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a&p2 ch 24 pt 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the principal function of the digestive system? | to prepare food for cellular use and remove indigestible remains |
| What is ingestion? | taking of food into digestive system by way of mouth |
| What is mastication? | chewing to pulverize food and mix it with saliva |
| What is deglutition? | swallowing of food to move it from mouth to stomach |
| What is digestion? | mechanical and chemical breakdown of food |
| What is segmentation? | mixes food with digestive juices, increases efficiency of absorption |
| What is absorption? | passage of molecules of food through mucous membrane of small intestine (into circulatory and lymphatic systems for distribution) |
| What is peristalsis? | rhythmic, wavelike intestinal contractions that move food through digestive tract ((this refers to the moving contraction while segmentation is not moving)) |
| What is defecation? | discharge of indigestible wastes (feces) |
| What 2 parts is the digestive system divided into anatomically and functionally? | alimentary canal and accessory organs |
| Alimentary canal is also known as what? | gastrointestinal tract or GI tract |
| How long is the GI tract? | 9 m (30 feet) long (22 feet long in living adult)(The muscles in a living adult are partially contracted) |
| Where does the GI tract start and end? | Extends from mouth to anus |
| What are the organs of GI tract? | oral (buccal) cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine |
| Accessory digestive organs include: | teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas |
| What is the gut? | generally refers to developing stomach and intestines in embryo |
| What is visera? | any of the organs (lungs, stomach, spleen, etc.) |
| Action in the digestive system is initiated by what? | mechanical and chemical stimuli |
| What do sensors in walls of GI tract detect? | Stretch (by food in lumen); Osmolarity and pH of contents; and Substrates and end products |
| What is the response of GI tract? | it activates or inhibits glands that secrete digestive juices or hormones and it also stimulates smooth muscle to mix and move contents |
| The controls of digestion are what? | extrinsic and intrinsic |
| What does the GI tract contain that influence the entire tract? | nerve plexuses |
| Stomach and small intestine contain what? | hormone-producing cells |
| How many structural layers of Alimentary canal are there? | 4 layers (tunics) from esophagus to anal canal |
| What is mucosa? | innermost layer surrounding lumen of GI tract |
| What does mucosa do? | secretes mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones |
| What do goblet cells do? | secrete mucus throughout GI tract |
| What is mucus good for? | mucus allows food to move in GI tract and mucus protects GI tract from digestive enzymes |
| What absorbs end products of digestion into blood and protects against infectious disease? | mucosa |
| What tissue does mucosa consist of? | consists of simple columnar epithelial tissue supported by lamina propria |
| What is lamina propria? | a thin, binding layer of connective tissue |
| What does lamina propria contain? | numerous lymph nodules important in protecting against disease |
| How many layers does mucosa have? | 2 |
| What are the layers of mucosa? | 2 thin layers of smooth muscle (muscularis mucosae¬) |
| The muscle layer of mucosa causes what? | portions of GI tract to have numerous small folds |
| Why do portions of the GI tract need to have folds? | it greatly increases absorptive surface area, it allows for distension (gives increased capacity), and it allows for absorption (nutrients and water) |
| What is submucosa? | middle layer of GI tract; relatively thick and highly vascularized |
| What does submucosa contain? | collagenous fibers, various glands, and nerves |
| What is submucosal plexus? | part of submucosa; it provides autonomic nerve supply to muscularis mucosae |
| What is muscularis externa? | part of submucosa; responsible for segmental contractions and peristaltic movement |
| What does the muscularis externa look like? | has an inner, circular layer of smooth muscle and outer, longitudinal layer of smooth muscle |
| What does the inner layer of the muscularis externa do? | moves, churns, and physically pulverize food |
| What does the outer layer of the muscularis external do? | propels food |
| What is serosa? | outermost layer of GI tract; binding and protective layer (much areolar connective tissue) |
| What tissue is serosa covered with? | simple squamous epithelium and connective tissue |
| What is the mouth? | receptacle for food, initiates digestion through mastication, swallowing of food, forms words in speech, air passageway |
| What is does the mouth consist of? | cheeks, lips, hard palate, soft palate, and tongue |
| What is defensins? | antimicrobial compounds produced in response to injury |
| Where do you find defensins? | mouth |
| What do defensins do? | Protects mouth from disease-causing microbes |
| What is the mouth referred to as? | oral or buccal cavity |
| The mouth initiates digestion of what? | carbohydrates |
| Where is a bolus formed? | mouth |
| What is deglutition and where does it take place? | swallowing; mouth |
| What is the vestibule? | depression between cheeks and lips externally; Area of gums and teeth internally |
| What is the oral orifice? | opening or oral cavity |
| What is the fauces? | opening between oral cavity and pharynx |
| What do the cheeks and lips do? | assist in manipulating food in oral cavity; aid in speech |
| Where is each lip attached? | by inner surface to gum by a midline fold of mucus membrane called labial frenulum |
| What is the labial frenulum? | mucus membrane where the lip is attached |
| What is the vermilion or red margin? | transition zone between outer skin and mucus membrane or oral cavity |
| What is the tongue? | fills most of oral cavity when mouth is close |
| What is the tongue made of? | Mostly skeletal muscle |
| What covers the tongue? | a mucous membrane |
| What does the tongue do? | Moves food around in mouth during mastication; Responsible for forming bolus; Assist in swallowing food; Essential for producing articulate speech |
| Where is the tongue located? | 2/3 in oral cavity and 1/3 in pharynx |
| Where are the lingual tonsils located? | on dorsal surface of base of tongue |
| What do taste buds do? | sense taste |
| What is the lingual frenulum? | undersurface attachment of tongue to floor of mouth |
| What are papillae? | small elevations on dorsal surface of tongue |
| What do papillae do? | Gives tongue roughened surface which aid in handling food |
| What do papillae contain? | taste buds |
| What do taste buds sense? | sweet, salty, sour, and bitter |
| What are the 3 types of papillae on the dorsum surface? | filiforum, fungiforum, and vallate papillae |
| What do filiforum papillae do? | sensitive to touch, Aids in licking semisold food; provides friction for manipulating food |
| What do filiforum papillae contain and what does that do? | Contain keratin which gives tongue whitish appearance |
| What are fungiform papillae like? | large, rounded, reddish; house taste buds |
| What are vallate papillae like? | arranged in V shape on posterior surface; house taste buds |
| Which type of papillae are most numerous? | filiforum papillae |
| What is the palate? | roof of oral cavity, covered by mucous membrane |
| What is the hard palate and what does it do? | underlaid by bone; Food is pushed against hard palate during chewing |
| What is palatel rugae? | transverse ridges along hard palate area |
| What do palatel rugae do? | Serve as friction ridges for tongue during swallowing |
| What is the soft palate made of? | fold of mostly skeletal muscle |
| What is the uvula? | cone-shaped, free edge that projects downward |
| What is the uvula part of? | soft palate |
| What does the uvula do? | Reflexively closes nasopharynx when we swallow to prevent food and fluid from entering nasal cavity |
| What are the salivary glands? | accessory digestive glands, produce saliva |
| What do the salivary glands continually do? | make saliva |
| What do the salivary glands do? | Serves as a solvent to clean teeth; Dissolves food for tasting; Moistens food and aids in formation of bolus; and Initiates digestion of carbs |
| What initiates digestion of carbs? | salivary glands |
| What are the main 3 pairs of glands? | parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands |
| What is the parotid gland and where is it? | its the largest salivary gland; below and infront of ear (mumps virus causes it to swell) |
| What is the submandibular gland and where is it? | one of the main salivary glands; inferior to mandible, about midway on inside of jaw |
| What is the sublingual and where is it? | on floor of mouth under tongue |
| What are the teeth? | heterodont dentition |
| What are alveoli? | sockets containing teeth |
| What makes teeth different from each other? | structure and function |
| How many incisors are there and what do they do? | 4 pairs; chisel shaped for cutting and shearing, have single root |
| What is another name for canines? | cuspids |
| How many canines do we have and what do they do? | 2 pairs; cone shaped for holding and tearing, have single root |
| What is another name for premolars? | bicuspids |
| How many premolars and molars are there and what do they do? | one, two, or three roots; used for crushing and grinding |
| How many diphyodont do we have? | 2 sets of teeth in lifetime |
| What are the two diphyodont sets? | deciduous and permanent teeth |
| How many deciduous teeth are there? | 20 deciduous |
| What are deciduous teeth also known as? | milk teeth |
| When do you get deciduous teeth? | erupt 6mo. To 2.5 years |
| How many permanent teeth are there? | 32 permanent teeth |
| When do you get permanent teeth? | replacement begins age 6 to about 17 |
| What are third molars? | wisdom teeth |
| When do wisdom teeth erupt? | they are last to erupt (age 17-25) |
| What is the problem with wisdom teeth? | may cause serious crowding or impaction since jaw is fully formed by their appearance |
| What is a dental formula? | types, number, and position of teeth |
| What is the deciduous formula? | I2/2, C1/1. DM2/2 = 20 teeth |
| What is the permanent formula? | I2/2, C1/1, P2/2, M3/3 = 32 teeth |
| What are the parts of the structure of the tooth? | REVIEW IN BOOK |
| What are calcified and resemble bone, but they are avascular? | Enamel, dentin, and cementum |
| What is the pharynx? | receives bolus from oral cavity, Common passageway for digestive and respiratory systems |
| What does the pharynx do? | it automatically continues deglutition of bolus to esophagus; Constantly moistened by saliva |
| What is the esophagus? | A collapsible muscular tube that connects pharynx to stomach |
| How long is the esophagus? | About 25 cm (100 in.) long |
| Where does the esophagus start and finish? | originates at larynx and located posterior to trachea |
| Where is the esophagus located? | within mediastinum of thorax |
| What is the esophageal hiatus? | opening through diaphragm for esophagus (just above stomach) |
| What kind of tissue is the esophagus made of? | has autonomic striated muscle in upper 1/3; middle region has mixture of striated and smooth muscle (has all smooth muscle in last portion) |
| How does the esophagus transport bolus to stomach? | by peristalis |
| What prevents backflow in the esophagus? | esophageal sphincter restricts backflow of food |
| During vomiting, what keeps food from passing back up esophagus? | muscles contract after food passes to prevent regurgitation |
| What is heartburn? | regurgitation of small amounts of gastric contents into esophagus |
| Why do certain poisons kill mice and rats effectively? | Certain other mammals, such as rodents, have a true gastroesophageal sphincter and cannot regurgitate |
| What are examples of poisons that cause heartburn? | Humin and warfin |
| What is the stomach? | receives bolus from esophagus |
| What does the stomach do? | Churns bolus with gastric juice and initiates digestion of proteins |
| What is chyme? | pasty food material that is moved into small intestine |
| Where is there limited absorption? | stomach |
| Where does the stomach move chyme into? | the duodenum |
| What does the stomach do when necessary? | regurgitates when necessary |
| What is the most distensible portion of GI tract? | the stomach |
| What is the upper, narrow region of stomach? | cardia |
| What is the dome-shaped portion of the stomach that contacts diaphragm? | the fundus |
| What is the large central portion of the stomach? | the body |
| What is the funnel-shaped terminal portion of the stomach? | the pylorus |
| What is the junction with small intestine and the stomach? | pyloric sphincter |
| What does the pyloric sphincter do? | prevents backflow from small intestine to stomach |
| What are the broadly rounded surfaces of the stomach? | anterior and posterior surfaces |
| What is the medial concave border of the stomach? | lesser curvature |
| What extends between lesser curvature and liver? | lesser omentum |
| What is the lateral convex border of the stomach called? | greater curvature |
| What are the 3 layers of smooth muscles of the stomach called? | oblique, (inner), circular (middle), longitudinal (outer) |
| How are the layers of the stomach named? | based upon direction of fiber arragement |
| What are longitudinal folds of mucosa in the stomach? | gastric rugae |
| When does gastric rugae smooth out? | as stomach fills |
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