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Kinesology Test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name 3 Kinds of Environmental Factors | natural, Sensory, and Force |
| What are natural Factors? | Land and water |
| What are sensory factors | allergens, temperature and humidity |
| What does force do | Produces, stops, and modifies motion |
| What are three types of Force | Compression, Tension and Equilibrium |
| What is compression | Pushing Force |
| What is Tension | Pulling Force |
| What is equilibrium | balancing force |
| What are the two main types of Force | Internal, External |
| What is internal force | Produced by what is inside us (muscle) |
| What is external force | It comes from the outside our body, two types- primary and secondary |
| Name the three types of primary external force | Fluid, Contact, and Gravity |
| What does fluid force consider and what effect does it have | Air and liquid; provides resistance |
| In fluid force what effect does increasing velocity have? | increases the effect of lift and drag |
| What are the three conditions of fluid force | Buoyancy, drag and lift |
| What is buoyancy | Upward lift; it is equal to the weight of displaced air or water |
| Where does buoyancy have a greater effect, air or water? | water |
| How can buoyancy be used in therapy | It can be used to unload weight from the joints and better support the body weight for someone that is weak |
| What is drag | Resistance to forward motion |
| What must you have for drag? | velocity |
| What has more drag larger or smaller surface areas | larger |
| How can you reduce drag | Streamlining |
| What has more drag water or air | water |
| What causes lift | differences in velocity around an object (airplane wings) Flow is faster on one side then other |
| What is necessary for lift to happen? | velocity |
| If flow is normally horizontal around an object, what direction does lift normally happen | vertical |
| what is contact force | the Force that happens when two objects come into contact with one another |
| What are the two divisions of Contact force | normal and friction |
| What happens in normal contact force | Forces that are pair and opposite and exert the same force |
| What Newton's Law does Normal Contact Force fall under | newton's 3rd law |
| What are two other terms that can be used for normal contact force | interaction force and action-reaction force |
| What is friction | Force acting in opposite direction to desired movement- happens at point of contact |
| Define Shear force | shear force happens in parallel direction of the object's surface someone slides off the chair and the chair and skin have friction- this can tear the skin |
| How can decreased friction to help your client | Using an arm skate board or talcum powder so you can decrease friction as they run their arm across the table |
| How can increase friction be used to help a patient | Tennis ball |
| What is gravity | the force that pulls us down towards the center of earth |
| Where does the action line go | towards the center of the earth |
| How is gravity measured? | the weight of the body through the center of gravity |
| What is mass? | the quantity of matter contained in an object (not the same as weight) |
| How can you decrease the effects of gravity | constant force can make a gravity reduced plane |
| What is vector? | it has magnitude and direction |
| What are two types of directions in vector? | Linear and Rotary Axis |
| What is a rotary axis | Joints- in the same positions over and over |
| What are two types of linear movement | straight and curvilinear |
| What is the point of application | where the direction is applied |
| If the center of gravity is your point of application, what type of movement happens? | Linear |
| What is a special case of Vector Force | Force Couple |
| What is a force couple | - 2 or more forces with similar magnitude - must move opposite or sig. different direction of force - Rotary movement applied to same object at same time |
| what does a force coupling do? | increase in force or strength |
| What is an example of force coupling? | Scapula |
| What are the three types of secondary forces | Joint Compression, Joint traction, pressure |
| What is joint compression | Pushing towards joint |
| What is joint traction | pulling towards the center |
| What is pressure | two forces pushing together can cause decubiti |
| What is Newton's First Law | Law of Inertia An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. |
| What is Newton's Second Law | law of acceleration an object with less mass will go faster and farther with the same force then an object with larger |
| What is Newton's Third Law | law of Action and reaction for every action there is an equal and opposite reactions |
| What are three factors of movement? | Simple Machines, insufficiency, kinematic chains |
| Name 6 types of simple machines | incline plane, wheel and axle, pulley, screw, wedge, lever |
| What is an example of an incline and what does incline accomplish | Wheel Chair Ramp makes it easier to move something heavy |
| What is an example of a pulley and what does a pulley accomplish? | ?? change of direction of force |
| What are three components of levers? | force, resistance, and axis |
| What are three types of Lever | 1st class, 2nd class, and 3rd class |
| What does a first class lever accomplish? | balance |
| What does a second class lever accomplish | designed to enhance strength |
| What does a third class lever accomplish | designed to increase ROM and speed |
| If you lengthen the force arm, do you make the job easier or harder | easier |
| If you lengthen the resistance arme, do you make the job easier or harder | harder |
| What is insufficiency? | The inability to obtain a full range of motion because the muscle crosses two or more joints |
| What are two kinds of insufficiency? | Active and Passive |
| What is active insufficiency | Requires active contraction from client Feels like a cramp |
| Give an example what joint movement causes active insufficiency | hip flexion and knee extension |
| What is passive insufficiency | its a burning sensation from a passive stretch where you feel the effects of gravity |
| What is tendenosis | a special case of passive that allows for the grasping with a weak muscle in the hand |
| What is the kinematic chain | sequential movements of bones and joints that follow a specific pattern |
| There are two types of kinematic chain, what are they | open and closed chain |
| What is closed chain | Where the distal segment is stabilized or fixed All joints will move in the chain |
| What is open chain | Where the distal segment is freely moving one joint can move without impacting other joins |
| What is packed position | Amount of surface area contact between the bones in a joint |
| There are two kinds of packed position | closed and open |
| What is closed packed position | the largest amount of possible surface meets provides stability |
| What is open packed position | less contact between the two bones in a joint less stable |
| Where do injuries occur most often, open packed position or closed packed position | open packed position |
| What are two types of Performance skills | Motor and praxis |
| Define praxis and give an example | ability to plan and carry out movement Bending, maintaining posture, etc |
| What are three types of Motor behaviors? | Development, learning, and Control |
| What is Motor Development? | identifying changes in movement behavior that occurs as client progresses through life span -Covers months, years, or decades |
| What does normal motor development required usually? | normal nervous system (abnormal will cause delayed or lack of development) |
| Name 5 ways that motor skills can be developed | Reflexive/Voluntary Cephalo/Caudil Proximal/Distal Gross motor/Fine Motor Sequential Development |
| Define Reflexive/Voluntary development | You will develop (or be born with) reflexes first and then from those go on to develop voluntary movement |
| Define Cephalo/Caudil Development | You will develop and gain skills from head to tail. Your eyes will develop skills before your mouth, etc |
| Define proximal/distal development | Development will start proximately (close to the body)and the move distally as development occurs You gain fine motor skills first at shoulder, then at elbow, then wrist, etc |
| Define Gross Motor/Fine Motor development | Gross motor skills will be developed before fine motor skills A baby will be able to swing their arm and touch an object before they can reach and grasp it |
| What is Motor Learning? | acquisition and modification of learned movement patterns over time example: learning to ride a bike |
| Motor learning considers the task, the person, and the environment, how is this different then motor development | with motor development all the milestones are the same for everyone (even if people don't reach them). Motor learning will be different for every person and that is the way it is supposed to be (tie-shoe example) |
| What is the time frame of Motor Learning? | hours, days, weeks |
| Define Motor control | Outcome of motor learning involving ability to produce purposeful movements of extremities and postural adjustments in presence to activity and environmental demands |
| What is the time frame of motor control? | over very short time intervals |
| What skills might functional movement involve? | ROM, Vision, Timing, how far reach |
| Name the 4 categories of Adaptive Motor Behaviors | abnormal atypical normal atypical normal typical normal enhanced typical movement |
| Define Abnormal Atypical movement | -a lack of movement options - inability to produce desired movement strategy to complete activity |
| Give an example of Abnormal Atypical Movement | Flaccid Paralysis |
| Define Normal Atypical Movement | normal strategies temporarily or permanently impaired |
| Give an example of Normal Atypical Movement | Parkinsons patient and walking- they can do it, but it is not typical movement |
| What is the name for the gait of a person with parkinson's? | Festinating Gate |
| What are characteristics of a Normal Typical movement pattern? | -many options -move in any plane - Coordinated |
| What is normal enhanced typical? | usually athletes exceptional and doesn't normally occur naturally |
| Define Posture | State of body in relationship to gravity, the ground, and its body parts |
| What is Posture Control | regulation of body's position in space for dual purpose of stability and orientation -ability to maintain posture when other things are influences it |
| Which is more static: Posture or Posture Control | Posture |
| What is anticipating Posture Control | -more complicated -usually automatic (can be voluntary) -more dynamic and demanding |
| What is stability | Staying in equilibrium |
| What is the center of gravity? | The point where mass is distributed equally for the object |
| What is the Line of Gravity | line that goes straight down from the CoG (center of gravity) to the earth |
| What is the Base of Support | area of what supports the object |
| What is needed for stability to happen? | Center o' Gravity and Line o' Gravity needs to be over the Base o' Support |
| True or False: someone with a higher CoG will have more stability | False |
| What must remain over the Base of Support for stability? | CoG |
| Does increasing BoS increase or decrease stability | increase |
| Increasing mass increasing or decreases stability | increase |
| Do you want to increase or decrease friction for more stability? | increase |
| What can you do visually to increase stability? | Focusing on a single spot |
Created by:
Niccole2
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