Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
PHA203
Key Terms for module 3 of PHA
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| an inflammatory response of the stomach lining to the ingestion of irritants, such as ethanol or non steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, including aspirin | acute gastritis |
| inflammation of the gallbladder, often associated with the presence of gallstones | cholecystitis |
| gallstones present in the gallbladder | cholelithiasis |
| a long-term inflammation of the stomach lining, generally with degeneration of the gastric mucosa; its causes are not well established | chronic gastritis |
| the mechanical and chemical changes food substances undergo upon entering the canal. These changes permit nutrients to be absorbed and indigestible materials to be excreted by the body. Absorbed nutrients may be used as an energy source or stored | digestion |
| a broad term encompassing both gastric and duodenal ulcers | peptic ulcer disease |
| the movement of the smooth muscle fibers surrounding the canal that (1) mixes the contents by segmental contractions and (2) moves the mass through the tract | peristalsis |
| drugs given to prevent or relieve nausea and vomitting | antiemetics |
| an area of sensory nerve cells; this area is activated by chemical stimuli and relays messages to the emetic cente. It has various receptors (serotonin, dopamine, opiate) that detect irritating drugs or toxins in the blood to stimulate or mediate emesis. | Chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) |
| area located in the medulla oblongata, whihc may be stimulated by smells, strong emotion, severe pain, increased intracranial pressure, labyrinthine drugs, GI disease radiation treatments, and chemotherapy and cause vomiting. | emetic center |
| Key drug to treat and prevent duodenal ulcers and treat gastric ulcers, gastro-esophogeal reflux, and hyper-secretory gastric states. | cimetidine (Tagamet) |
| This drug has both a central and peripheral action in preventing or relieving nausea and emesis. | metoclopramide (Reglan, Maxeran) |
| It is used for gastroparesis, gastroesophageal reflux, and parenterally for the prevention of nausea and vomiting secondary to emetogenic cancer chemotherapeutic agents, radiation, and opioid medications. | metoclopramide (Reglan, Maxeran) |
| used as an adjunct for GI radiologic examinations because it hastens the transit of barium through the upper GI tract by stimulating gastric emptying and accelerating intestinal transit. Parenteral metoclopramide facilitate intestinal intubation. | metoclopramide (Reglan, Maxeran) |
| A gastric mucosa-protecting agent indicated for the prevention of gastric ulcers associated with the use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), especially in persons at increased risk for developing complications from gastric ulcers. | misoprostol (Cytotec) |
| This affects the composition of urine by allowing compounds such as penicillin, histamine, probenecid, methotrexate, and thiazides to enter into tublular fluid from peritubular or interstitial capillaries. | Tubular Secretion |
| For almost every substance that is actively transported across the membrane, there is maximum rate at which the transport mechanism can function; above this maximum, the excess substance will not be reabsorbed and the substance will appear in the urine. | Tubular Transport Maximum |
| This involves both active and passive transport of substances into the tubular epithelial cell and into the extracellular fluid compartment. | Tubular Reabsorption |
| The plasma concentration below which none of the substance appears in the urine and above which progressively larger quantities appear. | Threshold Concentration |
| A difference in particle concentration that results in passive transport, or diffusion, through the tubular membrane. | Osmotic Gradient |
| A situation involving the concentration of tubular filtrates becoming very dilute. This is often termed "free water production." | Hypotonic |
| The product of water being passively taken up to equilibrate medullary interstitial osmolality. It is a more concentrated filtrate at the tip of the loop of Henle, the papilla. There is very low sodium and urea permeability in this segment. | Hypertonic |
| A capillary cluster that is enveloped within a thin wall, branching into uriniferous tubules. | glomerulus |
| The result of plasma flowing across a cluster of capillary blood vessels and into the urinary space of the Bowman's capsule. | Glomerular Filtration |
| An electrical charge that results in passive transport, or diffusion, through the tubular membrane. | Electromagnetic Gradient |
| Substances that take up or attach to (absorb) another substance. | absorbents |
| The difficult fecal evacuation as a result of degree of hardness and perhaps infrequent movements. Regular bowel movements may range from three per day to three per week. | constipation |
| The frequent passage of loose, watery stools; caution should be used in clients with an ostomy or any condition that might be worsened by diarrhea, such as hemorrhoids, ulcerative colitis, or diverticulitis. | diarrhea |
| The key or prototype drug used to treat chronic inflammatory bowel disease. This drug is also known as 5-aminosalicylic acid. | Mesalamine (Asacol, Pentasa, Rowasa) |
| Drugs given to induce defecation and may be classified according to their source, site of action, degree of action, or mechanism of action. | laxatives |
| The prototype drug indicated for the treatment of severe erosive esophagitis that occurs with gastroesophageal reflux, for the treatment of duodenal ulcer, and for the long-term treatment of hypersecretory gastric conditions. | omeprazole (prilosec) |
| the frist of a new class of serotonin receptor antagonsits approved by the FDA for the prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with the use of antineoplastic agents | ondansetron hydrochloride (Zofran) |
| Substances that modifies renal function to induce diuresis, or the loss of body water by urination. It increases the excretion of electrolytes, primarily sodium chloride. | diuretics |
| A term that describes substances that inhibit the reabsorption of sodium and water in the ascending loop of Henle. | loop diuretics |
| These include the parenteral agents (mannitol and urea) and the oral agents (glycerin and isosorbide). The two parental agents cause diuresis by adding to the solutes already present in th tubular fluid; | osmotic diuretics |
| The prototype loop diuretic. The loop diuretics are so called because they inhibit the reabsorption of sodium and water in the ascending loop of Henle. | furosemide |
| The most commonly used of the thiazides. Thiazide diuretics are the major diuretics active in the diluting segments of the kidney. | hydrochlorothiazide |
| The prototype potassium-sparing diuretic. The potassium-sparing diuretics are similar in action to other diuretics and are generally considered to be weak diuretics that act at the distal renal tubules. | spironololactone |
| weak diuretic, block reabsorption and promote excretion of sodium and water and concerve potassium. Best when combined with potassium wasting drugs | potassium sparing diuetics |
| substances which act primarily to reduce the volume of sequestered fluids, especially of the aqeous humor. Acetazolamide, a sulfonamide is a prototype | proximal tubule diuretics |
| all the diluting segment diuretics described collectively. diuretics that are the major diuretics active in the diluting segments of the kidneys | thiazide-type diuretics |
| a disease with an inborn error of uric acid metabolism that increases the production of inhibits the excretion of uric acid | gout |
| high levels of uric acid in the blood, it is the hallmark of gout | hyperuricemia |
| the formation of uric acid or calcium oxalate calculi in the kidneys | urate nephropathy |
| decreases production of uric acid by inhibiting xanthine oxidase. it also increases the reutilization of both hypoxanthine and xanthine for nucleic acid synthesis, thus resulting in a feedback inhibition of purine synthesis. | allopurinol |
| A prototype drug for the treatment and prophylaxis of acute gouty arthritis. It has antiinflammatory effects. decreases phagocytosis, leukocyte motility, lactic acid production, and the release of a glycoprotein produced during urate crystal phagocytosis. | colchicine |
| oliguria, rapid accumulation of nitrogenous wast in blood, rapid decline of renal function. 2-5% of hospitalized individuals and 15 of admissions | acute renal failure |
| the act of retaining excessive amounts of nitrogenous compounds (Blood Urea Nitrogen [BUN] and creatinine) in the blood | azotemic |
| a progressive disease usually caused by an irreversible kidney injury that results on the permanent loss of nephrons or renal mass | Chronic renal Failure |
| final stage of Chronic renal failure when kidneys are so severly damaged/scarred that hemodialysis or organ transplantation may be necessary for survival | end stage renal disease |
| a procedure in which impurities or wastes are removed from the blood; blood is shunted from the body through a machine for diffusion and ultrafiltration and then returned to the clients circulation | hemodialysis |
| dialysis in which the peritoneum is used as the diffusible memebrane | peritoneal dialysis |
Created by:
kspresas
Popular Pharmacology sets