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Human Origins Exam 2

Exam 2

QuestionAnswer
What is the PRENATAL STAGE? 3 trimesters of pregnancy, ends with birth
What is the POST NATAL STAGE? Includes neonatal period, infancy, childhood, juvenile period, puberty, and adolescence
What is the ADULT STAGE? includes reproductive period and senescence
What is SENESCENCE? period of time after childbearing years
What is DECIDUOUS DENTITION? first set of teeth, baby teeth
What is MENARCHE? onset of menstruation in females
What is SEXUAL DIMORPHISM? difference in physical attribute between males and females of a species
What are EPIPHYSES? end portions of long bones, once they fuse, bones stop growing longer
What are FUNCTIONAL ADAPTATIONS? biological changes that occur during an individual's lifetime increasing fitness
What is HOMEOSTASIS? the maitenence of the internal environment of an organism
What is MENOPAUSE? the cessation of the menstrual cycle
What is OSTEOPOROSIS? loss of bone mass
FUNCTIONAL ADAPTATIONS biological changes that occur during an individual's lifetime, increasing the individual's fitness in the environment
HOMEOTHERMIC an organism's ability to maintain a constant body temperature
VASODILATION increase in blood vessels' diameter, caused by drugs or hot temperatures
BERGMANN'S RULE animal's size is heat-related - smaller bodies are adapted to hot environments, larger bodies to cold environments
ALLEN'S RULE animal's limb lengths are heat-related - limbs are longer in hot environments, shorter in cold
HYPOTHERMIA condition in which an organism's body temperature falls below normal range
VASOCONSTRICTION decrease in blood vessels' diameter due to drugs or cold temperatures
BASAL METABOLIC RATE (BMR) rate at which organism's body, while at rest, expends energy to maintain basic bodily functions
SKIN REFLECTANCE can be measured and used to assess skin color
MELANOCYTES melanin-producing cells in skin
MELANIN brown pigment that determines the darkness/lightness of human skin color
RICKETS disorder in which poorly mineralized bones become soft, prone to facture, can warp or bow
HYPOXIA condition in which organism is not able to breathe in adequate amounts of oxygen
HEAT - FIRST EXPOSURE vasodilation, profuse sweating, but reduce with continuous exposure
HEAT FUNCTION ADAPTATION less sweating, normal work performance
HEAT - GENETIC ADAPTATION narrow body, long limbs
COLD - FIRST EXPOSURE vasoconstriction, shivering, but effects reduce after continuous exposure brings warmer skin temperature
COLD - FUNCTIONAL ADAPTATION tolerance to cold and to lowering of skin temperature, metabolic heat lower, peripheral body temperature higher
COLD - GENETIC ADAPTATION large, wide body, short limbs
SOLAR UV RADIATION - FIRST EXPOSURE sunburn, followed by increased melanin production
SOLAR UV RADIATION - FUNCTIONAL ADAPTATION tanning, thickening of skin
SOLAR UV RADIATION - GENETIC ADAPTATION high melanin production (dark skin)
HIGH ALTITUDE - FIRST EXPOSURE hypoxia results in headache, nausea, loss of appetite, fatigue, but symptoms disappear in a few days
HIGH ALTITUDE - FUNCTIONAL ADAPTATION greater diameter of arteries and veins, greater blood flow to body tissues, greater lung volume, more efficient use of oxygen
HIGH ALTITUDE - GENETIC ADAPTATION high oxygen saturation in hemoglobin
MACRONUTRIENTS essential chemical nutrients a body needs to live and function normally (fat, carbs, protein)
MICRONUTRIENTS essential substances needed in small amounts to maintain normal body functioning (vitamins, minerals)
MALNUTRITION includes both UNDER-NUTRITION and OVER-NUTRITION
HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA presence of high levels of cholesterol in blood
BONE RIGIDITY strength of bone to resist bending and torsion
OSTEOBLASTS cells responsible for bone formation
BONE MASS density of bone per unit of measure
OSTEOCLASTS cells responsible for bone resorption
WOLFF'S LAW bones develop where needed, recedes where it is not needed
Created by: 1282020536
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