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aphg vocab
all vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| reference map | A map type that shows general information about places (e.g. political or physical maps). |
| thematic map | A map that displays specific data or themes, such as population or climate. |
| Formal region | An area defined by official boundaries and uniform characteristics (e.g. language, climate). |
| Functional region | A region defined by a central node and surrounding areas linked by communication or movement. |
| Perceptual/vernacular region | A region defined by people's beliefs, feelings, or perceptions (e.g. "the South"). |
| absolute distance | The exact measurement in standard units between two places. |
| absolute direction | Directions like north, south, east, and west based on cardinal points. |
| relative distance | Distance measured in terms of time, effort, or cost. |
| relative direction | Directions based on perception, like "left," "right," or "up north." |
| clustering | When objects are close together in space. |
| dispersal | When objects are spread out over an area. |
| elevation | The height of land above sea level. |
| map projection | A method of representing the curved surface of the Earth on a flat map. |
| map distortion | The alteration of shape, area, distance, or direction on a map projection. |
| GIS | Geographic Information Systems; a computer system that analyzes and displays spatial data. |
| satellite navigation | Systems like GPS that use satellites to determine location. |
| remote sensing | Collecting data from a distance, usually with satellites or aircraft. |
| field observations | Data collected on location by physically visiting a place. |
| media reports | Information about geography from news or media outlets. |
| travel narratives | Personal accounts or stories of travel experiences. |
| policy documents | Government or institutional reports that influence geographic understanding. |
| personal interviews | Direct conversations used to gather geographic or demographic data. |
| landscape analysis | Studying and interpreting the physical and human features of a landscape. |
| photographic interpretation | Using images to understand spatial patterns and landscapes. |
| census data | Data collected from a population count, typically by a government. |
| satellite imagery | Photos of Earth taken from satellites used to analyze geographic patterns. |
| absolute location | The exact coordinates (latitude and longitude) of a place. |
| relative location | A place's location in relation to other places. |
| space | The physical gap or distance between two objects. |
| place | A specific point on Earth with human and physical meaning. |
| flows | Movements of people, goods, or ideas from one location to another. |
| distance decay | The decline of interaction with increasing distance. |
| time | space compression |
| pattern | The arrangement of objects in space (linear, centralized, random). |
| sustainability | Using resources in ways that meet current needs without compromising future use. |
| natural resources | Materials from nature that people use to meet their needs. |
| land use | How land is utilized by humans (e.g. farming, urban development). |
| environmental determinism | The idea that the environment determines human behavior. |
| possibilism | The theory that the environment sets limits, but humans can adapt through choices and technology. |
| local | Analysis at the city, town, or neighborhood level. |
| regional | Analysis across a larger area, like a state or cultural region. |
| national | Analysis within one country. |
| global | Analysis considering the entire world. |
| Identify | State a specific answer clearly. |
| Interpret | Explain the meaning or significance. |
| Describe | Provide characteristics or details. |
| Explain | Provide reasons, evidence, or examples. |
| Compare | Identify similarities and/or differences. |
| Analyze | Break down into components and examine relationships. |
| models | Simplified representations of reality to explain geographic phenomena. |
| principles | Basic ideas or rules in geography. |
| processes | Series of actions or steps in geography. |
| patterns | The spatial arrangement of phenomena. |
| theories | Systems of ideas intended to explain geographic concepts. |
| spatial | Relating to space and location. |
| trends | General directions in which something is developing or changing. |
| Quantitative | Data in numerical form, such as census data or statistical maps. |
| Qualitative | Descriptive data like surveys, interviews, or photographs. |
| climate | Long |
| landforms | Physical features of the Earth that influence settlement (e.g. mountains, valleys). |
| water bodies | Lakes, rivers, oceans that provide resources and transport routes. |
| culture | Shared beliefs, practices, and traits that influence where populations settle. |
| economics | Jobs and resources that draw or push people from areas. |
| history | Past events that shape current population patterns. |
| politics | Government policies and stability that impact where people live. |
| arithmetic density | Total population divided by total land area. |
| physiological density | Population per unit of arable (farmable) land. |
| agricultural density | Number of farmers per unit of arable land. |
| carrying capacity | The maximum population that an area can sustain. |
| population pyramid | A bar graph showing age and gender distribution in a population. |
| market | An area where people buy and sell goods and services. |
| demographic | Relating to population characteristics. |
| fertility | The ability to produce offspring; often measured by birth rates. |
| mortality | Death rate; the frequency of deaths in a population. |
| rate of natural increase (RNI) | Birth rate minus death rate, excluding migration. |
| population | doubling time |
| demographic transition model | A model showing population change over time in stages. |
| epidemiological transition | The shift in disease patterns with economic development. |
| Malthus | Believed population would outpace food supply, causing famine. |
| Malthusian theory | Theory that population growth is limited by food supply. |
| pronatalist | Policies that encourage higher birth rates. |
| antinatalist | Policies that discourage births to reduce population growth. |
| social values | Cultural beliefs and norms that influence population behaviors. |
| contraception | Methods of preventing pregnancy. |
| birth rates | Number of births per 1,000 people per year. |
| death rates | Number of deaths per 1,000 people per year. |
| life expectancy | The average number of years a person is expected to live. |
| dependency ratio | The number of people not working (young + old) compared to working |
| Ravenstein's laws of migration | A set of principles about who migrates and why. |
| push factors | Negative reasons that cause people to leave an area (e.g. war, famine). |
| pull factors | Positive reasons that attract people to an area (e.g. jobs, safety). |
| intervening opportunities | Favorable opportunities that cause a migrant to settle before the destination. |
| intervening obstacles | Barriers that hinder migration (e.g. political, environmental). |
| forced migration | Migration that occurs due to external forces (e.g. war, natural disaster). |
| slavery | Forced migration where individuals are treated as property. |
| refugees | People forced to flee their country due to danger. |
| internally displaced persons | People forced to flee within their own country. |
| asylum seekers | People seeking protection from danger in another country. |
| voluntary migration | Migration based on free will and desire for better opportunities. |
| transnational migration | Migration across national borders. |
| transhumance | Seasonal migration of livestock between highlands and lowlands. |
| internal migration | Migration within a single country. |
| brain drain | Loss of skilled workers to other countries. |
| chain migration | Migration of people to a location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there. |
| step migration | Migration to a distant place that occurs in stages. |
| guest worker | Temporary laborer who moves for work but not to settle. |
| rural | to |
| culture | Shared beliefs, values, and practices of a group. |
| culture trait | A single feature of a culture (e.g. language, food, clothing). |
| architecture | The design and style of buildings, influenced by culture. |
| cultural relativism | The idea that a person's beliefs should be understood in terms of their culture. |
| ethnocentrist | Judging other cultures based on the standards of one's own. |
| cultural landscape | The visible imprint of human activity on the landscape. |
| linguistic | Related to language. |
| sequent occupance | The idea that societies leave cultural imprints on a place over time. |
| traditional architecture | Style of buildings based on local customs, materials, and needs. |
| postmodern architecture | A style that blends historic elements with modern design. |
| ethnicity | Identity based on shared cultural traits or heritage. |
| gender | Cultural roles and identity based on sex. |
| ethnic neighborhood | Area within a city where a specific ethnicity is concentrated. |
| indigenous community | A group native to a region with distinct culture. |
| sense of place | The feeling or perception associated with a location. |
| placemaking | Planning spaces that promote community identity. |
| centripetal force | Forces that unite people and bring stability. |
| centrifugal force | Forces that divide people and create instability. |
| relocation diffusion | Spread of culture through the movement of people. |
| expansion diffusion | Spread of a cultural trait outward from its origin. |
| contagious diffusion | Rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic. |
| hierarchical diffusion | Spread of ideas from authority figures or larger to smaller places. |
| stimulus diffusion | Spread of an idea after adapting it to fit local culture. |
| creolization | Mixing of languages and cultures to form new ones. |
| lingua franca | A common language used among speakers of different languages. |
| colonialism | Establishing control over foreign lands and exploiting resources. |
| imperialism | Extending a country's power through diplomacy or military force. |
| trade | Exchange of goods, services, and ideas between regions. |
| small | scale process |
| large | scale process |
| urbanization | Growth of cities and migration to urban areas. |
| globalization | Increasing interconnectedness of people and places. |
| time | space convergence |
| cultural convergence | Different cultures becoming more similar. |
| cultural divergence | When cultures become more distinct. |
| language family | A group of related languages from a common ancestor. |
| language dialect | Variations of a language based on region or group. |
| cultural hearth | The origin area of a cultural trait. |
| Indo | European language family |
| toponym | A place name. |
| Universalizing religion | Religions that seek to convert (e.g. Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Sikhism). |
| Ethnic religions | Religions tied to specific groups and places (e.g. Hinduism, Judaism). |
| acculturation | Cultural change when two cultures interact. |
| assimilation | When a minority group adopts the dominant culture. |
| syncretism | Blending of different beliefs and practices. |
| multiculturalism | Coexistence of diverse cultures in one place. |
| state | A political unit with defined borders, sovereignty, and government. |
| nation | A group of people with shared culture and history. |
| nation | state |
| stateless nation | A nation without a recognized state (e.g. Kurds). |
| multinational state | A state with more than one nation (e.g. Canada). |
| multistate nation | A nation that exists across multiple states (e.g. Koreans). |
| autonomous region | A region with a high degree of self |
| semiautonomous region | Region with partial control over its own affairs. |
| sovereignty | Authority of a state to govern itself. |
| self | determination |
| independence movement | Efforts by groups to gain sovereignty. |
| devolution | Transfer of power from central to local governments. |
| neocolonialism | Economic and political influence of powerful countries over former colonies. |
| shatterbelt | Region caught between stronger external forces. |
| choke point | Narrow passage (e.g. canal, strait) crucial for trade and military. |
| territoriality | The connection of people to land and the desire to control it. |
| relic boundary | Former boundary that no longer exists but still has impact. |
| superimposed boundary | Drawn by outsiders with no regard to cultural patterns. |
| subsequent boundary | Formed through conflict or negotiation after settlement. |
| geometric boundary | Straight lines drawn regardless of physical or cultural features. |
| consequent boundary | Drawn to separate cultural groups. |
| defined boundary | Legally described. |
| delimited boundary | Mapped or drawn on a map. |
| demarcated boundary | Physically marked with fences, signs, etc. |
| demilitarized zone (DMZ) | Area where military forces are prohibited. |
| Berlin Conference | Meeting where European powers divided Africa. |
| land boundary | Boundary based on land features. |
| maritime boundary | Ocean |
| UNCLOS | United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. |
| international waters | Areas of the ocean not controlled by any one country. |
| territorial sea | Area of sea up to 12 nautical miles from a country's coast. |
| exclusive economic zone (EEZ) | Area up to 200 nautical miles where a state controls resources. |
| voting district | Geographic area that elects representatives. |
| redistricting | Redrawing voting districts to reflect population change. |
| gerrymandering | Manipulating boundaries to favor a party or group. |
| unitary state | Power centralized in national government. |
| federal state | Power shared between national and local governments. |
| ethnic separatism | Desire of an ethnic group to separate from a state. |
| ethnic cleansing | Forcible removal of ethnic groups from an area. |
| terrorism | Use of violence for political or ideological goals. |
| irredentism | Claim by a state to territory in another state due to cultural ties. |
| supranationalism | Political or economic cooperation between multiple countries. |
| democratization | Transition to a more democratic political system. |
| economies of scale | Cost advantages from increased production or integration. |
| trade agreements | Deals between countries to manage trade. |
| military alliances | Defense partnerships between countries. |
| United Nations (UN) | Global organization promoting peace and cooperation. |
| NATO | Military alliance of North American and European nations. |
| European Union (EU) | Economic and political union of European countries. |
| ASEAN | Southeast Asian Nations promoting economic and political cooperation. |
| Arctic Council | Forum for Arctic states to address environmental issues. |
| African Union | Organization of African states for political and economic unity. |
| centrifugal force | Forces that divide a state. |
| failed state | A state with no effective government control. |
| ethnic nationalist movement | Movement based on shared ethnicity for autonomy or independence. |
| centripetal force | Forces that promote unity and stability. |
| ethnonationalism | Strong devotion to one's ethnic group. |
| infrastructure development | Building transport and communication systems. |
| cultural cohesion | Unity through shared culture. |
| Mediterranean climate | Climate characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. |
| tropical climate | Climate typically found near the equator with warm temperatures and high rainfall year |
| intensive agriculture | Farming that requires a lot of labor or capital to produce high yields on small plots of land. |
| market gardening | Small |
| plantation agriculture | Large |
| mixed crop/livestock | Farming that combines crop growing and livestock raising on the same land. |
| extensive agriculture | Farming that uses small amounts of labor on large areas of land. |
| shifting cultivation | Farming method where land is cleared, used for a few years, then abandoned. |
| nomadic herding | Moving livestock seasonally for grazing, practiced in arid/semi |
| ranching | Commercial grazing of livestock over large areas. |
| rural | Areas outside cities, typically with low population density. |
| clustered settlement | Homes and buildings grouped closely together. |
| dispersed settlement | Homes spread out over a large area. |
| linear settlement pattern | Buildings arranged in a line, often along a road or river. |
| rural survey method | Techniques used to measure and divide rural land. |
| metes and bounds | Land division using natural features and directions. |
| township and range | Grid system dividing land into square plots, mainly used in the U.S. |
| long lot | Narrow land divisions along a river or road, common in French settlements. |
| domestication | Taming of plants and animals for human use. |
| Fertile Crescent | Region in the Middle East known as the cradle of agriculture and civilization. |
| Indus River Valley | Early cultural hearth located in present |
| Southeast Asia | A region of early agricultural development and cultural diffusion. |
| Central America | Area known for early development of maize and other crops. |
| Columbian Exchange | Transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and the Old World. |
| First Agricultural Revolution | Transition from hunting and gathering to farming. |
| Second Agricultural Revolution | Improved technology and practices in farming during the Industrial Era. |
| Green Revolution | Introduction of high |
| high | yield seed |
| mechanized farming | Use of machinery in agriculture to increase efficiency. |
| subsistence agriculture | Farming to feed the farmer and their family. |
| commercial agriculture | Farming for sale and profit. |
| monocropping | Growing a single crop year after year. |
| monoculture | Cultivation of one crop in a given area. |
| bid | rent theory |
| commodity chain | Series of steps to produce and distribute a product. |
| economies of scale | Cost advantages from producing larger quantities. |
| carrying capacity | Maximum number of individuals an environment can support. |
| Von Thünen’s model | Agricultural model that explains land use based on transportation costs. |
| global supply chain | Worldwide system that moves goods from production to consumption. |
| export commodity | Goods produced for sale to other countries. |
| pollution | Harmful substances introduced into the environment. |
| land cover change | Alteration of Earth's surface by humans (e.g. deforestation). |
| desertification | Degradation of land in arid areas due to overuse. |
| soil salinization | Build |
| conservation | Protecting natural resources and the environment. |
| slash and burn agriculture | Clearing land by cutting and burning vegetation. |
| terrace farming | Farming on stepped levels cut into hillsides. |
| irrigation | Artificial application of water to land for farming. |
| deforestation | Removal of forests for agriculture or development. |
| pastoral nomadism | Herding livestock in seasonal migratory patterns. |
| biotechnology | Use of science and technology in agricultural production. |
| GMO’s | Genetically Modified Organisms altered for better yield or resistance. |
| aquaculture | Farming of aquatic organisms like fish and shellfish. |
| sustainability | Using resources in a way that does not deplete them. |
| biodiversity | Variety of life in an ecosystem. |
| fertilizer | Chemicals added to soil to improve plant growth. |
| pesticide | Chemicals used to kill pests harming crops. |
| urban farming | Growing food within or around cities. |
| Community | supported farm |
| value | added special crops |
| fair trade | Trade that promotes equitable conditions and wages for producers. |
| local | food movement |
| food insecurity | Lack of reliable access to enough food. |
| food desert | Area with limited access to affordable, nutritious food. |
| suburbanization | Growth of areas on the outskirts of cities. |
| site | The physical characteristics of a place. |
| situation | A place's location relative to other places. |
| Changes in transportation | Improvements in transport affecting land use and access. |
| Urban government policies | Rules and plans that shape city growth and function. |
| Megacities | Cities with more than 10 million people. |
| Metacities | Urban areas with over 20 million people. |
| Periphery | Less developed regions with lower economic activity. |
| Semi | periphery |
| Sprawl | Uncontrolled spread of urban development. |
| Edge cities | Urban areas on the outskirts with commercial centers. |
| Exurbs | Distant suburbs with more open space and larger homes. |
| Boomburbs | Rapidly growing suburbs that rival cities in size. |
| World cities | Cities with global influence in finance, politics, or culture. |
| Urban hierarchy | Ranking of cities based on size and services. |
| Global networks | Worldwide connections among cities and people. |
| linkages | Connections between places due to trade or movement. |
| Rank | size rule |
| Primate city | A city that is disproportionately larger than others in a country. |
| Christaller Central Place theory | Explains distribution of services based on settlements and market areas. |
| Burgess concentric | zone model |
| Hoyt sector model | Urban model with land use in wedges based on transportation. |
| Multiple | nuclei model |
| Galactic city model | A decentralized urban area with a growing suburban CBD. |
| Latin American city model | Shows mix of traditional, colonial, and global city patterns. |
| Southeast Asia city model | Shows colonial port influence with mixed urban zones. |
| Africa city model | Urban model with three CBDs and ethnic neighborhoods. |
| Urban patterns of land use | Spatial arrangement of residential, commercial, and industrial areas. |
| Cycles of development | Repeated stages of urban growth, decline, and renewal. |
| Infilling | Using vacant land within urban areas for development. |
| Infrastructure | Basic systems (roads, water, electricity) supporting urban life. |
| Zoning | Laws regulating land use in cities. |
| Walkability | How friendly an area is to walking. |
| Smart | growth |
| New Urbanism | Design movement promoting walkable, mixed |
| Greenbelts | Areas of open land around cities to limit sprawl. |
| Slow | growth cities |
| Gentrification | Renovating neighborhoods to attract wealthier residents. |
| Quantitative | Data using numbers or statistics (e.g. census). |
| Qualitative | Descriptive data reflecting attitudes or experiences. |
| Redlining | Denying services based on neighborhood demographics. |
| Blockbusting | Encouraging white residents to sell homes fearing minority influx. |
| Affordability | Cost of housing relative to income. |
| Access to services | Availability of essential needs like healthcare and education. |
| Crime rates | Frequency of criminal activity in an area. |
| Environmental injustice | Disproportionate environmental harm to marginalized communities. |
| Disamenity zone | Areas lacking basic services and often dominated by informal housing. |
| Zones of abandonment | Areas where buildings are deserted and services withdrawn. |
| Squatter settlements | Informal housing built by people without legal land rights. |
| Inclusionary Zoning | Laws requiring affordable housing in new developments. |
| Local Food Movements | Efforts to produce and consume food within local communities. |
| Fragmentation of Government | Divided political control across various local agencies. |
| County | Political division within a state. |
| Township | Local government unit below county level. |
| City | Urban area with its own local government. |
| Village | Small rural settlement with limited governance. |
| Urban sustainability challenges | Problems cities face balancing growth and the environment. |
| Regional planning | Coordinated development across multiple jurisdictions. |
| Brownfields | Abandoned sites potentially contaminated from past use. |
| Protecting Farmland | Policies preventing urban development on agricultural land. |
| Industrial Revolution | Period of industrialization that transformed economies. |
| Natural resources | Raw materials from the Earth. |
| Second Agricultural Revolution | Agricultural changes accompanying industrialization. |
| Urbanization | Growth and expansion of cities. |
| Rise of colonialism | imperialism |
| primary sector | Economic activities involving raw materials (e.g. farming, mining). |
| secondary sector | Industry that processes raw materials into goods. |
| tertiary sector | Services like retail, education, and entertainment. |
| quaternary sector | Knowledge |
| quinary sector | High |
| shipping containers | Standardized metal boxes for transporting goods. |
| break | of |
| Least cost theory (Weber) | Predicts factory location based on minimizing costs of labor, transport, and agglomeration. |
| Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory | Divides countries into core, semi |
| Gross Domestic Product (GDP) | Total value of goods/services produced in a country. |
| Gross National Product (GNP) | GDP plus income from citizens abroad. |
| Gross National Income (GNI) | Total income earned by a country’s residents. |
| Per capita | Per person; used to compare averages like income or GDP. |
| Formal economy | Legal, government |
| Informal economy | Unregulated economic activities, often cash |
| Income distribution | How income is spread among a population. |
| fertility rates | Average number of children born per woman. |
| infant mortality rates | Number of infant deaths per 1,000 births. |
| access to health care | Availability of medical services. |
| use of fossil fuels | Reliance on coal, oil, and natural gas for energy. |
| renewable energy | Energy from sources that are naturally replenished (e.g. wind, solar). |
| literacy rates | Percentage of population that can read and write. |
| Gender Inequality Index (GII) | Measures gender disparity in a country. |
| reproductive health | Access to maternal care and contraception. |
| indices of empowerment | Measures of female leadership and education. |
| labor | market participation |
| Human Development Index (HDI) | Composite measure of life expectancy, education, and income. |
| equity in wages or employment | Fairness in income and job opportunity regardless of gender. |
| Microloans | Small loans to help individuals in developing countries start businesses. |
| Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth | Model outlining five stages of development from traditional to mass consumption. |
| Dependency theory | Idea that poorer countries are dependent on richer ones, limiting development. |
| Complementarity | When two regions benefit by trading with each other. |
| comparative advantage | The ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost. |
| neoliberal policies | Free |
| free trade agreements | Treaties reducing tariffs and barriers between countries. |
| EU | European Union, political and economic union of European nations. |
| World Trade Organization (WTO) | Regulates international trade rules. |
| OPEC | Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, controls oil production and prices. |
| tariffs | Taxes on imported goods. |
| International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Provides loans and financial support to countries. |
| Microlending | Providing small loans to individuals or small businesses. |
| Outsourcing | Contracting work to external or foreign companies. |
| Special economic zones | Areas with favorable trade and tax policies to attract investment. |
| free | trade zones |
| export processing zones | Zones that promote export |
| International division of labor | Global specialization of labor in different regions. |
| Post | Fordist production |
| Multiplier effects | Economic growth triggered by investment. |
| Agglomeration | Clustering of related businesses for shared benefits. |
| Just | in |
| Service sectors | Economic activities providing services, not goods. |
| High technology industries | Advanced industries like electronics, software, and biotech. |
| Growth poles | Urban areas that stimulate regional economic growth. |
| Sustainable development | Development that meets present needs without compromising the future. |
| causes of climate change | Emissions, deforestation, and fossil fuel use altering Earth's climate. |
| ecotourism | Tourism focused on environmental conservation and education. |
| UN Sustainable Development Goals | 17 global goals aimed at ending poverty, protecting the planet, and promoting peace. |
Created by:
aubreyreiter