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SAC Medical terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| neuro- | nerve |
| encephalo- | brain |
| cerebro- | brain |
| myelo- | spinal cord |
| encephalo- | brain |
| cephalo- | head |
| cranio- | skull |
| cranium | skull |
| paralysis | loss of muscle function |
| quadriplegia | loss of all four limbs |
| -plegia | paralysis |
| paraplegia | impairment of lower extremities |
| hemiplegia | impairment of one side of the body |
| -paresis | weakness |
| cerebrovascular accident (CVA) | stroke |
| thromboembolic | the blockage of a blood vessel by a thrombus carried through the bloodstream from its site of formation |
| hemorrhagic | blood clot |
| ataxia | "drunk walk"; loss of ability to control movements your body makes; loss of coordination |
| vertigo | dizziness |
| syncope | fainting |
| aphasia | the partial or total inability to produce and understand speech as a result of brain damage caused by injury or disease; no speech |
| dysphasia | difficulty in speaking and understanding spoken or written language, caused by brain injury or disease; difficulty speaking |
| agnosia | lack of comprehension; the total or partial loss of the ability to recognize familiar people or objects, usually caused by brain damage |
| hemi- | half |
| transient ischemic attack (TIA) | mini-stroke |
| ischemia | local deficiency of blood supply produced by vasoconstriction or local obstacles to the arterial flow |
| anxiolytic | drug that relieves anxiety |
| continuum of depression (CNS depression) | awake/alert -> calm (tranquilizer/anxiolytic) -> drowsy (sedative) -> sleep (hypnotic) -> coma (general anesthetic) -> death |
| CNS Stimulation | awake/alert -> anxiety/agitation (CNS stimulants) -> insomnia ->->-> convulsion -> death |
| cerebro- | cerebrum |
| cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | nourishes and cushions the brain and spinal cord |
| convolutions | "folds" of cerebrum |
| cortex | grey matter |
| corpus collosum | white matter |
| C.N.-V | face and scalp sensation; eye, blinking, and chewing; trigeminal ex) trigeminal neuralgia |
| C.N.-VII | face and scalp movement; taste sensation; ex) Bell's palsy; blepharoptosis |
| C.N.-VIII | vestibulo-cochlear; |
| C.N.-X | vagus (vago-); the only cranial nerve to carry messages from/to neck, chest, abdomen |
| idiopathic | describes a disease or disorder that has no known cause |
| epilepsy | a medical disorder involving episodes of irregular electrical discharge in the brain and characterized by the periodic sudden loss or impairment of consciousness, often accompanied by convulsions |
| seizure | abnormal brain wave activity |
| convulsion | muscle contractions |
| anticonvulsant | antiepileptic drug (AED); MOA:CNS depressant drug -decrease excitability of brain cells -decrease spread of abnormal brain waves -decrease risk of seizures SFX: drowsiness, ataxia |
| Barbiturates | class of drugs that prevent seizures; C-IV -phenobarbital- long acting PO: prophylaxis (eclampsia) IV: Tx status epilepticus -mephobarbital -primidone |
| status epilepticus | a condition in which repeated epileptic seizures occur without the patient gaining consciousness between them. If untreated for a prolonged period it can lead to long-term disability or death |
| absence spell | involve a momentary loss of voluntary control of attention, during which the person is inactive and unresponsive |
| Hydantoin | similar chemical structure to barbiturates. -phenytoin (Dilantin) PO form -fosphenytoin (Cerebyx) IV form |
| phenytoin | Dilantin note: dosing is based on bioavailability; "extended" - QD "prompt"- TID |
| grand mal epilepsy | epilepsy in which the attacks involve loss of consciousness and tonic spasms of the musculature followed by generalized jerking |
| nystagmus | an involuntary rhythmic movement of the eyes, usually from side to side, caused by some illnesses that affect the nerves and muscle behind the eyeball |
| succinimides | treat absence spells; may cause dyscrasias -ethosuximide (Zarontin) -methsuximide (Celontin) |
| focal seizure | an epileptic manifestation arising from a localized anomaly in the brain, as a small tumor or scar, and usually involving a single motor or sensory mechanism but occasionally spreading to other areas and causing convulsions and loss of consciousness. |
| dyscrasias | An abnormal state or disorder of the body, especially of the blood. |
| Benzodiazepines | any of a family of minor tranquilizers that act against anxiety and convulsions and produce sedation and muscle relaxation. |
| Hydantoin | similar chemical structure to barbiturates. -phenytoin (Dilantin) PO form -fosphenytoin (Cerebyx) IV form |
| phenytoin | Dilantin note: dosing is based on bioavailability; "extended" - QD "prompt"- TID |
| grand mal epilepsy | epilepsy in which the attacks involve loss of consciousness and tonic spasms of the musculature followed by generalized jerking |
| nystagmus | an involuntary rhythmic movement of the eyes, usually from side to side, caused by some illnesses that affect the nerves and muscle behind the eyeball |
| succinimides | treat absence spells; may cause dyscrasias -ethosuximide (Zarontin) -methsuximide (Celontin) |
| focal seizure | an epileptic manifestation arising from a localized anomaly in the brain, as a small tumor or scar, and usually involving a single motor or sensory mechanism but occasionally spreading to other areas and causing convulsions and loss of consciousness. |
| dyscrasias | An abnormal state or disorder of the body, especially of the blood. |
| Benzodiazepines | any of a family of minor tranquilizers that act against anxiety and convulsions and produce sedation and muscle relaxation. MOA: GABA agonists in the cerebral cortex -clonazepam (Klonopin) -lorazepam (Ativan) -diazepam (Valium) -clorazepate(Tranxe |
| clonazepam | *Klonopin |
| lorazepam | *Ativan |
| diazepam | *Valium |
| Benzodiazepine (BZ) | MOA: GABA agonists: stimulate GABA receptors; CNS depressant; C-IV in cerebral cortex: anti-convulsant in the RAS: sedative/hynoptic in the limbic system: anxiolytic in the spinal cord: skeletal muscle relaxant advantage: wide therapeutic index ( |
| GABA | inhibitory neaurotransmitter |
| Miscellaneous AED's | carbamazepine (Tegretol) oxcarbazepine (Trileptal) valproic acid (Depakene, Depacon IV) |
| Benzodiazepine (BZ) | MOA: GABA agonists: stimulate GABA receptors; CNS depressant; C-IV in cerebral cortex: anti-convulsant in the RAS: sedative/hynoptic in the limbic system: anxiolytic in the spinal cord: skeletal muscle relaxant advantage: wide therapeutic index ( |
| GABA | inhibitory neaurotransmitter |
| Miscellaneous AED's | *carbamazepine (Tegretol) oxcarbazepine (Trileptal) *valproic acid (Depakene, Depacon IV) divalproex sodium (Depakote) *gabapentin (Neurontin) lamotrigine (Lamictal) topiramate (Topamax) tiagabine (Gabitril) |
| Miscellaneous AED's | levetiracetam (Keppra) zonisamide (Zonegran) pregabalin (Lyrica) felbamate (Felbatol) |
| "black box" warning | A black box warning is the most serious warning that can be required by the FDA to be placed on a prescription medication, indicating that the medication carries more risks than most other prescription medications. |
| "black box" warning | A black box warning is the most serious warning that can be required by the FDA to be placed on a prescription medication, indicating that the medication carries more risks than most other prescription medications. |
| Other uses of AED's | -migraine headache prophylaxis -bipolar disorder (mania) -neuropathic pain -trigeminal neuralgia -diabetic neuropathy -intractable pain |
| Other uses of AED's | -migraine headache prophylaxis -bipolar disorder (mania) -neuropathic pain -trigeminal neuralgia -diabetic neuropathy -intractable pain |
| Migraine Headache | for acute attack: -strong vasoconstrictors: -Ergomar -DHE-45 -Migranal -Midrin(C-IV)(isometheptene/ dichloralphenazone/APAP) -Excedrin Migraine |
| Serotonin (5-HT1) agonists; for acute migraine attack | MOA: prevent vasodilation *sumatriptan (Imitrex, Sumavel) zolmitriptan (Zomig) rizatriptan (Maxalt) naratriptan (Amerge) almotriptan (Axert) frovatriptan (Frova) eletriptan (Relpax) |
| Migraine Prophylaxis | Beta blockers: * propranolol (Inderal) * nadolol (Corgard) timolol (Blocadren) ACE inhibitors: * lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril) Anti-epileptic drugs (AED’s) divalproex sodium (Depakote ER) |
| Parkinson's Disease | cause: imbalance of neurotransmitters -increase in acetylcholine -decrease in dopamine Tx options: 1. decrease acetylcholine 2. increase dopamine |
| Parkinson's Disease | -increase dopamine level: levodopa(L-dopa)/ carbidopa(Sinemet, Parcopa) |
| Parkinson's Disease | Dopamine agonists: mimic dopamine at receptors pergolide (Permax) *amantadine (Symmetrel) bromocriptine (Parlodel) pramipexole(Mirapex ropinirole (Requip) apomorphine (Apokyn) |
| Parkinson's Disease | increase dopamine levels by preventing metabolism: MOA: inhibitor selegiline (Eldepryl) tolcapone (Tasmar) entacapone (Comtan) Block ACh: anticholinergics * benztropine (Cogentin) * trihexyphenidyl (Artane) |
| Psychiatric disorders: 1. anxiety disorders 2. mood disorders 3. psychosis | Caused by imbalances in CNS neurotransmitters like serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine |
| phobia | irrational fear; limits activities |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) | repetitive; uncontrollable thoughts and actions |
| panic attack | palpitation, sweating, tremor, vertigo |
| depression | chronic sadness or feelings of hopelessness or worthlessness |
| mania | hyperactivity, agitation, excitability |
| psychosis | severe mental illness; disordered thoughts; break from reality; hallucinations/delusions ex. schizophrenia |
| Benzodiazepines (BZ); CNS depressants | anxiolytic drugs; minor tranquilizers * diazepam (Valium) * chlordiazepoxide (Librium) * lorazepam (Ativan) * alprazolam (Xanax) oxazepam (Serax) * midazolam (Versed) |
| Benzodiazepines (BZ) overdose (OD) | Benzodiazepine ANTAGONIST; MOA: blocks “benzo” receptors flumazenil (Romazicon): Injectable only |
| Non-Benzodiazepine ANXIOLYTICS | -buspirone (Buspar): anxio-selective -antihistamines that cause mild sedation * hydroxyzine (Atarax, Vistaril) * promethazine (Phenergan) |
Created by:
BriancaiQ
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