Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
PTAdynamo
Nervous system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 3 parts of the nervous system? | 1.Central Nervous System-CNS 2.Peripheral Nervous System-PNS 3.Autonomic Nervous System-ANS |
| The brain and spinal cord makes up what system? | Centeral Nervous System - CNS |
| The peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is made up of 3 catagories? | Cranial nerve(12), Spinal Nerves(31), and Plexus fromations(7) |
| The hypothalamus is the boss of what systems? | Autonomic Nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic) |
| The basic structural and fuctional unit to the central nervous system is? | Neuron |
| A neuron is made of 3 parts? | 1.Cell body or soma 2.Dendrite 3.Axon |
| The cell body contains a what? | Nucleaus or cytoplasm |
| The cell body needs lots of O2 and glucose without it, it will? | It will not survive and cannot be replaced once they are injured or necroitic |
| Dendrites are branchs of a tree and there function is? | Receive impulses from other neurons and bring them TO the cell body |
| Axon has a long tail from the cell body, where does the info go? | Carries impulses AWAY from the cell body |
| What is a Axon Hillock? | Cone shped region of the cell body that the axon arises from |
| What is a Axon Cylinder? | Inner core of the axon |
| Myelin Sheath is what? | Lipoprotein substance that covers most axon. You are not born with it. |
| Neurilemma Sheath? | Transparent covering around myelin. It is a sinlge layer of cells |
| What types of Neurons are there? | Motor and Sensory neurons |
| What do MOTOR neurons look like? | Very long axon and multi-branched dendrites |
| Where is a motor neuron located? | The cell body located at the anterior horn of the spinal cord |
| Where does a motor neuron conduct impulses from? | From the CNS to muscle and glands(efferent) |
| Sensory neurons start where? | Sensory dendrites arise in skin travel UP to the cell body |
| The cell body of a sensory neuron is located where? | Dorsal Root Ganglion/DRG of the spinal cord(afferent) |
| Sensory neruons axons travel where in the spinal cord? | Posterior root of spinal cord to the post central gyrus |
| The definition of a synapse is? | The electronic connection between two or more neurons |
| What is a Pre-synaptic Neuron? | Senders of information, neuron that conducts an impulse TOWARD the synapse |
| What is a Post-synaptic Neuron? | Receivers of information, neuron that conducts an impluse AWAY from the synapse |
| What does a synaptic cleft join? | The narrow cleft joins the plasma membranes of the two communicating neurons |
| What is a synaptic vesicles? | Membrane bound sacs in the pre-synaptic neuron |
| What are the synaptic vesciles filled with? | Neurotransmitters |
| Where are neurotransmitters released from? | The molecules are released across the synaptic cleft |
| What is the 1st process of a synapse? | Impules travel along axon of pre-synaptic neuron |
| What is the 2nd process of a synapse? | Signaling synaptic vesicles to migrate and fuse to pre-synaptic membrane |
| What is the 3rd process of a synapse? | Vesicles release neurotransmiter molecules which diffuse across the cleft |
| What is the 4th process of a synapse? | Molecules bind to post synaptic membrane |
| What is the 5th process of a synapse? | Electic charge on post-synaptic membrane is altered generating an nn impluse in neuron |
| The Central Nervous system consists of 2 parts? | Brain and spinal cord |
| The brain is divided into threee parts? | Cerebrum, brainstem and cerebellum |
| The cerebrum has 2 cerebral hemispheres and the is called? | Telencephalon |
| The function of the cerebrum is? | Highest mental function. Intellectual and emotional processing |
| The cell bodies(cortex) of the cerebrum consist where? | Outer layer which is gray matter |
| Myelinated axons are located where? | Inner layer which is the white matter |
| What are the two layers of the cerebrum? | Outer,gray matter which consist of cell bodies and the inner, white matter consist of myelinated axons |
| The lobes of the brain are? | Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital |
| Frontal lobe is located anterior to central sulcus and what is its function? | Voluntary movement, expressive speech, personality characteristics |
| Parietal lobe is located 2 lateral halves posterior to central sulcus and what is its function? | Sensation, gross (touch pressure)and fine (tecture, weight, size) |
| Temporal lobe is located posterior to lateral fissure and what is its function? | Hearing behavior, language reception, understanding and interpeting smell |
| Occipital lobe is located where? | Posterior to parietal and superior to cerebellum |
| What is the function of the Occiptal lobe? | Vision, recognition of size, shape,color, people |
| The corpus collosum is located? | The roof of lateral ventricle |
| The Basal Ganglia is in charge of what? | Learned fucntions, starting and stopping of voluntary movement that is executed by the cerebrum. Regulates intensity and force of movements |
| The Basal Ganglia arches over what? | Thalamus deep in hemisphere |
| What 3 nuclei does the Basal Ganglia consist of ? | Caudate, lenitform, and the amygdaloid nucleus |
| Internal Capsule in located where? | Deep in the cerebral white matter |
| The Interal Capsule fibers from a band where? | Between thalamus and basial ganglia |
| What allows sensory fibers to reach parietal area and motor tracts to travel to the brainstem and spinal cord? | Internal capsule |
| One of the main functions of the internal capsule is? | Is that it is the main passageway for ascending and descending nerve tracts |
| The Diencephalon is made up of two parts? | Thalamus and Hypothalamus |
| The Thalamus is located where? | Superior to brainstem, inferior to lateral ventricle |
| What contains 12 nuclei that direct sensory axons to the post central gyrus? | Thalamus |
| Do all sensory neurons synapse on at least one of the 12 nuclei of the Thalamus? | True |
| What makes up 80% of the diencephalon? | Thalamus |
| Where is the Hypothalamus located? | Inferior to thalamus and superior to midbrain |
| What are the bodies of the Hypothalamus? | Mammialary bodies, anterior and Pineal body on posterior surface |
| What are some functions of the Hypothalamus? | Intergration center of ANS, Visceral(organs) control center, Limbic(emotions) system, regulates body temp, timing sleep/wake cycles, controls glands/endocrine system |
| What regulates body temp and timing of sleep cycles? | Hypothalamus |
| Do we have control over the hypothalamus functions? | No |
| The brainstem consist of what 3 parts? | Midbrain, pons ans medulla |
| The midbrain conduction paythway between higher and lower cneters of the brain and is in charge of what reflexes? | Visual and auditory reflexes part of cranial nn III, IV |
| Pons relays info from cerebru to cerebellum and is charge of what? | Respiration rate and depth part of cranial nn V, VI |
| What function does medulla regulate? | Contains viceral nuclei which regulate ANS functions |
| The pathway between the brain centers and spinal cord is located where? | Medulla, which houses Cranial nn VII, XII |
| What is the reticular formation closely related to? | ANS |
| The brainstem function has 2 pathways fo the reticular formation? | Descending and Ascending |
| (Reticular Formation)Desending pathways are located where? | Deep in the brainstem |
| (Reticular Formation)Function of descending pathway is what? | Recievies stimiuli from: 1.Hypothalamus 2.Basal Ganglia 3.Vestibular System |
| (Reticular Formation)What tract send sencory axons that end here and stimulus that goes to thalamus which sends singles to post central gyru? | Ascending pathways of the brainstem, which is part of the reticular fromation |
| What are the functions of ascending pathways? | Are degress of conscious alertness/sleep cycles |
| If you have a decresed brainstem what happens in the ascending pathway? | Decreased info=more sleep |
| What are the 3 causes of coma? | Structual, toxic, and metabolic |
| What is metabolic coma? | Severe acidosis or alkalosis, hpoglycemia, and diabetic coma |
| What causes structural coma? | Trama, damage to brain tissue causing swelling, shutting down higher centers |
| What is located inferior to occipital lobe? | Cerebellum |
| The control center is the cerebellum and what are the three main functions? | Equilibrium, voluntary muscle activity and coordination, and muscle tone |
| What motor(desending,efferent) is located in the cerebellum? | Vestibulospinal which does not cross the spinal cord and controls motor reponses for equillibrium and proprioception. Also assoc. with basil ganglia |
| Equilibrium is the function of what part of the brain? | Cerebellum |
| How is voluntary muscle activity information sent in the brain? | Information on current movents of limbs, neck and truck which travel from Proprioceptors in mm joints and tendons up spinal cro to cerebellar cortex |
| Can movement be initaited by the cerebellum? | No, therefore if a person has a cerebellar injury there is no parallysis. |
| If a person is clumsy, tremulous and uncoordinated or slow what part of the brain is responsible for this? | The cerebellum is control center for amount of tone with the mm |
| Hypotonic(low), normal, or hpertonic(high) tone and the amount we use is controlled by what part of the brain? | Cerebellum |
| What is the main pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts? | Spinal Cord which connects the peripheral nn and spinal nn with the brain |
| Where do the nn tracts travel in the spinal cord? | White matter |
| What is primitive and complex, somatic and visceral? | Major reflex center of the spinal cord |
| What connects the PNS to CNS? | Peripheral nn are connected to the spinal cord by 31 pairs of spinal nerves |
| What encases the spinal cord and where does the cord run in? | Encased by spinal vertebrae and the cord runs in the vertebral canal from the foramen magnum to the end of the conus medullaris (L1,2) |
| Name the groupings of Spinal Nerves and the amount of each? | 8 cervical-exit above vertebrae, 12 thoracic-exit below, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 cocxygel |
| Where is the conus medullaris located? | Inferior end of spinal cord. It tapers into a cone shape at L1-L2 or L3-L4 |
| What is considered the "Horses Tail"? | Cauda Equina, the spinal nerve root for L2-L5 |
| What thread like non neural filament runs from concus medullaris to coccyx? | Filum Terminale which helps anchor spinal cord to coxageal ligament |
| Anterior horn cibtaubs what? | Cell bodies fo motor neurons |
| What does the anterior horn transmit? | Motor impulses, with contains cell bodies of motor neurons |
| Posterior horn transmits what? | Sensory impulses receives info from DRG and carries info up to brain |
| Lateral horn is similar to what other horn? | Anterior, additional motor cell bodies, found in cervial and superior lumbar |
| What is the process of a motor repsonce? | Starts in the pre-central gyrus travel down the spinal cord out the ascending, anterior horn to the |
| What is the main pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts? | Spinal Cord which connects the peripheral nn and spinal nn with the brain |
| Where do the nn tracts travel in the spinal cord? | White matter |
| What is primitive and complex, somatic and visceral? | Major reflex center of the spinal cord |
| What connects the PNS to CNS? | Peripheral nn are connected to the spinal cord by 31 pairs of spinal nerves |
| What encases the spinal cord and where does the cord run in? | Encased by spinal vertebrae and the cord runs in the vertebral canal from the foramen magnum to the end of the conus medullaris (L1,2) |
| Name the groupings of Spinal Nerves and the amount of each? | 8 cervical-exit above vertebrae, 12 thoracic-exit below, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 cocxygel |
| Where is the conus medullaris located? | Inferior end of spinal cord. It tapers into a cone shape at L1-L2 or L3-L4 |
| What is considered the "Horses Tail"? | Cauda Equina, the spinal nerve root for L2-L5 |
| What thread like non neural filament runs from concus medullaris to coccyx? | Filum Terminale which helps anchor spinal cord to coxageal ligament |
| Anterior horn cibtaubs what? | Cell bodies fo motor neurons |
| What does the anterior horn transmit? | Motor impulses, with contains cell bodies of motor neurons |
| Posterior horn transmits what? | Sensory impulses receives info from DRG and carries info up to brain |
| Lateral horn is similar to what other horn? | Anterior, additional motor cell bodies, found in cervial and superior lumbar |
| What is the process of a motor responce? | Starts in the pre-central gyrus travel down the spinal cord out the ascending, anterior horn to the anterior root spinal nn peripheral nn through motor neuron to the mm |
| What is the process of a sensory responce? | Have stimulus, pinch, impulses to CNS in through peripheral nn spinal nn DRG poterior dorsel root synapse up to the brain thalamus post central gyrus |
| Anterior longitudinal ligament is located where and prevents what movement? | Front of vertebral bodies and prevent hyperextension |
| Posterior longitudinal ligament is located where and prevents what movement? | Back of vertebral bodies and prevents forward flexion |
| Ligamentum Nuchae does what? | Helps hold the head up and support the skull C1 to C7 |
| What are the motor tracts? | Lateral Corticospinal, Ventral Coricospinal, Vestibulospinal, and Rubrospinal |
| Where do motor tracts travel? | White mater |
| What are the sensory tracts? | Fasiculus Gracilis, Fasiculus Cuneatus, Dorsal Spinocrebellar, Lateral Spinothalamic, and Ventral Spinothalamic |
| Where do sensory tracts travel? | White mater up spinal cord thalamus post central gyrus |
| In the motor tracts what to work together like best friends? | Lateral Corticospinal and Rubrospinal |
| Nerve cell bodies of upper motor neurons originate where? | CNS - pre central gyrus |
| The upper motor neurons cen their axons into the spinal cord whre the make contact with what? | Anterior horn of the spinal cord |
| After the upper motor neuron makes contact with the anterior horn it syapse where? | The interneuron above the anterior horn between the brain and spina cord |
| What are some ex. of UMN disease? | MS, Parkinsons, Huntingtons, CP, Stroke |
| UMN damage may result in what? | Spactic paralysis, ^hypersensitive reflexes, positive Babinski sign, fasiculation NOT present |
| Lower motor neuron innervate what? | Skeletal mm of the body and motor nn cells of the brainstem which innervate mm supplied by the cranial nn |
| Where does a Lower motor neuron synapse? | Occurs below the anterior horn, between the anterior horn and the periphery |
| What are some ex of LMN damage? | Polio, MD |
| LMN damage may result in what? | Flaccid paralysis, severe mm atrophy, decreased hyposenitive reflexes,neg Babinski sign, Fasiculations ARE present |
| Peripheral Nervous System consist of what? | 12 cranial nerves, 31 spinal nerves, cervical brachial and lumbo sacral plexus |
| What are the sensory nerves of the cranial nn? | I Olfactory, II optic and VIII vestibulocochlear |
| IV Trochlear, III oculomotor, VI abducens, accessory and hypoglossal are all what? | Motor Cranial nerves |
| What are the cranial nn that have both motor and sensory? | V Trigeminal, VII facial, IX glossopharyngeal,X vagus |
| Optic nn II helps sensory of what? | Vision |
| Trigeminal nn V both sensory and motor does what? | teeth, mm mastication |
| Vagus nn X does what? | Heart lungs brachi gastroinstinal and sensory with external ear |
| Are posterior primary ramus innervated with extremities and trunk? | No only the anterior primary ramus which is the actual spinal nn |
| Where do the posterior primary ramus innervate? | They branch that innervates deep mm in the back and the skin covering these mm |
| Where does the anterior primary ramus innervate? | All mm and skin of extremities and trunk not innervated by posterior primary ramus |
| What is a dermatome? | ares of skin supplied with sensory fibers of the spinal nn. |
| If sensation is lost in one section of the dermatome is all sensation lost to that area? | No, fibers overlap so sensation is not completely lost unless 2 or more spinal nn are injured |
| Cervical plexus are composed of what nn? | C1 thru C4 this is where the phrenic nn innervates the diaphrgm at C4 |
| What are the termainal ends of the 5 large nn of the brachial plexus? | 1.Musculocutaneous 2.Axillary 3.Radial 4.Median 5.Ulnar (MARMU) |
| Lumbrosacral plexus terminal ends are where? | superior gluteal, inferior gulteal, femoral nn and obturator |
| Sciatic nn consists of what? | The tibial and common peroneal encased in same sheath |
| What systems stimulates and controls structures at an unconscious level? | Autonomic Nervous System |
| ANS stimulates what mm? | Cardiac mm and smooth mm and most glands |
| Does the ANS affect both afferent and efferent? | Yes |
| What 2 systems are involved with ANS? | Sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| Fight and Flight is physical and psych stress of system? | Sympathetic |
| What does the sympathetic produce? | Epinephrine |
| Does the sympathetic increase or decrease symtoms of HR CO BP blood flow pupils dialate and bronchioles open? | Increase |
| How does the sympathetic and parasympathetic work? | They work like a scale or ratition to each other. If one is high the other is low |
| What systom involes relaxing and resting - digestion? | Parasympathetic |
| Where is Acetylcholine produced? | Parasympthetic |
| When the parasympathetic is active in HR CO BP BF respiratory rate does what? | Decreases but the digestion increases |
| Part of the ANS involes what relexes? | Viceral and Somatic |
| Visceral reflexes involve what? | Organs and glands ex vomiting, sneezing, coughing |
| Somatic reflexes involve what? | Muscular response |
| Monosynaptic Relflex involves what neurons and does what kind of stretch? | Uses both 1 sensory and 1 motor neuron which used for DTR stretch relfex |
| What is it called when one or more motor neuron are involved in reflex pathway? | Polysynaptic reflex (flexor withdrawl, crossed extension) |
| What is a sensory receptor? | Specialized to respond to changes in their environment, enviroment changes called stimuli |
| What are the 5 sensory receptors? | Mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nocioceptors, electromagnetic receptors and chemoreceptors |
| What does helps muscle/tendon from being injured? | Sensory receptors |
| What is located in parallel within the muscle fibers? | Muscle spindle |
| When a mm is stimulated what does it do? | MM to stretch, mm respond to tension within the mm or mm stretch |
| Where is the Golgi Tendon Organ located? | In the tendon |
| When the GTO is stimulated it inhibits mm and causes what to fire? | The antagonist |
Created by:
demiller243
Popular Physical Therapy sets