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Unit 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Purpose of political parties | It mobilizes voters, establishes platforms, recruit candidates, hosts, campaigns, and it is the committee and party leadership in Congress |
| Linkage institutions | A linkage institution is a structure (e.g., political parties, interest, groups, elections, and media) that serves as a connection between the general public and the government or political process, enabling individuals to express their preferences and co |
| Structural barriers that affect voter turnout | Some structural barriers that can impact a person‘s ability to vote are voter ID, voter registration, and access to polling locations |
| Demographics most likely to vote | higher education, higher income, middle aged/older, and religious |
| Political efficacy | Political efficacy is a citizen’s sense of whether or not their votes can make a difference, which can then impact their voting behavior, positively or negatively |
| Religious beliefs, gender, race, and efficacies influence on voter choice | Religious beliefs, gender, race, and political efficacy influence voter choice by shaping individuals’ values, priorities, and perceptions of political representation. These factors affect how voters align with candidates or parties that reflect their soc |
| Contemporary political issues influence on voter choice | Contemporary political issues can strongly influence voter behavior as seen in historical examples like the Vietnam war, where the governments mishandling and deceit prompted voters to oust the Republicans and favor the Democrats |
| Candidate characteristics influence on voter choice | Candidate characteristics have a significant impact on voter behavior as individuals may be swayed to vote for a candidate based on their perceived quality such as honesty, likability, and trustworthiness |
| Party identification and ideology influence on voter choice | Party identification strongly, influences voter behavior since individuals who identify with a particular political party are more likely to vote for candidates from that party and their party affiliation often shapes their policy, preferences and voting |
| Retrospective | In the retrospective voting model, a person votes based on the previous track record of the politician in question |
| Party line | In the party line voting model, a person vote based on the preferred candidates of their party |
| Prospective | In the prospective building model, a person votes based on the potential future promised by the politicians in question |
| Rational choice | In the rational choice voting model, a person votes based on their individual self interest after having carefully studied the issues and platforms |
| 26th amendment | Lower voting age to 18 |
| 24th amendment | Abolished poll taxes |
| 19th amendment | Allowed women to vote |
| 17th amendment | Allowed for a direct election of senators |
| 15th amendment | Allowed black men to vote |
| 14th amendment | The 14th Amendment to the US Constitution addresses citizenship, equal protection under the law, and due process. |
| How does who you are affect whether you participate or not in voting? | Who you are—such as your age, education, income, race, and personal beliefs—can influence whether you vote, as these factors affect your access to information, feelings of political power, and how much you believe your vote matters. |
| Why do some people join a political party and others don’t? | Some people join political parties to support specific ideologies, influence policy, or feel a sense of belonging, while others stay independent due to distrust in the system, lack of alignment with any party, or a desire to think and vote freely. |
| Why do some people choose to participate in government and others don’t? | Some people choose to participate in government because they want to influence decisions, support causes they care about, or feel a sense of civic duty. Others don’t participate due to lack of interest, distrust in the system, or feeling that their involv |
| Parties that are changing and adapting | Candidate censored, campaigns, critical elections, primary system, and the media |
| Third parties | A third-party refers to a political organization or party that operates outside the two major parties (Democrats and Republicans) and seeks to challenge their dominance |
| Structural barriers that limit third parties success | Structural barriers that limit third-party success include the winner-takes-all electoral system, which discourages voting for less popular candidates, and restrictive ballot access laws that make it difficult for third parties to appear on ballots. Addit |
| Single party districts | An electoral system in which every elected official represents a geographically defined area, such as a state or congressional district, and each area selects one representative |
| Winner take all system | A winner–take–all voting district, as used in the American political arena, is a system in which the candidate who secures the majority of the popular votes in a state is awarded all of that states electoral votes |
| Interest groups and their functions | Interest groups are organizations that seek to influence public policy and decision-making to benefit their members or causes. Their functions include lobbying government officials, educating the public, and mobilizing voters to support specific issues or |
| Lobbying | Efforts to influence public policy through contact with public officials on behalf of of an interest group |
| Iron triangles | Informal alliance of elected officials, bureaucrats, and interest groups designed to let these groups and individual dominate the policy-making process in a given area |
| Issue network | Informal organization of interest groups and individuals who work together to lobby government for policy change. These collaborations are usually short term efforts focused on specific proposals, issues, or regulations. |
| Amicus Curiae Briefs | Latin for “friend of the court,” referring to an interested group or person who shares relevant information about a case to help the court reach a decision |
| Inequality of political and economic resources | Political and economic inequalities refer to the uneven distribution of power, wealth, and influence, where some groups have more control over decisions and resources, creating unfair advantages over others. |
| Free rider problem | The free rider problem refers to the situation where members of an interest group who benefit from the group’s efforts do not contribute or bear the costs associated with those efforts, thereby limiting the level of influence the interest group can exert |
| Social movements | Social movements are organized efforts by a large group of people to bring about or resist social, political, or cultural change. Examples include the Civil Rights Movement, the Women’s Suffrage Movement, and the Climate Justice Movement. |
| Presidential elections and how they work | Presidential elections involve candidates campaigning to win the support of voters, with the winner being determined either by popular vote or an electoral system. In many countries, such as the U.S., electors or a legislature formally select the presiden |
| Incumbency advantage | The incumbency advantage refers to the significant advantage that an incumbent candidate has in getting reelected, attributed to factors such as their existing familiarity, ability to use the presidential platform, access to financial contributors, among |
| General elections | A general election is the phase of the electoral process in which candidates from different political parties compete for votes from the general public to secure the position of president |
| Primary elections | Elections in which members of the party indicate which candidate they want to represent them |
| Open vs closed | For closed is when voters must cast a ballot for a candidate which aligns with the voters declared party, while open is when voters can vote for a candidate representing any party, regardless of the part reflected on their voter registration |
| Caucus | |
| Localized and public process where voters gather in meetings to openly express their support for candidates and engage in discussions before making their choices | |
| National conventions | National conventions are events where political parties nominate their presidential and vice-presidential candidates and adopt their platforms. Examples include the Democratic National Convention and the Republican National Convention. |
| Electoral college | The electoral college is a constitutional system in which each state appoints a number of electors, corresponding to its representation in Congress, who are responsible for officially electing the president, as opposed to the popular vote directly determi |
| Arguments for and against the electoral college | For: The Electoral College ensures all states, especially smaller ones, have a voice in presidential elections, promoting a balance of regional influence. Against: It can result in a president winning without the popular vote, undermining the principle of |
| Swing states | Swing states are states where both major political parties have similar levels of support, making them highly competitive in elections. These states often determine the outcome of presidential races because their electoral votes can swing either way. |
| Congressional/Midterm Elections | congressional/midterm elections occur every two years, with all seats in the House of Representatives and 1/3 of Senate seats up for election. They typically have lower voter turn out and a more pronounced commitment advantage, as in commitment benefit fr |
| Campaign finance | Campaign finance is the raising and spending of money to support candidates, parties, or political causes, regulated to ensure transparency and fairness in elections. |
| Hard money vs soft money | Hard money refers to funds that are directly donated to a candidates campaign and our subject to legal limits, while soft money refers to funds donated to a party or interest group that can be used for purposes indirectly supporting a candidate, without b |
| Bipartism campaign reform act | The bipartisan campaign reform act of 2002 increased the limits on hard money donations to campaigns while attempting to restrict the influence a soft money by placing regulations on its spending, such as the requirement for candidate associated advertise |
| Citizens united vs FEC | Citizens United v. FEC (2010) was a Supreme Court ruling that removed limits on independent political spending by corporations and unions, citing free speech rights, which led to the rise of Super PACs and increased money in politics. |
| Connected PACs | Established by corporations or entities like labor unions, which can only collect funds from members of the associated organization and donate limited amounts directly to candidates, while having the ability to raise unlimited funds as long as individual |
| Unconnected PACs | An independent political action committee focused on a specific public interest, not associated with any organization, with limited donations by law, but the ability to directly contribute to a candidate’s campaign |
| Leadership PACs | A Leadership PAC is a political action committee created by politicians to raise and distribute funds to support other candidates, political parties, or causes that align with their interests, helping to influence elections and strengthen political networ |
| Super PACs | An independent political action committee that can accept unlimited donations from anyone, but is prohibited from coordinating directly with the candidate, leading to concerns about the influence of wealth on democracy |
| Independent expenditures | Independent expenditures are political funds spent to support or oppose a candidate, ballot measure, or political party, without direct coordination with the candidate or their campaign. These funds are subject to disclosure but are not limited in amount. |
| Gatekeeper | The media acts as a gatekeeper by selectively choosing and highlighting certain issues, events, and political races, shaping the public perception and understanding of what is important and relevant in the realm of politics and elections |
| Agenda setting | Agenda setting in the media refers to the process by which the media influences what topics the public considers important by giving them more coverage. It doesn’t tell people what to think, but it shapes what they think about. |
| Horse race journalism | Horse race journalism refers to a type of reporting that emphasizes the competition between political candidates, often focusing on their popularity, polling numbers, and chances of winning, rather than delving into the substantive policy issues the addre |
| Watchdog role | The watchdog role of the media involves monitoring and exposing wrongdoing by those in power, such as the government or corporations, to keep them accountable. It helps protect democracy by ensuring transparency and informing the public. |
| Changes in news media | News media has shifted from print to digital, allowing faster news and more audience interaction. Social media also changed how news is consumed and spread. |
| Media bias | Bias in the media plays a significant role as it influences how events, individuals, and political parties are portrayed, often reflecting the ideological learnings of the reporters, and resulting in different characterizations of Democrats and Republican |
| Consumer driven media outlets | Consumer-driven media outlets are shaped by audience preferences, often featuring user-generated content and relying on feedback, shares, and engagement to guide what gets published or promoted. |
| Ideological oriented programming | Ideologically-oriented programming refers to content that is created to promote or align with a specific political, social, or cultural ideology. It aims to influence or reinforce the views of its audience, often presenting information through a biased le |
Created by:
Katherineelliott49