mechanism are cyclic AMP and ________. | Ionic Calcium |
| 116. The most common extracellular ion is ________. | |
| 117. The process of discharging particles from inside a cell to the outside is called ________. | exocytosis |
| 118. A red blood cell would swell if its surrounding solution were ________. | Hypotonic |
| 119. A ________ is a channel between cells. | Gap Junction |
| 120. Describe two important functions of the Golgi apparatus. | • Modifying package protein• Ship package protein out of the cell |
| 121. Why can we say that a cell without a nucleus will ultimately die? | • Nucleus contains DNA and the cell would not be able to reproduce itself without it |
| 122. What forces maintain a steady state "resting" membrane potential? | |
| 123. Briefly describe the glycocalyx and its functions. | • Fuzzy, sticky carbohydrate ridge area of cell surface• Allows cells to recognize each other and attracts certain nutrients |
| 124. Explain the term genetic code. What does it code for? What are the letters of the code? | • Rules by which base sequences are transmitted into amino acids• Codes for amino acids• A,T,C, and G |
| 125. Why are free radicals so dangerous to cells, and how are they dealt with by the body? | • They are highly reactive chemical that can scramble biological molecules• Oxidases convert them to hydroxide (which is also dangerous)• Then hydroxide is converted to water by catalayse enzymes |
| 126. In all living cells hydrostatic and osmotic pressures exist. Define these pressures and explain how they are used in the concept of tonicity of the cell. | • Osmotic pressure is the pressure that must be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane.• Hydrostatic pressure is pressure of a fluid system• Tonicity is a measure of the ability of a solution to cause |
| 127. What is the common route of entry for flu viruses into a cell? | |
| 128. Which organelles have their own DNA? | • Mitochodria• Rough ER• Nucleus |
| 129. How are the products of free ribosomes different from membrane-bound ribosomes? | • Free ribosomes synthesize soluble proteins• Membrane-bound ribosomes synthesize proteins to be incorporated into membranes |
| 130. How are peroxisomes different from lysosomes? | • Peroxisomes are membranous sacs in cytoplasm containing powerful oxidase enzymes that use molecular oxygen to detox harmful substances• Lysosomes are membranous sacs that contains digestive enzymes in order to break down food |
| 131. Briefly name the subphases of interphase and tell what they do. | • G1 (gap 1)- metabolic activity and vigorous growth• S (Synthetic)- DNA replication• G2 (gap 2)- preparation for division |
| 132. List and describe the phases of mitosis. | • Prophase- asters are seen as chromatin condenses into chromosomes. Nucleoli disappear. Centriole pairs separate and the mitotic spindle is formed.• Metaphase- chromosomes cluster in the middle of the cell with their centromeres aligned at the exact ce |
| 133. Be able to identify tissue types based upon drawings like the figures in Chapter 4 | |
| 134. What is not found in the matrix of cartilage but is in bone? | • Blood Vessels |
| 135. The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength to absorb shock is because they possess: | fibrocartilage, which contains thick collagen fibers |
| 136. The presence of lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels would indicate: | Bone (Osseous Tissue) |
| 137. Hyaline cartilage is different from elastic or fibrocartilage because: | • Fibers are not visible with normal stains |
| 138. What is a basement membrane. | • Extracellular material consisting of a basal lamina secreted by epithelial cells and a reticular lamina secreted by underlying connective tissue cells. |
| 139. Which organelles would be of most importance to goblet cells and other glandular epithelium? | • Golgi bodies |
| 140. Sweat glands exhibit a glandular type called: | Exocrine Glands |
| 141. Simple columnar epithelium of the digestive tract is characterized by: | • Dense microvilli on the apical surface of absorptive cells• Goblet cells that secrete a protective lubricating mucus • It lines the digestive tract from the stomach through the rectum |
| 142. Describe pseudostratified cuboidal epithelium: | • Single layer of cells with different heights;• Nuclei are seen at different layers• Function in secretion and propulsion of mucus• Present in the urinary bladder, ureters, and part of the urethra |
| 143. A single-celled layer of epithelium that forms the lining of serous membranes is: | Simple Squamous Epithelium |
| 144. Describe the structure and function of connective tissue? | • Function: Binding and support, protection, insulation, and transportation.• Structure: Ground substance- unstructured material that fils the space between cells; Fibers- collagen,elastic, or reticular; Cells- fibroblasts, chondroblast, osteoblasts, a |
| 145. Matrix is composed of | |
| 146. List the cell types likely to be seen in areolar connective tissue | • Fibroblasts• Mast cells• Macrophages |
| 147. The tissue type that arises from all three embryonic germ layers is: | Epithelial Tissue |
| 148. The fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength is: | Collagen Fiber |
| 149. Organized groups of cells (plus their intercellular substances) that have a common purpose form a(n): | |
| 150. The shape of the external ear is maintained by: | elastic cartilage |
| 151. Inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which tissue? | |
| 152. Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as: | Endocrine Glands |
| 153. Describe the structure and function of epithelia? Be able to distinguish the different types of empithelial tissues. | |
| 154. Describe the structure and function of Chondroblasts: | • In cartilage • Produces new matrix until skeleton stops growing |
| 155. ________ epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane. | Pseudostratified columnar |
| 156. A multilayered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be classified as: | Stratified Squamous |
| 157. Describe an epithelial membrane: | • Simple: absorb, filtrate secrete (single layer)• Stratified: protect (multi-layered) |
| 158. Multicellular exocrine glands can be classified: | |
| 159. Describe the mode of secretion of exocrine glands? | • Merocrine glands: secrete by exocytosis• Holocrine glands: swell and rupture |
| 160. List the different types of connective tissue? | • Loose and dense |
| 161. What are glycosaminoglycans? | • Large negatively charged polysaccharides that stick of off core protein like a toothbrush |
| 162. The first step in tissue repair involves: | inflammation |
| 163. Describe the structure and function of multicellular exocrine glands. | • They have a duct and secretory unit• Secretes |
| 164. The three main components of connective tissue are: | • Ground substance• Fibers• Cells |
| 165. Compare and contrast the connective tissue fibers | • Colligen are very strong• Elastic stretch and recoil• Recticular are short and fine (tiny collagen) |
| 166. Describe the cells of connective tissue. | • Fibroblast: in connective tissue proper• Chondroblast: in cartilage• Osteoblast: in bone• Hematopoyetic stem cell: in blood |
| 167. Describe the process of tissue repair. | • Inflammation• Restoration of blood supply• Regeneration |
| 168. Describe the structure and function of adipose tissue. | • Round fat cells with nucleus pushed to the side• Store fat and act as a food reserve |
| 169. ________ are commonly found wedged between simple columnar epithelial cells. | Goblet Cells |
| 170. A large round cell with a peripheral nucleus describes a(n): | Adipocyte |
| 171. What would be a substance you would expect to find expelled from a compound alveolar gland? | • Breast milk |
| 172. Mesenchymal cells are most commonly found in ________ connective tissue. | all |
| 173. ________ tissue forms the framework for the lamina propria of mucous membranes. | Areolar |
| 174. Osteocytes exist in a tiny void called a ________. | lacunae |
| 175. Cardiac muscle tissue is single nucleated, has intercalated discs, and is ________. | striated |
| 176. ________ muscle cells are multinucleated. | Skeletal |
| 177. ________ live in the lacuna of cartilage. | Chondrocytes |
| 178. The uppermost layer of skin is composed of ________. | Stratified Squamous |
| 179. Kidney tubules are composed of ________ epithelium. | Simple Cubodial |
| 180. Multiple rows of epithelia in which the cells are about the same size from the basement membrane to the lumen would be ________ epithelia. | Simple Columnar |
| 181. All epithelial tissue rests upon a ________. | cavity or body surface |
| 182. The salivary glands are a good example of a ________ exocrine gland. | Merocrine |
| 183. Macrophage-like cells are found in many different tissues, and may have specific names that reflect their location or specializations. What is the one functional characteristic common to all macrophage-like cells? | • Eat a substance |
| 184. List the events of tissue repair in proper order according to sequence of occurrence. The initial event should be the injury. | • Injury• Inflammation• Organization and return of blood flow • Regeneration |
| 185. Since mature adipocytes do not divide, how can adults gain weight? | • Adipocytes keep absorbing more fat and swelling to larger sizes |
| 186. Tendon tears or breaks are difficult to repair both physiologically and surgically. Why? | • Because tendons don’t naturally regenerate |
| 187. How is epithelial tissue the opposite of connective tissue? | |
| 188. What is a simple method of telling the difference between stratified squamous epithelium and transitional epithelium? | • The difference is that transitional will change appearance, some will be cubes and some columns, but they have the ability to constantly change |
| 189. How is blood unique among connective tissues? | • Doesn’t connect anything or provide mechanical support |
| 190. Be able to identify components of a hair follicle as shown in fig 5.5 | |
| 191. Be able to identify components of skin structure as shown in fig 5.1 | |
| 192. A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order? | • (stratum) Corneleum, granulosum, spinosum, basale |
| 193. Describe the major regions of a hair shaft | • Root is in skin• Medulla- the middle of the shaft and has large cells and air spaces• Cortex- area past medulla composed of dead cells |
| 194. Acne is a disorder associated with: | Sabacaous Glands |
| 195. Describe the dermis: | |
| 196. Which muscles attached to the hair follicles cause goose bumps? | • Arrector pili |
| 197. If a splinter penetrated the skin into the third epidermal layer of the sole of the foot, which cells would be damaged? | • Stratum granulosum |
| 198. Which cutaneous receptors are specialized for the reception of touch or light pressure? | • Hair follicle receptor |
| 199. What are Melanocytes: | • Spider-shaped cell that produces melanin |
| 200. Explain why hair appears the way it does and what causes variation in the appearance of hair (ie why is my hair grey and why is it sometimes wavy if I don’t blowdry?) | • Based on the hair shaft |
| 201. Sudoriferous glands vary in distribution over the surface of the body. Describe the distribution and function of sudoriferous glands? | • All over skin except nipples and certain parts of genitals• Pupose is to sweat |
| 202. Although the integument is a covering, it is by no means simple, describe its functions | • Protection• Tempartature regulation• Cutaneous sensation• Metabolic activity• Blood storage • Excretion |
| 203. The function of the root hair plexus is to: | • Wrap around bulb, and be touch sensor |
| 204. The ________ gland is a modified sudoriferous gland that secretes wax. | Ceruminus |
| 205. Nutrients reach the surface of the skin (epidermis) through the process of: | sweating |
| 206. The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that: | its composed of adipose cells |
| 207. The epidermis is responsible for protecting the body against invasion of bacteria and other foreign agents primarily because it is composed of: | Langerhan’s Cells |
| 208. Keratinocytes are the most important of the epidermal cells because: | : they produce keratin, a protein used in protecting skin. |
| 209. Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage because the role of the keratinocytes is to: | produce Keratin |
| 210. The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which layer is responsible for cell division and replacement? | • Basale |
| 211. The integumentary system is protected by our immune system through the action of cells that arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis. Which cells serve this immune function? | • Langerhan’s Cells |
| 212. Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. What protects us against excessive water loss through the skin? | • Glycolipids and Stratocornem |
| 213. The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which cell types are likely to be found in the dermis? | • Fibroblast• Microphages• Mast cells• White blood cells |
| 214. The dermis has two major layers; which layer constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin? | • Reticular layers |
| 215. Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been stretched and/or torn? | • The appearance of silvery-white scars |
| 216. The papillary layer of the dermis is connective tissue heavily invested with blood vessels. The superior surface has structures called: | Dermal Papille |
| 217. How do the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage? | • Melonin provides chemical barrier |
| 218. Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. Describe the changes which would suggest that a patient is suffering from Addison's disease? | • Bronze-metalic look |
| 219. A Langerhans' cell is a: | • Phagocyte from marrow that ingest foreign substances |
| 220. The most important factors influencing hair growth are: | • Nutrition and hormones |
| 222. Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. They are _______? | Hard Keratin (modified epidermis) |
| 223. The composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is: | 99% water and most of the remaining NaCl |
| 224. Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem not to be useful in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body? | • Axillary and Anogenital |
| 225. The sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. The secretion of sebum is stimulated by | • Adrogens (hormone) |
| 226. In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Describe these functions | • Body temp regulation• Blood storage• Metabolic functions that synthesize vitamin D• Cutaneous sensation (touch)• Excretion of waste |
| 227. Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. How would a physician estimate the volume of fluid lost in a severely burned patient? | • Rule of nines |
| 228. What is the first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn? | • Dehydration |
| 229. Male pattern baldness has a genetic switch that turns on in response to: | delayed action in gene |
| 230. Eyebrow hairs are always shorter than hairs on your head because: | hair follicles only active 3 or 4 months a year |
| 231. Cradle cap in infants is called ________. | Seborrhea |
| 232. The white crescent portion of the nail is called the ________. | Lunula |
| 233. The layer of the epidermis immediately under the stratum lucidum is the stratum ________. | granulosum |
| 234. The ________ is a small muscle located in the dermis that causes goose bumps. | Arrector Pili |
| 235. A summertime golden bronze tan may not be a tan at all; especially if the skin appears almost metallic bronze, it may be the result of ________ disease. | Addison |
| 236. The coarse hair of the eyebrows and scalp is called ________ hair. | terminal |
| 237. ________ burns injure the epidermis and the upper regions of the dermis. | Second-degree |
| 238. ________ are pigment-producing cells in the epidermis. | Melanocytes |
| 239. The only place you will find stratum ________ is in the skin that covers the palms, fingertips, and soles of the feet. | lucidum |
| 240. The dermis is composed of the reticular and ________ layers. | pappilary |
| 241. There are several reasons other than genetics for hair loss. Identify some of these other factors. | • Chemicals or protein lacking diets |
| 242. In addition to the synthesis of vitamin D, keratinocytes are able to carry out some other biologically important functions. Name at least two of these other functions. | • Make up skin and produce keratin |
| 243. How are burns classified? Give an example. | • First, second, or third degree and its based on level of skin penitration |
| 244. What are vellus hairs? | • Body hairs of females and children that are pale and fine |
| 245. Balding men have tried all kinds of remedies, including hair transplants, to restore their lost locks. Explain the cause of male pattern baldness. | • Genetically determined where genes turn switch on, turning hair follicles into DHT |
| 246. Billions of consumer dollars are spent for deodorants and antiperspirants each year. Explain the production of body odors frequently associated with axillary skin. | • Odorless until it combines with decaying or decomposed organic molecules |
| 247. What complications might be anticipated from the loss of large areas of skin surfaces? | • Loss of bodily fluids and proteins causing dehydration |
| 248. What are six of the functions of the epidermis? | • Protection• Temperature regulation• Cutaneous sensations• Metabolic functions• Blood storage• Excretion |
| 249. Name the layers of the epidermis in order from the surface down. | • Cornium• (Ludicum) • Granulosum• Spinosum• Basale |
| 250. What are the functions of the papillary layer of the skin? | • They hold blood vessels• Have capillary roots• House nerve endings and touch receptors |
| 251. Why would the papillary layer of the dermis be composed of areolar tissue while the reticular layer is composed of dense irregular connective tissue? | • A network of fibers and small blood vessels• Makes up 80% of dermis |
| 252. If eccrine sweat glands produce dermicidin, why produce a fluid with a pH of 4-6? | ` |
| 253. Name the four kinds of sudoriferous glands. | • Approcrine• Eccrine• Curminous • Mammary |
| 254. Why is skin not considered a heat barrier for the body? | • Because skin adjust to external temperature and doesn’t block it out |
| 255. Why is profuse sweating on a hot day good, and yet a potential problem? | Helps to keep the body cool but sweating too much can cause dehydration |
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jlw