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ap psych
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Deviation | significant departure from accepted social behaviors and cultural expectations, used as a criterion to identify and diagnose abnormal behaviors and psychological disorders in clinical settings. |
| Distress | intense and prolonged emotional suffering that impairs an individual’s ability to function in daily life, often used as a key criterion for diagnosis |
| Dysfunction | the disruption in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning that significantly impairs an individual's ability to perform normal daily activities. |
| Major Depressive Disorder | pervasive and persistent low mood accompanied by low self-esteem and a loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities, significantly impacting daily functioning. |
| Persistent Depressive Disorder | chronic, depressed mood lasting for at least two years, with symptoms that are less severe but longer-lasting than those of major depression, affecting daily functioning. |
| Bipolar Disorders | characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression, with bipolar cycling involving shifts between these mood states that can vary in duration and intensity. |
| Bipolar I Disorder | characterized by at least one manic episode, which may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes, causing significant impairment in daily functioning. |
| Bipolar II Disorder | characterized by at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode, without ever having a full manic episode, leading to significant distress or impairment. |
| Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) | characterized by persistent patterns of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development, leading to difficulties in maintaining focus, controlling behavior, and staying organized. |
| Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) | characterized by persistent challenges in social communication and interaction, along with restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities, varying widely in severity and impact on daily functioning. |
| Anorexia Nervosa | psychological disorder characterized by restricted food intake, an intense fear of gaining weight, and a distorted body image, leading to significant weight loss and health complications. |
| Bulimia Nervosa | characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors, such as vomiting or excessive exercise, to prevent weight gain, causing significant physical and psychological distress. |
| Schizophrenia | psychological disorder characterized by persistent delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking or speech, disorganized motor behavior, and negative symptoms, significantly impairing daily functioning and lasting for at least six months. |
| Dissociative Amnesia | involves an inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature. |
| Dissociative Identity Disorder | characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states or identities, each with its own pattern of perceiving and interacting with the world, resulting in gaps in memory and a disrupted sense of self. |
| Cognitive Triad | the negative thought patterns about oneself, the world, and the future that contribute to and sustain depression, which therapy aims to identify and change. |
| Exposure Therapy | technique that involves gradually and repeatedly exposing individuals to feared objects or situations in a controlled environment to reduce anxiety and improve coping mechanisms. |
| Systematic Desensitization | type of exposure therapy that involves gradually exposing individuals to anxiety-provoking stimuli while teaching them relaxation techniques to reduce fear and anxiety. |
| Aversion Therapy | behavioral technique that pairs unwanted behaviors with unpleasant stimuli to reduce or eliminate those behaviors by creating a negative association. |
| Token Economies | behavioral therapy systems where individuals earn tokens for displaying desired behaviors, which can later be exchanged for rewards, reinforcing positive behavior change. |
| Biofeedback | technique that uses electronic monitoring to provide individuals with information about physiological processes, such as heart rate or muscle tension, to help them learn to control these functions and improve health and performance. |
| Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies (CBT) | treatments that combine cognitive and behavioral techniques to address dysfunctional thoughts and behaviors, aiming to improve emotional regulation and develop healthier coping strategies. |
| Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) | type of cognitive-behavioral therapy that focuses on teaching skills for emotional regulation, distress tolerance, interpersonal effectiveness, and mindfulness to help individuals manage intense emotions and improve relationships. |
| Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) | form of cognitive-behavioral therapy that focuses on identifying and changing irrational beliefs and thought patterns to reduce emotional distress and promote healthier behaviors. |
| Hypnosis | therapeutic technique that has shown effectiveness in treating pain and anxiety, but research does not support its use for retrieving accurate memories or age regression. |
| Deinstitutionalization | the process of reducing the number of patients in psychiatric hospitals by transitioning them to community-based mental health services, aiming to provide more integrated and humane care. |
| Nonmaleficence | the ethical principle of "do no harm," ensuring that therapists avoid actions or interventions that could cause physical, emotional, or psychological harm to their clients. |
| Therapeutic Alliance | the collaborative and trusting relationship between a therapist and client, which is crucial for effective therapy and positive treatment outcomes. |
| Fidelity | the ethical principle of maintaining trust, honesty, and commitment in the therapeutic relationship, ensuring reliability and integrity in professional conduct. |
| Integrity | the ethical principle of being honest, transparent, and consistent in their professional actions, ensuring adherence to moral and ethical standards in all aspects of their practice. |
| Active Listening | involves the therapist fully concentrating, understanding, responding, and remembering what the client says, demonstrating empathy and validating the client's feelings and experiences. |
| Deviation | significant departure from accepted social behaviors and cultural expectations, used as a criterion to identify and diagnose abnormal behaviors and psychological disorders in clinical settings. |
| Distress | intense and prolonged emotional suffering that impairs an individual’s ability to function in daily life, often used as a key criterion for diagnosis |
| Dysfunction | the disruption in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning that significantly impairs an individual's ability to perform normal daily activities. |
| Major Depressive Disorder | pervasive and persistent low mood accompanied by low self-esteem and a loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities, significantly impacting daily functioning. |
| Persistent Depressive Disorder | chronic, depressed mood lasting for at least two years, with symptoms that are less severe but longer-lasting than those of major depression, affecting daily functioning. |
| Bipolar Disorders | characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression, with bipolar cycling involving shifts between these mood states that can vary in duration and intensity. |
| Bipolar I Disorder | characterized by at least one manic episode, which may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes, causing significant impairment in daily functioning. |
| Bipolar II Disorder | characterized by at least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode, without ever having a full manic episode, leading to significant distress or impairment. |
| Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) | characterized by persistent patterns of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development, leading to difficulties in maintaining focus, controlling behavior, and staying organized. |
| Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) | characterized by persistent challenges in social communication and interaction, along with restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities, varying widely in severity and impact on daily functioning. |
| Anorexia Nervosa | psychological disorder characterized by restricted food intake, an intense fear of gaining weight, and a distorted body image, leading to significant weight loss and health complications. |
| Bulimia Nervosa | characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors, such as vomiting or excessive exercise, to prevent weight gain, causing significant physical and psychological distress. |
| Schizophrenia | psychological disorder characterized by persistent delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking or speech, disorganized motor behavior, and negative symptoms, significantly impairing daily functioning and lasting for at least six months. |
| Dissociative Amnesia | involves an inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature. |
| Dissociative Identity Disorder | characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states or identities, each with its own pattern of perceiving and interacting with the world, resulting in gaps in memory and a disrupted sense of self. |
| Cognitive Triad | the negative thought patterns about oneself, the world, and the future that contribute to and sustain depression, which therapy aims to identify and change. |
| Exposure Therapy | technique that involves gradually and repeatedly exposing individuals to feared objects or situations in a controlled environment to reduce anxiety and improve coping mechanisms. |
| Systematic Desensitization | type of exposure therapy that involves gradually exposing individuals to anxiety-provoking stimuli while teaching them relaxation techniques to reduce fear and anxiety. |
| Aversion Therapy | behavioral technique that pairs unwanted behaviors with unpleasant stimuli to reduce or eliminate those behaviors by creating a negative association. |
| Token Economies | behavioral therapy systems where individuals earn tokens for displaying desired behaviors, which can later be exchanged for rewards, reinforcing positive behavior change. |
| Biofeedback | technique that uses electronic monitoring to provide individuals with information about physiological processes, such as heart rate or muscle tension, to help them learn to control these functions and improve health and performance. |
| Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies (CBT) | treatments that combine cognitive and behavioral techniques to address dysfunctional thoughts and behaviors, aiming to improve emotional regulation and develop healthier coping strategies. |
| Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) | type of cognitive-behavioral therapy that focuses on teaching skills for emotional regulation, distress tolerance, interpersonal effectiveness, and mindfulness to help individuals manage intense emotions and improve relationships. |
| Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) | form of cognitive-behavioral therapy that focuses on identifying and changing irrational beliefs and thought patterns to reduce emotional distress and promote healthier behaviors. |
| Hypnosis | therapeutic technique that has shown effectiveness in treating pain and anxiety, but research does not support its use for retrieving accurate memories or age regression. |
| Deinstitutionalization | the process of reducing the number of patients in psychiatric hospitals by transitioning them to community-based mental health services, aiming to provide more integrated and humane care. |
| Nonmaleficence | the ethical principle of "do no harm," ensuring that therapists avoid actions or interventions that could cause physical, emotional, or psychological harm to their clients. |
| Therapeutic Alliance | the collaborative and trusting relationship between a therapist and client, which is crucial for effective therapy and positive treatment outcomes. |
| Fidelity | the ethical principle of maintaining trust, honesty, and commitment in the therapeutic relationship, ensuring reliability and integrity in professional conduct. |
| Integrity | the ethical principle of being honest, transparent, and consistent in their professional actions, ensuring adherence to moral and ethical standards in all aspects of their practice. |
| Active Listening | involves the therapist fully concentrating, understanding, responding, and remembering what the client says, demonstrating empathy and validating the client's feelings and experiences. |
| Free Association | the patient speaking freely about thoughts, feelings, and memories as they come to mind, helping to uncover unconscious conflicts and underlying issues. |
| Dream Interpretation | analyzing the content of dreams to uncover unconscious thoughts and feelings, providing insights into unresolved conflicts and underlying psychological issues. |
| Antidepressants | psychoactive medications used to treat depressive disorders by altering brain chemistry, primarily increasing the levels of neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine to improve mood and emotional state. |
| Lithium | psychoactive medication commonly used to treat bipolar disorder by stabilizing mood swings and reducing the frequency and severity of manic and depressive episodes. |
| Antianxiety Drugs | psychoactive drugs used to alleviate anxiety symptoms by affecting neurotransmitters in the brain, promoting relaxation and reducing excessive nervousness or worry. |
| Antipsychotic Medications | psychoactive medications used to treat symptoms of schizophrenia and other severe mental disorders by altering neurotransmitter activity in the brain, helping to reduce delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking. |
| Tardive Dyskinesia | potential side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic medications, characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements, such as grimacing, tongue movements, and jerking of the limbs. |
| Psychosurgery | medical procedure that involves surgically altering brain tissue to treat severe mental disorders, typically used as a last resort when other treatments have failed. |
| Eustress (Motivating) | positive stress that enhances motivation, performance, and emotional well-being |
| Distress (Debilitating) | negative stress that decreases motivation, impairs performance, and leads to emotional and physical problems. |
| Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) | stressful or traumatic events in childhood that can have long-lasting effects on health and well-being throughout a person's life. |
| General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) | three-stage response to stress that includes alarm, resistance, and exhaustion, describing how the body reacts and adapts to stress over time. |
| Resistance Phase | the second stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome, where the body tries to adapt and cope with a stressor, maintaining heightened alertness and stress hormone levels. |
| Exhaustion Phase | the final stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome, where the body's resources are depleted after prolonged stress, leading to decreased stress tolerance and potential health issues. |
| Alarm Reaction Phase | the initial stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome, where the body reacts to a stressor with a "fight-or-flight" response, activating stress hormones and physiological changes. |
| Emotion-Focused Coping | managing the emotional response to stress rather than changing the stressful situation itself. |
| Problem-Focused Coping | involves directly managing or solving the source of stress to reduce its impact. |
| Dependent Personality Disorder | This personality disorder is a long-term condition in which people depend on others to meet their emotional and physical needs. |
| Narcissistic Personality Disorder | persistent pattern of grandiosity, a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy, beginning by early adulthood and occurring in various contexts |
| Histrionic Personality Disorder | a pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior |
| Borderline Personality Disorder | severe mood swings, impulsive behavior, and difficulty forming stable personal relationships |
| Antisocial Personality Disorder | a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others |
| Schizotypal Personality Disorder | paranoia and social anxiety, and by beliefs, behavior, and ways of speaking that are considered odd or eccentric. |
| Paranoid Personality Disorder | exaggerated distrust and suspicion of other people |
Created by:
ava37