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Key terms 11-22
key terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| &ch30=ZIMMERMAN NOTE | German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmermann secretly proposed a German |
| FOURTEEN POINTS | Wilson's plan for peace at the outset of war; called for an end to imperialism, secret alliances, and a league of nations |
| COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC INFORMATION | created to rally public support for WWI; headed by George Creel; gave "four minute" speeches and propaganda speeches |
| ESPIONAGE AND SEDITION ACTS | made it illegal to compromise the WWI effort and criticize the government; upheld by Schenck v. United States |
| NATIONAL WAR LABOR BOARD | headed by Taft, mediated between owners and workers in order to avoid strikes and stoppages |
| IWW | Industrial Workers of the World, or "wobblies"; sabotaged industries and the WWI effort from bitterness about their conditions |
| THE GREAT STEEL STRIKE | thousands went on strike because inflation threatened to eliminate wage gains; blacks served as scabs; riots led to deaths in Chicago and East St. Louis |
| NATIONAL WOMEN'S PARTY | led by Alice Paul; protested WWI, organized hunger strikes and marches, and protested "Kaiser Wilson" |
| FOOD ADMINISTRATION | led by Herbert C. Hoover; rejected issuing ration cards and relied on donations; proclaimed "wheatless Wednesdays" and "meatless Tuesdays" |
| DOUGHBOYS | nickname given to inexperienced American servicemen |
| JOHN J. PERSHING | led American troop intervention in the Mexican Revolution and in WWI |
| HENRY CABOT LODGE | congressional Republican who led the resistance of "irreconcilables" against the League of Nations as part of the Versailles Treaty |
| BIG FOUR | leaders in the WWI peace process: Wilson, Clemenceau (France), Lloyd George (Britain), and Orlando (Italy) |
| LEAGUE OF NATIONS | proposed alliances of nations to prevent war; doomed to fail when the U.S. never joined |
| TREATY OF VERSAILLES OF 1919 | ended WWI, severely punished and embarrassed Germany, angered Italy and Japan, and paved the way for WWII |
| &ch29=BULL MOOSE PARTY | progressive party that ran TR for president in 1912 |
| NEW FREEDOM | Wilson's campaign slogan for 1912; shunned social |
| NEW NATIONALISM | Roosevelt's 1912 campaign program; called for consolidation of trusts and unions, regulatory agencies, woman's suffrage, and social welfare |
| UNDERWOOD TARIFF | significantly dropped the tariff in 1913; gave way to income taxes for revenue |
| 16TH AMENDMENT | ratified 1913; enacted a graduated income tax (modest rates for the poor, considerably higher for the middle class) |
| FEDERAL RESERVE ACT | created a 12-branch regional U.S. Bank overseen by an advisory board; helped control the money supply |
| FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION | created to oversee industries engaged in interstate commerce and crush monopolies and unfair trade practices |
| CLAYTON ANTI TRUST ACT | lengthened the Sherman Act's list of objectionable practices, such as price discrimination and interlocking directorates |
| LOUIS BRANDEIS | first Jew to serve on the Supreme Court; appointed by Wilson in 1916 |
| MORAL DIPLOMACY | Wilson's foreign policy; sought to heal American relations abroad; operations in Philippines, Mexico, and Haiti |
| LUSITANIA AND ARABIC | Vessels sunk by German U-Boats in WWI that carried Americans; Wilson refused to enter the conflict |
| SUSSEX PLEDGE | pledge by Germany not to sink vessels without provocation; if broken, the U.S. would break diplomatic ties |
| &ch28=MUCKRACKERS | journalists who exposed the ills of society, paved the way for progressivism |
| JACOB A RIIS | early muckraker, wrote How the Other Half Lives, which described the dark and dirty slums of New York |
| LNCOLN STEFFENS | muckraker who wrote articles in McClure's titled "The Shame of the Cities" that unmasked the corrupt alliance between big business and the government |
| IDA M. TARBELL | muckraker who published a devastating but factual depiction of the Standard Oil Company |
| DIRECT PRIMARIES | allowed voters to nominate candidates, created to undercut political machines |
| INITIATIVE/REFERENDUM | progressive measures allowing voters to propose and pass legislation; intented to lessen power of party machines |
| RECALL | enables the voters to remove faithless corrupt officials |
| ROBERT LA FOLLETTE/HIRAM JOHNSON | powerful governors that launched the the progressive cause at the state level |
| TRIANGLE SHIRTWAIST CO. FIRE | New York, 1911, 146 workers died in an 8 |
| WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION | started by Frances Willard, campaigned against saloons and unwholesome society |
| SQUARE DEAL | domestic policy of Roosevelt that sought to control corporations, protect consumers, and Conserve of natural resources |
| COAL MINER'S STRIKE | Roosevelt stepped in a threatened to operate the mines with federal troops, miners received a 10% pay raise and an hour reduction |
| ELKIN'S ACT/HEPBURN ACT | legislation that strengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, allowed for corruption to be punished, led to "trustbusting" |
| NORTHERN SECURITIES DECISION | Roosevelt's first trust |
| MEAT INSPECTION ACT | stated that the preparation of meat shipped over state lines would be subject to federal inspection. |
| UPTON SINCLAIR'S THE JUNGLE | novel exposing the putrid quality of American meat processing |
| PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACT | designed to prevent the adulteration and mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals. |
| CONSERVATION | Roosevelt organized lands, created national parks, promoted irrigation; Department of Forestry led by Gifford Pinchot |
| ALDRICH VREELAND ACT | response to the Panic of 1907, national banks to issue emergency currency backed by various kinds of collateral |
| DOLLAR DIPLOMACY | Taft foreign policy that encouraged Wall Street bankers to invest in foreign areas of strategic interest to the U.S. (esp. Latin America) |
| BALLINGER/PINCHOT EPISODE | Progressives turned on Taft when he fired Pinchot; Republicans were split, Roosevelt reran |
| &ch27=GREAT REPROACHMENT | reconciliation between the United States and Britain that became a cornerstone of both nations' foreign policies |
| YELLOW JOURNALISM | sensationalized news published to sell more newspapers |
| DE LOME LETTER | letter, published by Hearst, written by a Spanish minister that degraded McKinley |
| THE USS MAINE | American ship that exploded near Cuba, used as propaganda to make the US enter the war |
| GEORGE DEWEY | US Naval commodore that captured the Philippines during the Spanish American War. |
| ROUGH RIDERS | group of volunteer soldiers in the Spanish American War, led by Teddy Roosevelt |
| BUFFALO SOLDIERS | effective black soldiers in the Spanish American War |
| BATTLE OF SAN JUAN HILL | decisive battle of the Spanish American War |
| ANTI IMPERIALISTIC LEAGUE | group of Americans, including Czar Reed and Mark Twain, that opposed American imperialism |
| FORAKER ACT OF 1900 | legislation that made Puerto Rico and American protectorate with limited self |
| TELLER AMENDMENT | agreement that the US would withdraw from Cuba once they were liberated from Spain |
| PLATT AMENDMENT | Cuban constitution drafted in 1902 with American influence; expired in 1934 |
| SANFORD DOLE | American businessman who cornered the Hawaiian pineapple and sugar market; helped oust Queen Liliuokalani |
| JOHN HAY | Secretary of State that signed treaties related to the Open door Policy and Panama Canal |
| OPEN DOOR POLICY | agreement between American and European nations that trade in China would be a fair market |
| BOXER REBELLION | revolt of Chinese citizens against western business and Christian missionaries |
| CLAYTON BULWER TREATY | made with Britain in 1850, the U.S. could not gain exclusive control of a proposed Panama Canal |
| HAY BUNAU VARILLA TREATY | gave the U.S. control of a 10-mile zone around the proposed Panama Canal; paid $10 million to Colombia and $40 million to New Panama Canal Company |
| ROOSEVELT COROLLARY | amendment to the Monroe Doctrine; in the event of monetary problems in Latin American with European countries, the U.S. could pay off the Latin American counties' debts to keep them out |
| GENTLEMAN'S AGREEMENT | negotiated by TR, the Japanese agreed to stop the flow of immigrants ("yellow peril") to the United States by denying passports |
| ROOT TAKAHIRA AGREEMENT | to ease tensions with Japan, TR sent the “Great White Fleet” on a tour; the U.S. and Japan pledged to respect each other's territorial possessions |
| &ch26=BATTLE OF LITTLE BIGHORN | a US regiment, led by George Custer, was defeated by Sitting Bull and the Sioux Indians; led to harsh US response on western Indians |
| BATTLE OF WOUNDED KNEE | US Armies squashed Dakota Indians refusing to end their "Ghost Dance" |
| HELEN HUNT JACKSON | wrote about government ruthlessness in dealing with the Indians, changed opinions about the treatment of Indians |
| DAWES ACT OF 1887 | dissolved many tribes as legal entities, wiped out tribal ownership of land, Indians could get citizenship if they assimilated. |
| FIFTYNINERS | or "Pike's Peakers", those who flocked to mine gold and silver in Colorado and Nevada ("Comstock Load") |
| THE LONG DRIVE | Texas cowboys (white, black, and Mexican) driving herds of cattle hundreds of miles to Missouri rail terminals for sale |
| HOMESTEAD ACT OF 1862 | allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land if they lived on it for five years and improved it |
| DRY FARMING | method of frequent shallow cultivation that adapted to the dry western environment; over time it depleted and dried the soil |
| OKLAHOMA "SOONERS" | people who illegally entered the Indian territory of Oklahoma before it was opened to the public |
| THE GRANGE | organized in 1867, objective was to enhance the lives of isolated farmers through social, educational, and fraternal activities. |
| POPULISTS | called for nationalizing the railroads, telephones, and telegraph; income tax, loans for farmers, and free and unlimited coinage of silver. |
| PULLAMN STRIKE OF 1894 | led by Eugene Debs in Chicago, 1894; Cleveland brought in federal troops to squash the strike, shows government supported business in this era |
| WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN | Democratic nominee in 1896, gave "Cross of Gold" speech that supported Populist and free silver platform |
| WILLIAM MCKINLEY | Republican nominee in 1896, a Senator that was pro-tariff and the gold standard |
| GOLD STANDARD ACT OF 1900 | provided that paper currency be redeemed freely in gold only; caused the Populists to fade away |
| &ch25=1880s IMMIGRATION | Italians, Jews, and Eastern Europeans migrate to the US in the 1880s (2000 a day); slums developed |
| SOCIAL GOSPEL | new trend in Christianity that deemphasized salvation and encouraged helping the poor (Walter Rauschenbusch and Washington Gladden) |
| JANE ADDAMS | established Hull House, helped immigrants get acclimated in American society (Lillian Wald and Florence Kelly Established Henry Street Settlement) |
| NATIVISM | anti-foreign sentiment among Americans of English decent |
| AMERICANIZATION MOVEMENT | process by which immigrants gave up all or some of their culture to adopt American culture |
| D.L. MOODY | Protestant evangelist, led an urban Christian revival in Chicago in response to Catholicism, Judaism, and liberal theology |
| MARY BAKER EDDY | founded Church of Christian Science, preached that the true practice of Christianity heals sickness. |
| CHARLES DARWIN | evolution pioneer, conservatives rejected modernism, moderates attempted to merge science and religion, modernists ignored the Bible. |
| BOOKER T WASHINGTON | leading champion of black education, advocated "self-help" and avoided the issue of equality |
| WASHINGTON CARVER | African American who taught and researched at Tuskegee Institute, became an internationally famous agricultural chemist |
| W.E.B. DU BOIS | founded the NAACP, urged blacks to aggressively seek equality |
| MORRILL ACT OF 1862/HATCH ACT OF 1888 | provided a grant of public lands to states to build universities |
| DIME NOVELS | sensationalized accounts of the old west, most notable was Harlan F. Halsey |
| REALISM | literary movement, crude human comedy and drama of the everyday world, notables were Mark Twain, Stephen Crane, Kate Chopin (first feminist writer) and Jack London |
| WOODHULL AND CLAFLIN | feminists who published a magazine advocating free love, anti |
| CARRIE C. CATT | leader of the new generation of the women's suffrage movement, led NAWSA when women were granted suffrage |
| EARLY PROHIBITION | The National Prohibition Party was formed in 1869, Woman's Christian Temperance Union was formed in 1874, Anti |
| LOUIS SULLIVAN | architect who developed the skyscraper |
| VAUDEVILLE/BARNUM AND BAILEY | first major circuses to entertain the middle class |
| WILD WEST SHOWS | depicted cowboys and Indians fighting, featured William "Buffalo Bill" Cody and Annie Oakley (riflewoman) |
| &ch24=UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD | railroad from Omaha to San Francisco, Chinese and Irish labor, expanded Asian trade, finished in 1869 in Utah |
| CORNELIUS VANDERBILT | major railroad tycoon |
| STOCK WATERING/REBATES/POOLS | shady schemes by the railroads to maximize profits |
| INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION | established by the Interstate Commerce Act, prohibited rebates and pools, attempt to control business |
| ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL | invented the telephone |
| THOMAS EDISON | invented the phonograph, light bulb, and moving pictures (film) |
| ANDREW CARNEGIE | major steel tycoon, controlled all aspects of production |
| JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER | major oil tycoon, first to establish trusts (monopolies) to eliminate competition |
| J.P. MORGAN | wealth banker that financed other robber barons |
| GUSTAVUS SWIFT | Chicago meat-packing tycoon, developed first refridgerator car, first to use animal by-products for glue, soap, and other products |
| BESSEMER PROCESS | process that converts iron to steel |
| GOSPEL OF WEALTH | Carnegie and others' belief that the wealthy received their money from God to do good for society |
| SOCIAL DARWINISM | belief that only the strongest businesses and people in society can survive. |
| SHERMAN ANTI TRUST ACT | passed by Congress to regulate and/or eliminate any trust restricting trade |
| NATIONAL LABOR UNION | organized in 1866, lasted six years and attracted 600,000 members, included skilled and unskilled labor, but usually not foreigners or women |
| KNIGHTS OF LABOR | led by Terence Powderly, sought to include all workers in one big union, 750,000 by 1885 |
| AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR (AFL) | founded in 1886 and was led by Samuel Gompers, sought for better wages, hours, and working conditions through walkout and the boycott |
| HOMESTEAD STRIKE | major lockout and strike in 1892 at Carnegie’s Pittsburg steel plant; Pinkertons and the state militia put it down |
| HAYMARKET SQUARE | violent strike in Chicago, 1886; a bomb killed eight police, four were executed; symbolic beginning of the labor revolution |
| &ch23="BLOODY SHIRT" | campaign slogan of Ulysses S Grant in the 1868 election (he won due to black votes) |
| FISK AND GOULD PLOT | massive scheme in 1869 by cornering the gold market and selling when prices dropped. |
| BOSS TWEED | leader of the Democratic political machine in New York, aka "Tammany Hall" |
| CREDIT MOBILIER | corruption scandal by railroad workers to make huge stock profits |
| THE WHISKEY RING | a bootleg whiskey scheme the cost the government millions in tax revenue |
| LIBERAL REPUBLICANS | party in response to disgust of the political corruption in Washington and of military Reconstruction |
| PANIC OF 1873 | caused by overspeculation in land and hyperinflation; led to call for the coinage of silver |
| "GILDED AGE" | term coined by Mark Twain, gilded = "gold |
| STALWARTS | rivals of the Half Breeds |
| HALF BREEDS | rivals of the stalwarts, Republican political machine led by James Blaine; based on the spoils system |
| SPOILS SYSTEM/PATRONAGE | practice by politicians of giving economic or political supporters civil servant jobs |
| COMPROMISE OF 1877 | deal that allowed Hayes to become president in exchange for the end of reconstruction in the south. |
| JIM CROW LAWS | laws in southern states that initiated segregation (or, "separate but equal" public works) |
| PLESSY V. FERGUSON (1896) | case where the Court ruled segregation to be constitutional |
| CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT | banned Chinese immigration into America |
| GARFILED/GUITEAU/ARTHUR | Guiteau assassinated Garfield so Arthur would become president and give him a civil service job |
| PENDLETON ACT OF 1883 | law signed by Arthur that ended the spoils system and launched a merit |
| MUGWUMPS | Republicans (hating the nominee Blaine) who bolted to the Democratic party during the 1884 election. |
| GROVER CLEVELAND | only president to serve two nonconsecutive terms; first Democratic president in 28 years; lowered tariffs, badly handled the Panic of 1893 |
| PANIC OF 1893 | worst economic panic of the 1800s, caused by overbuilding and over |
| SHERMAN SILVER PURCHASE ACT OF 1890 | signed by Harrison, to increase the amount of silver in circulation |
| BILLION DOLLAR CONGRESS | highspending Republican congress of the 1880s; raised tariffs, gave to veterans, increased government purchases on silver |
| &ch41=ROSS PEROT | Independent candidate in 1992; divided Republican vote, paved way for rise of Clinton |
| OKLAHOMA CITY BOMBING | terrorist bombing of a federal building in 1995 |
| BRANCH DAVIDIANS | cult in Waco, Texas during the 90s; Attorney General Reno sent in troops; members killed themselves |
| COLUMBINE MASSACRE | two student gunmen assaulted students and teachers in a Colorado school in 1998; 13 were killed |
| NEWT GINGRICH | Republican Speaker of the House in the 90s; countered Clinton's agenda with his conservative "Contract with America" |
| NAFTA | North American Free Trade Agreement; lowered all tariffs between the U.S., Mexico, and Canada |
| GATT | General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; lower tariffs around the world in the 90s; beginning of global economy |
| THE LEWINSKY SCANDAL | Clinton lied under oath about having an affair with inter Monica Lewinsky; he was impeached for perjury, but not convicted |
| ELECTION OF 2000 | Republican George W. Bush and Democrat Al Gore; unsettled for weeks, rested on recounts in Florida, Supreme Court gave election to Bush |
| &ch40=NEW RIGHT/MORAL MAJORITY | conservative voters targeted by Republicans in the 1980s; largely evangelical Christian |
| BOLLWEEVILS | renegade congressional democrats that pushed the Reagan tax cuts into law |
| REAGANOMICS | based on "Supplyside" economics, called for massive tax cuts to stimulate economy, reduced social programs, and increased military spending |
| SDI | Strategic Defense Initiative; proposed antimissile defense shield, aka, "Star Wars" |
| REAGANGORBACHEV SUMMITS | series of meetings in the 80s to cool tensions in the Cold War; agreed to INF Treaty, which banned nukes in Europe |
| IRANCONTRA AFFAIR | The U.S. sold weapons to Iran; Iran helped regain American hostages from Lebanon; Money went to the Contras in Nicaragua |
| SAVINGS AND LOAN CRISIS | hundreds of mortgage banks failed in the 80s; real estate values dropped and the stock market suffered |
| THE GULF WAR | Americanled campaign to repel Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein out of oilrich Kuwait; "Operation Desert Storm" was a major success |
| AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT | prohibiting discrimination against citizens with physical or mental disabilities |
| &ch39=STAGFLATION | 1970s, postwar boom was ending, very high inflation with low economic production |
| VIETNAMIZATION | Nixon's plan to leave Vietnam in 1969; "peace with honor" |
| NIXON DOCTRINE | proclaimed that the United States would honor its existing defense commitments after Vietnam |
| SILENT MAJORITY | despite the volume of liberal activism; Nixon reached out to nonvocal conservative majority in America |
| KENT STATE PROTEST | when the US entered Cambodia, student protests erupted; at Kent State (OH), National Guardsmen killed four students |
| PENTAGON PAPERS | published in the NY Times in 1971, outlined the war blunders of the Kennedy and Johnson administrations |
| HENRY KISSINGER | Nixon's foreign policy advisor; planned end to Vietnam and Nixon's trip to China |
| SHANGHAI COMMUNIQUE | meeting between Nixon and the Chinese government in Beijing; led to USSR coming to the peace table |
| DETANTE | Cold War policy in the 1970s with the goal of easing tensions between the US, USSR, and China |
| AMB/SALT TREATIES | agreements between the US and USSR to reduce nuclear weapons |
| THE WARREN COURT | liberal Supreme Court of the 1960s and 70s that expanded civil liberties |
| THE BURGER COURT | liberal Supreme Court of the 1970s and 80s, largely appointed by Nixon, passed Roe v. Wade |
| AFFIRMATIVE ACTION | policy of setting aside employment and education slots based on race; later limited by Bakke v. UC |
| ENVIRONMENTALISM | launched in the 1970s by Nixon to clean air and water; created the Environmental Protection Agency |
| SOUTHERN STRATEGY | Nixon's reelection plan in 1972 to appoint conservative justices and limit civil rights appealing to southern states |
| WAR POWERS ACT | passed by Congress over Nixon's veto; requires the president to notify the Congress of military operations |
| ARAB OIL EMBARGO | implemented by OPEC after the US supported Israel in the Six Day War; beginning of the energy crisis |
| CREEP | Committee to Reelect the President; broke into Democratic headquarters, began the Watergate scandal |
| WATERGATE SCANDAL | hearings over Nixon's involvement in CREEP's actions; tapes proved his guilt, he was forced to resign; later pardoned by Ford |
| HELSINKI ACCORDS | 1975; recognized Soviet boundaries and helped to ease tensions between the two nations |
| EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT | failed constitutional amendment during the feminist movement that would have banned discrimination based on sex |
| CAMP DAVID ACCORDS | Carter mediated a peace between Egypt and Israel; top foreign policy achievement |
| IRAN HOSTAGE CRISIS | November 4, 1979; antiAmerican Muslims stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehran and took hostages, lasted two years |
| &ch38=NEW FRONTIER | Kennedy's policy slogan; aimed to boost the economy, to provide international aid, provide for national defense, and to boost the space program |
| TRADE EXPASION ACT OF 1962 | authorized tariff cuts of up to 50% to promote trade with other countries |
| FLEXIBLE RESPONSE | skirmishes made "massive retaliation" unrealistic; this called for an array of military options that could be matched to the crisis at hand |
| MODERNIZATION POLICY | stated that western involvement in the Third World was a chance to create western style economies in those places |
| BAY OF PIGS INVASION | April 1961; CIAsponsored plot to overthrow Castro; was a massive failure that furthered tension with Cuba |
| CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS | October 1962; standoff between US and USSR when nuclear weapons were discovered in Cuba; a deal was reached |
| FREEDOM RIDERS | Civil Rights activists spread out across the South to end segregation in facilities serving interstate bus passengers |
| MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR | Civil Rights leader, led peaceful boycotts, marches, and made major speeches; formed the SCLC; assassinated in 1969 |
| BIRMINGHAM MARCH | peaceful civil rights marchers were repelled by police with attack dogs and highpressure water hoses; King imprisoned, led Kennedy to pursue civil rights laws |
| MARCH ON WASHINGTON | August 1963; King led 200,000 black and white demonstrators to Washington; made "I Have a Dream" speech |
| SELMA MARCH | 1965; voter registration campaign led by King; two people were killed |
| LEE HARVEY OSWALD | alleged assassin of JFK in Dallas, Nov 1963 |
| THE GREAT SOCIETY | series of domestic programs by LBJ; included civil rights, voting rights, welfare and poverty, immigration, and education |
| CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 | strengthened the government's ability to desegregate, banned hiring based on race, helped women |
| GULF TONKIN RESOLUTION | Congress virtually gave up their wardeclaring powers and handed the president a blank check for Vietnam |
| MEDICARE/MEDICAID/WELFARE | Great Society programs that provide health care for the elderly, the poor, and assistance to the poor and unemployed |
| FREEDOM SUMMER | movement of northern college students to enter the south and register blacks to vote; three were killed |
| VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965 | banned literacy tests and sent federal voter registers into several southern states |
| WATTS RIOTS | a riot in Los Angeles in 1965; blacks were enraged by police brutality and burned and looted their own neighborhoods for a week |
| MALCOLM X | civil rights leader; advocated militant reform through the Nation of Islam; was shot and killed by the NOI when he got too powerful |
| BLACK PANTHERS | was originated by Stokley Carmichael; furthered militant civil rights by openly carrying weapons in the streets of Oakland |
| OPERATION ROLLING THUNDER | regular fullscale bombing attacks by the US against North Vietnam in a "step by step" fashion. |
| CREDIBILITY GAP | William Fulbright staged a series of televised hearings where he convinced the public that it was being lied to by the government over Vietnam |
| COINTELPRO | Johnson encouraged the FBI to turn its counterintelligence program against the peace movement. |
| TET OFFENSIVE | January 1968, the Viet Cong attacked 27 key South Vietnamese cities, including Saigon; Americans watched on TV, demanded end to the war |
| 1968 DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION | LBJ did not seek another term; competition for the nomination was fierce; RFK was murdered, Humphrey won at the convention which was engulfed with protesters |
| COUNTERCULTURE | or "hippies" that advocated free love and drug use; opposed the war in Vietnam ("doves") |
| MATTACHINE | founded in 1951, was the first major gay/lesbian activist group in America |
| THE WEATHER UNDERGROUND | aka Students for a Democratic Society, an underground terrorist group that bombed government and military sites |
| &ch37=ELVIS PRESLEY | created rock and roll by fusing RandB and country; beginning of a youth counterculture in America |
| McCARTHYISM | led by Sen. Joe McCarthy, accused American politicians and military personnel as being communist; taken down by journalist Edward Murrow; inspiration for The Crucible |
| ROSA PARKS | NAACP member who launched the civil rights movement; refused to give up her bus seat to a white (required by Montgomery, Ala law) |
| BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION | argued by Thurgood Marshall of the NAACP, decision overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and led to the end of segregation |
| LITTLE ROCK NINE | nine black students in Arkansas who were prevented from entering a school; Eisenhower mobilized the National Guard to admit them |
| CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957 | set up a permanent Civil Rights Commission to investigate violations of civil rights |
| SCLC | Southern Christian Leadership Conference, led by Martin Luther King, aimed to mobilize the vast power of the black churches on behalf of black rights |
| SITINS | black youths in North Carolina sat at white lunch counters and demanded to be served |
| SNCC | Student NonViolent Coordinating Committee; civil rights group made up of black students |
| OPERATION WETBACK | attempt by Eisenhower to round up Mexican illegals exploiting the Braceros program |
| INTERSTATE HIGHWAY ACT | appropriated money to create job by building highways that linked the country; helped the shipping and auto industries, injured railroads and downtowns |
| STRATEGIC AIR COMMAND | to reduce military spending, Eisenhower cut army and navy funds in exchange for high tech bombers; goals was to threaten the USSR with "massive retaliation" |
| EISENHOWER DOCTRINE | Eisenhower vowed to come to the aid of any Middle Eastern nation threatened by communism to protect American oil; OPEC later formed |
| LANDRUMGRIFFIN ACT | in response to the Jimmy Hoffa affair; designed to punish labor leaders financial shenanigans and to prevent bullying tactics |
| SPACE RACE | in response to Sputnik, the US improved its space program with NASA, it launched satellites, and created the NDEA |
| POSTWAR WRITERS | mockingly antiwar and antitotalitarian, continuation of interwar idealism; notables included Joseph Heller, J.D. Salinger, Kurt Vonnegut, and John Updike |
| &ch36=TAFTHARTLEY ACT | outlawed the "closed" (allunion) shop; made unions liable for disputes; required union leaders to take a noncommunist oath. |
| EMPLOYMENT ACT OF 1946 | to promote maximum employment, production, and purchasing power after WWII |
| GI BILL | made generous provisions for sending the former solders to school; also gave loans to GIs for homes and small businesses |
| SUNBELT | after WWII, populations began moving to the Southeast, Southwest, and California; Rustbelt and Frostbelts struggled |
| BABYBOOMERS | massive population explosion after WWII, lived in suburbs; would love Elvis, would be the hippies of the 60s and yuppies of the 80s |
| YALTA CONFERENCE | meeting between Truman, Churchill, and Stalin to discuss postwar issues; seen as the beginning of the Cold War |
| COLD WAR | coined by Walter Lippmann, refers to multidecade tension between the US and USSR, no shots were fired between the two |
| UNITED NATIONS | postWWII assembly of nations to improve diplomacy and prevent war |
| NUREMBURG TRIALS | trials of Nazi war criminals by Allies; prosecuted by American Chief Justice Robert Jackson |
| BERLIN AIRLIFT | after the USSR closed access to Berlin, the US dropped supplies to Allies trapped in the city |
| NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization; military alliance among the US, western European nations, and later Turkey |
| TRUMAN DOCTRINE | US containment policy to give military aid to any nation threatened by a Communist take over |
| MARSHALL PLAN | US containment policy to give economic aid for nations to rebuild after the war; encourage them to resist Communism |
| NATIONAL SECURITY ACT | created the Department of Defense, Joint Chiefs of Staff, the National Security council, and Central Intelligence Agency |
| LOYALTY BOARD | launched by Truman to investigate the possibility of communist spies in the government, 3,000 were ousted; many had to take loyalty oaths |
| HUAC | Committee on UnAmerican Activities, established by the House to investigate Communists, antireligion, homosexuality, rock n’ roll, civil rights; Alger Hiss, Rosenbergs were targeted |
| POINT FOUR | Truman's foreign policy that lent U.S. money and technical aid to underdeveloped lands to help them help themselves from Communism |
| FAIR DEAL | Truman's domestic policy called for improved housing, better employment and pay, farmer supports, and an extension of Social Security |
| KOREAN WAR | the US defended South Korea from an invasion by the Communist North; stalemated until an armistice in 1953 |
| &ch35=ABC1 AGREEMENT | Allied decision after Pearl Harbor to defeat Germany first, then Japan |
| JAPANESE INTERNMENT | FDR executive order placed west coast Japanese in internment camps; upheld by Korematsu v. United States |
| WAR PRODUCTION BOARD | organized America's industries to only make items essential to the WWII effort |
| OFICE OF PRICE ADMINISTRATION | controlled inflationary prices during WWII |
| WAR LABOR BOARD / SMITHCONNALLY ANTISTRIKE ACT | measures taken during WWII to limit wage increases and strikes; the government also took coal mines and railroads |
| BRACEROEOS | programs during WWII that allowed Mexican immigrants to work in agriculture |
| FAIR EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES COMMISSION | After pressure from Black leader A. PHILIP RANDOLPH, FDR outlawed hiring discrimination in the defense industries (but not the military) |
| TUSKEEGEE AIRMEN | heroic allAfrican American air squadron |
| NAVEJO CODE TALKERS | the Us used the Navajo language to communicate over the radio |
| DOUGLAS MACARTHUR | American General in the South Pacific; lost and recovered the Philippines |
| CHESTER NIMITZ | American General in the Central Pacific; coordinated Battle of Midway and Island Hopping campaigns |
| ISLAND HOPPING | called for bypassing key Japanese islands and attacking supply islands instead; The major bases would then wither from lack of supplies |
| DWIGHT EISENHOWER | American general in charge of Allied campaigns in Tunisia and the Normandy invasion |
| GEORGE S PATTON | American General who played a major role in the liberation of France |
| A.C. McAULIFFE | American General who led Allies to victory in the Battle of the Bulge |
| MANATTAN PROJECT | secret mission in New Mexico to develop an atomic bomb, led by Robert Oppenheimer; bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki |
| &ch34=STIMSON DOCTRINE | response to Japanese invasion of Manchuria; held United States would not recognize any territorial acquisitions achieved by force |
| LONDON CONFERENCE | 1933, meeting of 66 nations to address the global depression; fell apart when US vacated |
| TYDINGSMcDUFFIE ACT | gave independence to the Philippines in 1946 |
| RECIPROCAL TRADE AGREEMENTS | empowered the president to lower tariffs, aimed at increasing global trade |
| JOHNSON DEBTDEFAULT ACT | banned US trade with debtdodging nations |
| NEUTRALITY ACTS OF 193537 | stated that no American could legally sail on a belligerent ship, trade with a belligerent, or make loans to a belligerent. |
| QUARENTINE SPEECH | after the Japanese invaded China, FRD called for embargoes on Japan; avoided violating Neutrality |
| NEUTRALITY ACT OF 1939 | when WWII began, it lifted embargoes on Allies; adopted a "cash and carry" policy for munitions sales |
| HAVANA CONFERENCE | FDR vowed to allow Latin American nations to assist in upholding the Monroe Doctrine |
| CDAAA AND AMERICA FIRST COMMITTEE | Committee to Defend and Assist the Allies supported cash and carry; AFC opposed any involvement in WWII |
| LENDLEASE | passed after the fall of Britain, allowed the US to loan munitions to Allies in WWII; kept US boys at home |
| ATLANTIC CHARTER | Roosevelt's and Churchill's vision for the world after WWII; would lead to liberation of colonies and form the United Nations |
| ROBIN MOOR / GREER / KEARNEY / REUBEN JAMES | American vessels sunk by UBoats while making Lend Lease deliveries |
| FOUR FREEDOMS SPEECH | FDR's State of the Union address in 1941; called for freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, freedom from fear; basis for modern liberalism |
| &ch33=THE GREAT DEPRESSION | worst economic downturn in US history; many bank failures, massive unemployment and poverty; low output (except farming, who had too much) |
| FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT | wealthy NY governor elected in 1932; wife was Eleanor; fought the Depression and later WWII |
| BANKING HOLIDAY | March 610 1932, closed banks in order to prevent withdraws ("runs on banks"), and in turn failures |
| THE NEW DEAL | Roosevelt's plan to stimulate the economy during the Depression; called "relief, recovery, and reform"; helped banks, farmers, and put people to work |
| FIRESIDE CHATS | Roosevelt's weekly radio addresses to inform the public on government actions |
| NEW DEAL OPPONENTS | Father Charles Coughlin, a Catholic radio host; Senator Huey P. Long of Louisiana, publicized his "Share Our Wealth" program, was later killed; Francis E. Townsend, who fought for payments to the elderly |
| FRANCES PERKINS | Secretary of the Labor under FDR; first female appointed to the cabinet |
| THE DUST BOWL | late in 1933 a prolonged drought struck the Great Plains; caused by overcultivation; described in The Grapes of Wrath |
| SOCIAL SECURITY | FDR's plan to end senior citizen poverty; workers contribute to aid of retirees |
| CIO | Congress of Industrial Organizations; formed by John Lewis as union for unskilled labor; later merged with the AFL (became AFLCIO) |
| NINE OLD MEN | refers to the Supreme Court justices during FDR's presidency who repeatedly struck down New Deal programs |
| COURT PACKING PLAN | FDR asked Congress to expand the Supreme court to 15 justices, which he would fill them with proNew Dealers; public backlash was fierce, and FDR lost popularity. |
| KEYNESIAN ECONOMICS | theory that the government must spend money to stimulate the economy during recessions |
| &ch32=WARREN G. HARDING | elected in 1920; first of the Republican "Old Guard" to be president after the progressive era |
| WASHINGTON NAVAL CONFERENCE | global summit of major powers with the objective of disarmament |
| FIVE POWER NAVAL TREATY | called for scaleddown navies of the United States, Great Britain, Japan, France, and Italy to a 5:5:3:1:1 ratio |
| FOUR POWER TREATY | made between Britain, Japan, France and the United States to preserve the status quo in the Pacific |
| NINE POWER TREATY | affirmed the sovereignty and territorial integrity of China as per the Open Door Policy, and made it international law |
| KELLOGGBRIAND PACT | aka the Pact of Paris, was ratified by 62 nations and called for a "outlawing of war" |
| FORDNEYMcCUMBER TARIFF | to prevent Europe from flooding American markets with cheap goods after the war, Congress raised the tariff from 27% to 35% |
| THE "OHIO GANG" | members of Harding's cabinet; were often corrupt, and probusiness conservatives |
| TEAPOT DOME SCANDAL | scandal involving Interior Secretary Albert Fall who received kickbacks from oil companies in exchanges for government land permits |
| CALVIN COOLDIGE | VP under Harding, later elected to his own term; "silentCal", probusiness and antilabor |
| DAWES PLAN OF 1924 | plan that called for German reparations to allies, who in turn could pay debts to American banks; stalled after the crash |
| HERBERT HOOVER | ran Food Administration during WWI, Commerce Secretary under Harding and Coolidge, elected president in 1928; was blamed for the Great Depression |
| AGRICULTURAL MARKETING ACT | signed by Hoover to give money to farm organizations seeking to buy, sell, and store agricultural surpluses; fought "plague of plenty" |
| HAWLEYSMOOT TARIFF | raised tariff to 60% to help farmers; hurt European producers and interrupted Dawes Plan, deepened Depression |
| BLACK TUESDAY | October 29, 1929; millions of stocks were sold in a panic; regarded as the beginning of the Depression |
| HOOVERTOWNS | communities of shacks during the Depression |
| RECONSTRUCTION FINANCE CORPORATION | Hoover's plan to stimulate the economy; attempted to "prime the pump" by assisting insurance companies, banks, farmers, and state and local governments |
| BONUS EXPEDITIONARY FORCE | claimed about 20,000 people, converged on the capital in 1932 demanding the immediate payment of their entire bonus |
| GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY | Hoover's pledge for better relations with Latin America; withdrew American troops from Latin America |
| &ch31=FIRST RED SCARE | early 1920s, Americans were fearful of a communist take over, many bombings; also fearful of all immigrants, like Sacco and Vanzetti; KKK resurfaced, Palmer Raids sought suspects |
| EMERGENCY QUOTA ACT/IMMIGRATION ACT | laws passed in the 1920s to limit the amound of immigrants to the US |
| 18TH AMENDMENT/VOLSTEAD ACT | legislation that launched the prohibition of the sale, transport, and consumption of alcohol; led to speakeasies and the mafia |
| BILLY SUNDAY/AMIEE McPHERSON | notable Christian evangelists of the 1920s, made church services a form of entertainment; advocated prohibition and fought evolution |
| AL CAPONE | notable gangster in 1920s Chicago; represented organized crime that controlled illegal alcohol, prostitution, and kidnapping |
| SCOPES (MONKEY) TRIAL | showdown between evolution and fundamental Christianity; centered on teacher who taught evolution in Tennessee |
| HENRY FORD | father of the gasoline engine; launched automobile industry, produced the singlestyle Model T |
| GENERAL MOTORS | launched by William Durant in 1908, in competition with Ford, gave consumers options (Chevy, Pontiac, Olds, etc) and financing (GMAC) |
| WRIGHT BROTHERS/CHARLES LINDBERG | early pioneers of the airplane |
| AMOS N ANDY | first major radio program of the 1920s |
| D.W. GRIFFITH | first major filmmaker of the 1920s; first full length film was Birth of a Nation |
| FLAPPERS | progressive women of the 1920s who partied, smoked, danced, and dressed sexier |
| HARLEM RENAISSANCE | major AfricanAmerican artistic and political movement; led by Langston Hughes, Duke Ellington, Marcus Garvey, and others |
| THE EXPATRIATES | literary era in the interwar period, emphasized dissolution and youth; notables were Henry Mencken, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Ernest Hemingway |
| FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT | notable architect of the 1920s and 30s |
| ANDREW MELLON | Treasury Secretary during the 1920s; often credited with the boom, and sometimes blamed for the bust |
| &ch22=FREEDMAN'S BUREAU | federal program to assimilate and provide supplies to freed slaves after emancipation |
| LINCOLN'S PLAN | states could be readmitted after 10% of population took loyalty oaths, and when state constitutions outlawed slavery |
| JOHNSON'S PLAN | Lincoln's plan, plus ratification of 13th Amendment (which outlawed slavery) |
| CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION | Congress passed the Reconstruction Act, which divided the south into military districts; states must ratify the 14th Amendment (equal protection of the law) |
| BLACK CODES | limited rights for blacks in the South during reconstruction; placed them in sharecropping (plantation owners would rent out land to blacks, by contract, at lousy rates) |
| 15TH AMENDMENT | granted black men the right to vote, Congress feared that southern states would reverse their constitutions regarding black suffrage after readmission |
| CIVIL RIGHTS BILL OF 1866 | gave citizenship to all blacks; was a response to the black codes |
| THADEAUS STEVENS | radical House Republican that fought for black freedom and racial equality (Sumner did the same in the Senate) |
| SCALAWAGS | former southern Democrats who formed alliances with freedmen and Republicans to seize control of politics in the South |
| CARPETBAGGERS | Northerners who had moved to the South to seek political power and profit |
| "REDEEMERS" | when Reconstruction ended, traditional white Democrats returned to government |
| KU KLUX KLAN | antiblack and antiimmigrant terrorist group; "Invisible Empire of the South" |
| TENURE IN OFFICE ACT | required the president to get consent from the Senate before removing cabinet members; was a trick to impeach Johnson |
| "SEWARD'S FOLLY" | refers to State Secretary Seward's purchase of Alaska for 7.2 million in 1867 |
| &ch21=BATTLE OF FIRST BULL RUN | first major battle of the Civil War; won by the Confederacy |
| GEORGE MCCLELLAN | major Union general early in the war; led the Army of the Potomac |
| PENINSULA CAMPAIGN | Union campaign led by McClellan to capture Richmond; was a disaster after defeat at the Seven Days' Battle |
| UNION BLOCKADE | Union ships blocked cotton exports to Europe and food imports to the South |
| BATTLE OF MERRIMACK AND MONITOR | only major naval battle; the two ships fought four hours to a standstill |
| BATTLE OF SECOND BULL RUN | August 1862; Lee defeated Pope; forced Union to get a victory |
| BATTLE OF ANTIETAM | bloody battle in Sep 1862; Union victory prevented British intervention and opened door to Emancipation |
| EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION | freed slaves in the Confederacy (not in Union or border states) |
| BATTLE OF GETTYBURG AND BATTLE OF VICKSBURG | two Union victories on July 4, 1863; turning point of the war; first major victory for Grant |
| WILLIAM T. SHERMAN | Union general who invaded and scorched the South from Atlanta to Charleston |
| WAR/PEACE DEMOCRATS | those loyal to Lincoln and Union / those opposed to the war |
| COPPERHEADS | radicals who attempted to sabotage Lincoln, the war, and emancipation |
| UNION PARTY | party created by Republicans and War Democrats; Lincoln and Johnson win in election of 1864 |
| WILDERNESS CAMPAIGN | Grant was transferred to the east with the goal of ending the war with an assault on Richmond |
| BATTLE OF RICHMOND | Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865 |
| JOHN WILKES BOOTH | assassinated Lincoln at Ford's Theatre on April 14, 1865 |
| &ch20=CONFEDERACY | nation formed from the rebel states during the Civil War |
| FORT SUMPTER | federal fort in South Carolina, attack by Confederacy; first shots of the Civil War |
| BORDER STATES | slave states that did not break from the Union (Maryland, Missouri, Kentucky, Delaware, West Virginia) |
| ROBERT E LEE | major general of the Confederate Army (led unit called Army of Northern Virginia) |
| STONEWALL JACKSON | number two Confederate general |
| ULYSES S. GRANT | major general of the Union army in the second half of the Civil War |
| TRENT AFFAIR | a union vessel, the Trent, intercepted a British ship evacuating confederate soldiers; almost led to conflict |
| ALABAMA RAIDER | one of many Britishmade vessels given to the Confederacy; captured 60 Union vessels |
| ENROLLMENT ACT (1863) | law implementing a Union draft; one pay $300 for exemption; led to riots in New York |
| MORRILL TARIFF | once the South left the Union, Republicans raised the tariff to protect northern industries |
| NATIONAL BANKING SYSTEM | launched to stimulate the sale of government bonds and establish a standard banknote currency ("greenbacks") |
| FIFTYNINERS | prospectors who flocked to Pennsylvania to get rich on newlydiscovered petroleum |
| &ch19=UNCLE TOM'S CABIN | written by Harriet B. Stowe in 1850, aroused emotional opposition to slavery |
| BORDER RUFFIANS | proslaveryites from Missouri who fraudulently voting in th Kansas popular sovereignty election |
| JOHN BROWN | abolitionist, killed five at Pottawatomie Creek; seized the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry in western Virginia; was hanged and became a martyr |
| LECOMPTON CONSTITUTION | voters were allowed to vote on one line in the Kansas constitution for or against slavery (it would be slave either way) |
| JAMES BUCHANAN | Democratic president on the eve of the Civil War |
| SUMNERBROOKS EPISODE | In 1856, abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner was cained and nearly killed by proslave Senator Preston Brooks |
| AMERICAN (KNOWNOTHING) PARTY | formed by Protestants who were alarmed by the increase of immigrants from Ireland and Germany |
| DREAD SCOT DECISION | deemed the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, declared slaves to be "property" that could not be removed without due process (fifth Amendment). |
| PANIC OF 1857 | broke out in 1857 due to California gold inflating the currency and overspeculation in land and railroads. |
| "FREEPORT DOCTRINE" | Stephen Douglas said in the Illinois senatorial debate that no matter how the Supreme Court ruled, slavery would stay down if the people voted it down. |
| ABRAHAM LINCOLN | Republican candidate from Illinois in 1860; after defeating Douglas, the first southern states broke away. |
| JEFFERSON DAVIS | US Senator from Mississippi, elected president of the Confederacy in 1860. |
| CRITTENDEN AMENDMENTS | final attempt to appease the South; new states north of the 36° 30' line could choose to be slave or free, southern states would always be slave. |
| &ch18=POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY | notion that people of a territory should determine if they want to be slave or free |
| "FIREEATERS" | Southern, pro-slave in antebellum years |
| "FREE SOILERS" | Northern, antislave in antebellum years |
| FREESOIL PARTY | antislave northerners, didn't want blacks in the west, supported Wilmot Proviso, prointernal improvements |
| 49ERS | miners looking to get rich in the California Gold Rush; businessmen "mined the miners" |
| UNDERGROUND RAILROAD | chain of safe houses in the South that freed slaves to Canada; organized by Harriet Tubman |
| SEVENTH OF MARCH SPEECH | famous speech by Daniel Webster in 1850; urged North and South to compromise and that a new fugitiveslave law be formed |
| COMPROMISE OF 1850 | California a free state, NM and Utah based on popular sovereignty, new fugitive slave law |
| FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW OF 1850 | "bloodhound bill"; paid officers to return slaves to the south; Northern emotions hit when seeing apprehended slaves |
| FRANKLIN PIERCE | elected in 1852; puppet of the Democrats; sought expansion in Nicaragua and Cuba; signed trade treaties with China (Wanghia) and Japan (Kanagawa) |
| TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD | went through organized south from Houston to Los Angeles; US made Gadsden Purchase from Mexico |
| KANSASNEBRASKA ACT | proposed by Stephen Douglas; gave popular sovereignty to Kansas and Nebraska to organized land for northern railroad; crippled Missouri Compromise and Compromise of 1850 |
| REPUBLICAN PARTY | originated as a Midwestern party opposed to slavery. |
| &ch16="KING COTTON" | name for the cottonbased south; major export to Britain, populations were planter aristocrats, the white majority, free blacks, and slaves |
| AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY | focused on transporting the blacks back to Africa; Liberia was founded in 1822 (the capital was Monrovia); 15,000 blacks went |
| NAT TURNER | led a major slave revolt in Virginia in 1831 |
| ABOLITIONISM | major antislave movement; leaders were W. Lloyd Garrison, Sojourner Truth (former slave woman), and Frederick Douglas (main black abolitionist) |
| GAG RESOLUTION | House resolution to prevent abolition bills from being debated; led by Democrats |
| &ch15=SECOND GREAT AWAKENING | major Christian revival in response to deism and Unitarianism (believed God existed, but was unknowable); led by the Methodists and Baptists |
| "BURNEDOVER" DISTRICT | name given to New England during Second Great Awakening; saw many touring preachers, like Charles Grandison Finney and Peter Cartwright |
| SEVENTH DAY ADVENTISTS | predicted Jesus would return on October 22, 1844; despite the false prediction, the church continued |
| MORMONS | led by Joseph Smith from NY; Brigham Young brought the group to Utah; church was persecuted for polygamy |
| DOROTHY DIX | fought to reform the prison system toward "penitentiaries" that would revive criminals |
| SENECA FALLS CONVENTION | meeting of women to demand the rewriting of the Declaration of Independence to include women and demand more rights; notables were Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony |
| DOMESTIC FEMINISM | group of women who resisted suffrage by arguing that women possessed prestige in the home; had fewer children and more respect from their husbands. |
| WILDERNESS UTOPIAS | attempts at rural societies without government interference; included New Harmony, Brook Farm, and Oneida; all failed |
| TRANSCENDETALISM | literary movement; Romantic, believed truth transcended the senses, individualism; notables were Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry Davis Thoreau, Luisa May Alcott, Emily Dickenson |
| DISSENTERS | Transcendentalist who were darker, mysterious, horror; notables were Edgar Allen Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Herman Melville |
| &ch14=MANIFEST DESTINY | God wants America to move west |
| "RUGGED INDIVIDUALISM" | culture of tough frontier life; full of disease and loneliness |
| IRISH IMMIGRATION | 1.5 million in the 1840s; mostly poor Catholic; fought blacks for jobs in NY and Boston |
| GERMAN IMMIGRATION | 1.5 million in the 1850s; political refugees; many settled in Chicago, Milwaukee, and rest of Midwest. |
| COMMONWEALTH V. HUNT | case that declared labor unions legal |
| CULT OF DOMESTICITY | mantra of women before 1840 symbolizing the veneration of housewifry. |
| "FACTORY GIRLS" | young, single women that worked beginning in the Market Revolution. |
| SAMUEL SLATER | "Father of the Factory System" in America; memorized British plans for textile machinery |
| ELI WHITNEY | father of the assembly line; invented the cotton gin (which regenerated slavery) |
| HOWE AND SINGER | pioneers of the sewing machine and textile industry |
| SAMUEL MORSE | invented the telegraph; linked Washington and Baltimore; “What hath God wrought?” |
| JOHN DEERE | developed a steel plow in 1837 that could till rocky soil of the west |
| CYRUS McCORMICK | developed the mowerreaper that could harvest wheat five times faster than before |
| CUMBERLAND ROAD | began in 1811, completed in 1852; the "national road" went from Maryland to Illinois |
| ROBERT FULTON | developed the steamboat; became valuable shipping link between sections |
| PONY EXPRESS | carried mail from Missouri to California. |
| &ch17=CAROLINE AFFAIR | American ship sunk by the British, Americans tried one for murder, charges were dropped |
| CREOLE AFFAIR | Britain gave asylum to slaves who seized an American ship in the Bahamas |
| WEBSTERASHBURTON TREATY | settled the Maine border between Canada and the United States; US gained the ironrich Great Lakes region |
| OREGON FEVER | over 5,000 Americans who migrated to the Oregon Territory while it was still occupied by the British |
| JAMES K POLK | last Jacksonian president, goals were annexation of California, to settle the Oregon dispute, and lower the tariff |
| WALKER TARIFF | passed in 1846, lowered rates 32% to 25% |
| OREGON DISPUTE | settled when the line was drawn at 49 degreesthe future border between British Columbia and Washington |
| SLIDELL AFFAIR | sent by Polk to Mexico to buy California; he was denied access, leading to Mexican War |
| MEXICAN WAR | declared by US over unpaid claims and Slidell Affair, major generals were Taylor, Fremont, and Scott |
| TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO | negotiated by Trist, secured Texas for US, the US paid $18 million for the southwest (including California) |
| WILMOT PROVISO | proposed the former Mexican territory to be free, it never passed the Senate, signaled the coming Civil War |
| &ch13="CORRPUT BARGAIN" | election of 1824, Clay conspired with JQ Adams to gain the presidency and Secretary of State and keep Jackson out |
| "HICKORYITES" / "KING MOB" | average folks who supported Jackson and caused commotion, caused problems in Washington when he was elected |
| SPOILS SYSTEM | policy of giving political supporters and contributors government jobs as rewards. |
| TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS | name given to Tariff of 1828, despised by southerners who lost exports to Britain and had to pay high prices with no industries to protect |
| JOHN C CALHOUN | VP under Jackson, prominent Whig, secretly led South Carolina in the nullification crisis through the South Carolina Exhibition |
| NULLIFICATION CRISIS | South Carolina threatened to nullify the Tariff of Abominations and possibly break from the Union |
| TARIFF OF 1833 | put forth by Clay, appeased southerners by gradually dropping the tariff over ten years to original levels |
| FORCE BILL | gave the federal government the right to forcibly collect tariffs from southern states. |
| EATON AFFAIR | squabble between the wives of Jackson's cabinet members. |
| SPOGAI | Society for the Propagation of the Gospel to the Indians, effort to Christianize the five "civilized tribes" (Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles) |
| INDIAN REMOVAL ACT | signed by Jackson to move 100,000 Indians to Oklahoma along the "trail of tears" |
| BANK WAR | political battle between Jackson, and Clay and Nicolas Biddle, over the renewal of the bank; Jackson vetoed the recharter, put funds in pet banks |
| ANTIMASONS | antiJackson party that ran a candidate in 1832 to displace Jackson |
| WILDCAT / PET BANKS | small, unreliable state banks in which Jackson placed federal funds; unreliable paper money led to the Specie Circular, or metallic money requirement for buying land. |
| WHIGS | party opposed to Jackson, based on the American system and state's rights |
| MARTIN VAN BUREN | Democratic candidate and winner in the election of 1836; carried on Jackson's policies |
| PANIC OF 1837 | caused by overspeculation on canals, roads, railroads, and slaves; also by Jackson's use of pet banks; Van Buren got the blame |
| LONESTAR REBELLION | revolt of American settlers again Mexico; memorable battle at the Alamo; led to the Texas Republic |
| "LOG CABINS AND HARD CIDER" | slogan for Whig candidate William Harrison in 1840; also used "Old Tippecanoe and Tyler Too"; van Buren lost due to the panic; |
| &ch12=WAR OF 1812 | 18121815, second war for independence, triggered by impressments, victory solidified America |
| SIEGE OF WASHINGTON | War of 1812, the British burned down the capital |
| BATTLE OF BALTIMORE | War of 1812, Americans survived British naval onslaught at Fort McHenry, StarSpangled Banner written. |
| TECUMSEH | Indian who unified tribes to fight Americans, was defeated at Tippecanoe by Harrison and Horseshoe bend by Jackson |
| BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS | decisive battle in the War of 1812, Americans under Jackson victorious |
| TREATY OF GHENT | Treaty that ended War of 1812, reestablished situation before the war, outlawed impressments |
| HARFORD CONVENTION | group of Federalists opposed to War of 1812; demanded financial retribution, restriction on the president and congress |
| TARIFF OF 1816 | first protective tariff in America |
| HENRY CLAY | congressman, Secretary of State, fought for American System (internal improvements, banks, tariffs), "Great Compromiser" |
| ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS | period after War of 1812, one party politics, good economy, problems loomed |
| PANIC OF 1819 | first financial panic in US, main cause was the overspeculation in frontier lands |
| LAND ACT OF 1820 | authorized a buyer to purchase 80 virgin acres at a minimum of $1.25 an acre |
| TALLMADGE AMENDMENT | proposed slave ban in Missouri Territory, called emancipation of children born to slave parents; bill was defeated. |
| MISSOURI COMPROMISE | proposed by Clay, Missouri to be a slave state, slavery outlawed north of 36'30 line. |
| McCULLOCH V. MARYLAND (1819) | confirmed the supremacy of the federal government over the states; clarified the elastic clause |
| GIBBONS V. OGDEN (1824) | empowered the Congress to regulate commerce between the states |
| ADAMSONIS TREATY (1819) | Us purchased Florida from Spain, Jackson served as governor |
| CANNING PROPOSAL | attempted by Britain to share Latin American land with the US, the US denied |
| MONROE DOCTRINE (1823) | denied the right of Europeans to colonize in the western hemisphere, US would not intervene in foreign wars. |
| &ch11=REVOLUTION OF 1800 | Jefferson’s name of 1800 election, signaled changed from Federalists to Jeffersonians |
| NATURALIZATION LAW OF 1802 | reduced the requirement of 14 years of residence to the previous 5 years. |
| ALBERT GALLATIN | Secretary of Treasury to Jefferson, reduced the national debt and balanced the budget |
| JUDICIARY ACT OF 1801 | passed by the expiring Federalist Congress; created 16 new federal judgeships, were filled by Adams – “The Midnight Judges” |
| JOHN MARSHALL | Supreme Court Justice, carried on the Federalist message after the party was gone. |
| MARBURY V. MADISON (1803) | Supreme Court deemed the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional, established judicial review |
| TRIPOLIAN WAR | four year war between US and Tripoli, US paid Tripoli $60,000 for the release of captured Americans, US navy shown to be weak |
| LOUISIANA PURCHASE | middle third of the continent, sold to US by Napoleon of France, explored by Lewis, Clark, and Pike |
| AARON BURR | Fiery Vice President of Jefferson, hated Hamilton and killed him in a duel, part a conspiracy to take over Louisiana |
| ORDERS IN COUNCIL | British order to navy to capture American ships headed for French ports |
| BERLIN AND MILAN DECREES | France order to capture all ships (including American) headed for British ports. |
| IMPRESSMENTS | policy of British navy to kidnap foreign officers to serve in British navy. |
| EMBARGO ACT | signed by Jefferson, banned the exportation of any goods to any countries, destroyed American merchants. |
| NONINTERCOURSE ACT | replaced Embargo Act, opened up trade to every country except France and Britain |
| MACON'S BILL NO. 2 | offered France and Britain an embargo against the other if one would lift Orders in Council or Berlin/Milan Decrees |
| &ch10=BILL OF RIGHTS | first ten amendments to the Constitution, drafted by Madison, placed limitations of government and protects natural rights. |
| THE JUDICIARY ACT OF 1789 | created the Supreme Court, with a chief justice and five associates; district courts; created Attorney General |
| FEDERALIST PARTY | led by Washington, Adams, and Hamilton; wanted strong federal government, loose constructionism, probank and tariff, proBritain |
| DEMOCRATICREPUBLICAN PARTY | led by Jefferson, Madison, Monroe; wanted more state power, strict constructionism, antibank and tariff, pro France |
| ALEXANDER HAMILTON | first Treasury Secretary, advocated assumption, a US Bank, and excise taxes; rival of Jefferson |
| WHISKEY REBELLION | In 1794, Pennsylvania distillers opposed and fought the 1791 excise tax on whiskey; Washington aggressively sent in troops. |
| NEUTRALITY PROCLAMATION OF 1793 | Washington issued the Neutrality Proclamation of 1793 affirming American neutrality from the BritainFrance war |
| MIAMI CONFEDERACY | The British armed these eight Indian nations to terrorize Americans and protect the British Great Lakes fur trade. |
| JAY TREATY | the British would evacuate U.S. soil, pay for ship damages, the U.S. would continue to pay the debts owed to British merchants |
| PINCKNEY TREATY | Spain feared an AmericanBritish alliance; they granted the Americans free navigation of the Mississippi River |
| XYZ AFFAIR | upset by the Jay Treaty, France attacked American ships; Adams sent reps to France, but were disallowed to meet foreign minister. |
| QUASI WAR | tension between France and the United States in the late 1790s; led the creation of the Navy and Marines, armed conflict never occured. |
| CONVENTION OF 1800 | Napoleon invited new American reps, it ended previous treaties, France agreed to pay damages to American shippers |
| ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS | increased naturalization period in order to decreased immigrant supporters for Jefferson; made it illegal to criticize the government. |
| VIRGINIA AND KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS | Jefferson and Madison call upon these states to nullify the Alien and Sedition Acts. |
| &ch9=REPUBLICAN MOTHERHOOD | Held the belief that children should be raised to uphold the ideals of republicanism, Women were the keepers of the nation’s consciousness |
| VIRGINIA STATUTE FOR RELIGIOUS FREEDOM | drafted by Thomas Jefferson, stated that religion should not be imposed on anybody and that each person decided his/her own faith |
| ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION | first constitution of the United States, weak Congress, strong states, led to economic and political upheaval |
| NORTHWEST ORDINANCE OF 1787 | When lands get settled, it is monitored by the federal government; when 60,000 people arrive, it becomes a state |
| LAND ORDINANCE OF 1785 | acreage of the Old Northwest should be sold and the proceeds should be used to help pay off the national debt, gave guidelines for townships |
| SHAYS' REBELLION | farmer revolt to prevent foreclosures; signaled the failure of the Articles of Confederation |
| DEY OF ALGIERS | Africans who held American ships ransom, led to embarrassment and the need for a stronger navy |
| VIRGINIA PLAN | or large state plan, called for representation to be based on population in congress. |
| NEW JERSEY PLAN | or small state plan, called for equal representation in the congress |
| CONNECTICUT (GREAT) COMPROMISE | call for bicameral Congress; House based on population, two Senators for every state. |
| THREEFIFTHS COMPROMISE | for purposes of representation and taxation, slaves were counted as threefifths |
| FEDERALISTS | faction at the Constitutional Convention that favored the new Constitution; led by Madison, Hamilton, Franklin, and Jay |
| ANTIFEDERALISTS | faction of the Constitutional Convention that disliked the new Constitution; led by Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, and Richard Henry Lee |
| &ch8=SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS | met May 1775; With grievances not rectified, they raised money; selected George Washington to head the army |
| LEXINGTON AND CONCORD | first shots fired in the Revolution |
| MINUTEMEN | name for Massachusetts militiamen who agreed to fight in "a minute's notice." |
| BUNKER HILL | June 1775, first major battle of the Revolution; Americans captured hill, but retreated when gunpowder ran out. |
| OLIVE BRANCH PETITION | professed American loyalty to the king and begged to the king to stop further hostilities. |
| THOMAS PAINE | published Common Sense in 1775 urging Americans to rebel because they were larger |
| DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE | motion made at the Philadelphia Congress by Richard Henry Lee on July 2nd; Thomas Jefferson wrote the commentary on July 4th. |
| PATRIOTS AND LOYALISTS | the Loyalists (antirebellion) were called Tories, and the Patriots (prorebellion) were called Whigs |
| BOSTON CAMPAIGN | The Americans, led by Washington, forced the British to evacuate Boston in March 1776 and regroup in New York. |
| NEW YORK CAMPAIGN | In summer 1776, the British, under Howe repeatedly defeated the Americans and forced them to flee to New Jersey. |
| HESSIANS | German soldiers hired by the British; frequently deserted |
| BATTLES OF TRENTON AND PRINCETON | Howe failed to chase Washington, so Washington launched surprise night attacks on 12/26/1776. |
| BARON VON STEUBEN | German drill sergeant that whipped American troops into shape. |
| BURGOYNE'S BLUNDER | 1777, attempt by British to sever NY from New England; Burgoyne was slowed by Benedict Arnold; Howe retired to Philadelphia. |
| BATTLE OF SARATOGA | Oct 1777, turning point of the war; American General Gates defeated General Burgoyne; made aid from France possible. |
| ARMED NEUTRALITY | various European nations aligned against Britain; Ben Franklin plead for aid from France; |
| BENEDICT ARNOLD | feeling disrespected; he turned against America |
| CAROLINA CAMPAIGN | 1778, the British back loyalists in the South; they were defeated by Nathaniel Greene |
| WESTERN CAMPAIGN | Iroquois under Joseph Brant fought American expansion; Treaty of Fort Stanwix forced them to cede their land |
| JOHN PAUL JONES | led American privateers against the British Navy to hamper trade and supply lines |
| BATTLE OF YORKTOWN | fall 1781; decisive battle where General Cornwallis was surrounded by Washington, Rochambeau, and Admiral de Grasse |
| TREATY OF PARIS | Sep 1783; US recognized, Spain gets Florida and Louisiana, Britain gets Canada, fishing shared. |
| &ch7=MERCANTILISM | British economic policy; they exported more than they imported in order to get gold and silver into their treasury; relied on shipping. |
| NAVIGATION LAWS | required all goods flowing to and from the colonies to be transported in British vessels; also required that colonists only trade with Britain |
| GEORGE GRENVILLE | British prime minister, strictly enforced Navigation Laws; issued Sugar, Quartering, and Stamps Acts in 1765 |
| STAMP ACT | issued to pay debt from the French and Indian War, and to fund current troops; was forced to be revoked by the Stamp Act Congress |
| "NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENATION" | American belief that Britishimposed taxes on the colonies were illegal because no colonist sat in the Parliament. |
| NONIMPORTATION AGREEMENTS | organized by the Stamp act Congress to boycott British goods; brought colonies closer together. |
| DECLARATORY ACT | Issued by the British to reaffirm its right to bind the colonies in all cases whatsoever. |
| TOWNSHEND ACTS | issued by "champagne" Charlie Townshend; put a light import tax on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea (leading to smuggling) |
| BOSTON MASSACRE | On March 5, 1770, a crowd of 60 townspeople harassed 10 redcoats, prompting them to fire on the civilians, killing/wounding 11 of them. |
| COMMITTEES OF CORRESPONDENCE | local intercolonial communication centers; started by Samuel Adams; by 1773, all colonies had joined |
| SONS OF LIBERTY | secretive committee of correspondence; compromised British efforts to keep order |
| BOSTON TEA PARTY | the British attempted to force colonists to sell surplus tea; on December 16, 1773, a band of Bostonians, ships and dumped the tea into the sea. |
| INTOLERABLE ACTS | series of punishments for the Boston Tea Party; restricted town meetings, closed Boston Harbor, a new Quartering Act, soldiers tried in Europe. |
| QUEBEC ACT | gave FrenchCanadians Catholics freedom of religion, expanded Canada's borders, bad precedent for Americans |
| FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS | met to redress grievances; 12 colonies, 55 delegates, included John Adams, George Washington, and Patrick Henry. |
| THE ASSOCIATION | called for a complete boycott of British goods; nonimportation, nonexportation, and nonconsumption. |
| &ch6=SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN | "Father of France", settled Quebec in 1608 |
| COUREURS DU BOIS | rambunctious French fur trappers, traded with Indians, set up posts from Canada to Louisiana |
| ANTOINE CADILLAC | founded Detroit in 1701 to thwart English settlers pushing into the Ohio Valley. |
| ROBERT LA SALLE | explored the Mississippi and Gulf basin, naming it "Louisiana" (this checked Spanish penetration into the Gulf region). |
| KING WILLIAMS WAR AND QUEEN ANNE'S WAR | involved the British colonists against the coureurs de bois; Spain allied France, and various Indian tribes helped both |
| WAR OF JENKINS EAR | fought between Spain and Britain and was confined to the Caribbean and Georgia |
| KING GEORGES WAR | grew out of Jenkins Ear; Britain fought Spain and France; Britain captured Louisbourg, became enraged when the peace treaty handed it back to France |
| OHIO VALLEY | Main area of contention by 1754; Britain wanted to expand; the French wanted to link Canada and the lower Mississippi |
| FORT DUQUESNE/FORT NECESSITY | George Washington was sent to secure Virginian land; surrendered at Fort Necessity |
| CAJUNS | uprooted Acadians (Canada); French speakers; scattered to the lower Mississippi. |
| FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR | Britain conquered France in 1763 to become the sole power of North America |
| ALBANY CONGRESS | many colonies met to try to pacify the Iroquois with gifts and guns; the long term plan was to unify the colonies against France |
| WILLIAM PITT | "Great Commoner"; top British General in the French and Indian War; |
| TREATY OF PARIS (1763) | gave Canada and Florida to the British, Louisiana and Cuba to Spain, fishing islets to France |
| CHIEF PONTIAC | led several tribes and some French in a violent campaign to drive the British out of the Ohio country |
| PROCLAMATION OF 1763 | to sort out issues with Indians, Britain prohibited settlement in the area beyond the Appalachians |
| &ch5=INDENTURED SERVITUDE | In exchange for working, they received transatlantic passage and eventual "freedom dues" (food, clothes, land) |
| HEADRIGHT SYSTEM | Whoever paid the passage of a laborer received the right to acquire 50 acres of land; Virginia and Maryland used this to encourage more colonists; |
| BACON'S REBELLION | Revolt of servants over repeated Indian attacks, and Gov. Berekley's refusal to address the matter. |
| NEW YORK CITY SLAVE REVOLT | In 1712, a slave revolt in New York cost the lives of 12 whites and caused the execution of 21 blacks by fire. |
| STONO RIVER REVOLT | In 1739, South Carolinian slaves tried to march to Spanish Florida but were stopped by a local militia. |
| FIRST FAMILIES OF VIRGINIA | These families came to dominate the economy and the House of Burgesses in Virginia; built large riverfront mansions |
| HALFWAY COVENANT | In 1662, this new arrangement modified the agreement between the Puritan church and its adherents, to admit to baptism on the unconverted children of existing members. |
| SALEM WITCH TRIALS | A group of adolescent girls in Salem, Massachusetts claimed to have been bewitched by certain older women; a witch hunt ensued, leading to the legal lynching of 20 women in 1692 |
| LEISLER'S REBELLION | In New York, animosity between lordly landholders and aspiring merchants fueled a bloody insurgence from 16891691. |
| &ch4="PENNSYLVANIA DUTCH" | misnomer for Germans that arrived in America before the Revolution; not being loyal to Britain, they clung to their customs |
| SCOTSIRISH | Scottish Presbyterians from Ireland after clashing with the Irish Catholics; eventually, many came to Pennsylvania; lawless groups like the Paxton Boys and Regulators caused many problems |
| TRIANGULAR TRADE | food/materials to the Caribbean, Spanish and Portuguese wine and gold to Europe, and industrial items from Europe |
| GREAT AWAKENING | Theological challenges to Puritanism; Preachers: Jacobus Arminius (free will), Jonathan Edwards (Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God); George Whitefield (humans are weak and need God) |
| BENJAMIN FRANKLIN | Inventor, scientist, politician; editor of the popular newspaper Poor Richard's Almanac |
| ZENGER CASE | This paved the way for freedom of the press and eventually the antagonisms of Revolution |
| &ch3=PURITANS | Calvinist who wanted distinct separation between the Church of England and the Roman Catholic Church; separatists left England for Holland, then America. |
| PLYMOUTH | Puritan colony founded in 1620; first New England colony; led by William Bradford |
| MAYFLOWER COMPACT | An agreement by the Puritans to form a crude government and to submit to the will of the majority under the regulations agreed upon |
| GREAT MIGRATION (PILGRIM) | Massive exodus of 20,000 Puritans to America and Barbados in 1629; to escape persecution by King Charles and Archbishop Laud |
| MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY | led by John Winthrop, established near Boston in 1629; heavily Puritan |
| ANNE HUTCHINSON | challenged the Puritan orthodoxy, was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony to Rhode Island for heresy |
| ROGER WILLIAMS | Popular Salem minister who was an extreme Separatist and denounced the authority of the civil government; he was banished from the Bay Colony in 1635; founder of Rhode Island and the Baptist Church. |
| THOMAS HOOKER | Puritan founder of Hartford, Connecticut colony in 1639 |
| PEQUOT WAR | conflicts in 163637 between New Englanders and local Indians; Pequots were slaughtered at Mystic River |
| KING PHILIP'S WAR | A Wampanoag chief created an alliance of tribes to attack the English; by 1676, 52 Puritan towns had been attacked; the colonist prevailed, Indians never recover |
| NEW ENGLAND CONFEDERATION | Unified the Massachusetts and Connecticut colonies to combat the Indians, French, and Dutch; Charles II disapproved and revoked the Bay colony’s charter in 1684. |
| DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND | Created in 1687, cancelled the New England Confederation, and administered control from the crown via Edmund Andros; ended town meetings. |
| BERKELEY AND CARTERET | Administrators of land that would be New Jersey |
| DUTCH WEST INDIA COMPANY | Trading company centered in the Caribbean; often resorted to piracy |
| NEW NETHERLAND | Established in 1623 by the Dutch West India Company in the Hudson River NY for the area’s fur; purchased Manhattan Island from the Indians for about $30. |
| NEW AMSTERDAM | Capital of New Netherland; home base for the Dutch West India Company; largely aristocratic |
| NEW SWEDEN | From 16381655, the Swedish trespassed on Dutch preserves by planting the anemic colony of New Sweden on the Delaware River |
| PETER STUYVESANT | Director-General of New Netherland; expelled the Swedes; was defeated by the English |
| QUAKERS | Religious Society of Friends, a tolerant religious group; led by William Penn, created the unique colony of Pennsylvania, and later New Jersey and Delaware. |
| &ch2=FRANCIS DRAKE | seadog (English pirate), who circumnavigated globe and plundered Spanish ships |
| HUMPHREY GILBERT | failed to establish a colony in Newfoundland in 1583 after being lost at sea |
| WALTER RALEIGH | half brother of Gilbert, set up a failed colony at Roanoke Virginia 1585 (named for Queen Elizabeth). |
| VIRGINIA COMPANY OF LONDON | Jointstock company, received a charter from King James I of England for a settlement in the New World; wanted to find gold and a passage to the East Indies. |
| JAMESTOWN | first permanent English settlement (1607), near Chesapeake Bay, VA; led by John Smith |
| LORD DE LA WARR | rescued Jamestown in 1610 with supplies and troops after the "starving winter" |
| ANGLOPOWHATAN WARS | series of wars between the English and Powhatan Indians, led to the marriage between Rolfe and Pocahontas; Indians failed to dislodge English; were barred from lands. |
| HOUSE OF BURGESSES | Established in 1619 in Virginia, first legislative body in the colonies. |
| LORD BALTIMORE | prominent English Catholic who founded Maryland as a haven for Catholics |
| ACT OF TOLERATION | As Protestants flooded into Maryland, Catholics feared a loss of religious freedom; in 1649, the local representative group in Maryland granted toleration to all Christians. |
| INDENTURED SERVITUDE | colonists who labor to pay off their passage to America |
| BARBADOS SLAVE CODE | denied even the most fundamental rights to slaves and allowed fierce punishment for wrongdoing. |
| CAROLINA | started to support Caribbean, fought with Savannah Indians, grew tobacco and rice, Charleston was a key port and aristocratic city. |
| SQUATTERS | Virginia outcasts who started North Carolina; many were antiChurch of England; broke from South Carolina in 1712. |
| JAMES OGLETHORPE | founder of Georgia in 1733; the colony was a buffer against Florida, many criminals. |
| &ch1=AZTECS | preColumbian Indian civilization in central Mexico, conquered by Cortes |
| MAYANS | preColumbian Indian civilization in Yucatan Mexico and central America |
| INCAS | preColumbian in South America, conquered by Pizarro. |
| CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS | Italian seafarer, sailed for Spain, sought western route to China, landed in Caribbean. |
| TREATY OF TORDESILLAS | line of demarcation, divided New World between Spain and Portugal |
| CONQUISTADOR | Spanish explorers, conquered New World Indians |
| HERNAN CORTES | Spanish conquistador, explored Mexico and conquered the Aztecs. |
| IROQUOIS | Mighty Indian nation in the northeastern United States. |
| VIKINGS | earliest Europeans to Americans, landed in Nova Scotia around 1000 |
| COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE | Europe provided the markets, capital, and technology; Africa provided the slaves; New World provided the raw materials. |
| PONCE DE LEON | explored Florida in 1513 and 1521 |
| ECOMIENDA | allowed Europeans to hold Indians with the intent to Christianize them and force them into labor |
| POPE'S REBELLION | In 1680, Pueblo Indians resisted conversion to Catholicism1 |
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