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Chp: 18
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Natural Drugs | Substances that occur in nature (naturally occurring). EX: pg 327 |
| Synthetic Drugs | Produced in Lab and are not naturally occurring. pg 327 |
| Semi-synthetic | A naturally occurring substance that has been chemically altered. pg 327 |
| Synthesized | A drug is considered to be synthesized if its made in lab to imitate a drug that is naturally occurring. pg 327 |
| Genetically Engineered Drugs | Synthetic drugs produced by means of recombinant DNA or monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). pg 327 |
| Dosage Form | The actual form of the drug (tablet, capsule, suppository, solution, etc). Also called Dosage Formulation. pg 330 |
| Tablets | Solid medications that are compacted into small, formed shapes. pg 331 |
| Inactive/Inert Ingredients | All of the ingredients in a medication except the active drug(s). pg 331 |
| Nomenclature | Set of names; way of naming. pg 328 |
| Chemical Name | Name of a drug product that reflects the chemical structure of the compound. The name is often complicated, extremely lengthy & difficult to remember or pronounce. pg 328 |
| Generic Name (non proprietary name) | A convenient and concise name used by the public to identify the active ingredient in the drug. pg 328 |
| United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) | Official standards-setting authority for prescription and OTC drugs. pg 328 |
| United States Pharmacopoeia National Formulary (USP-NF) | The publication containing the official standards. pg 328 |
| Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) | A type of healthcare/insurance plan. pg 329 |
| Formulary | A listing of drugs approved for use or for reimbursement. pg 329 |
| Trade/Brand name (proprietary name) | Is registered or trademarked by a specific producer or manufacturer to identify its particular drug. Cannot be used by other manufacturers. pg 329 |
| Medication Error | Any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the health care professional, patient, or consumer. pg 329 |
| Molded Tablets | Made by using a mold and wet materials. pg 331 |
| Compressed Tablets | Formed by die-punching compressed, powdered, crystalline, or granular substances into a uniform shape. pg 331 |
| Chewable Tablets | Tablets that should be chewed, instead of swallowed whole, to achieve the desired results. pg 331 |
| Effervescent Tablets | Dissolved into a liquid before administration. pg 331 |
| Sublingual Tablets | Disintegrated and absorbed when the tablet is placed under the tongue (sublingual). pg 332 |
| Buccal Tablets | Disintegrated in the buccal pouch of the mouth, located between the gums and the cheek, and absorbed into the bloodstream thru the lining of the cheek. pg 332 |
| Vaginal Tablets | Solid dosage forms that are administered into the vagina and are dissolved and absorbed thru the mucous lining of the vagina. pg 332 |
| Capsules | Solid medication forms in which the active and inactive ingredients of a drug are contained in a shell. pg 332 |
| Lozenges (pastilles/troches) | Hard, disk-shaped solid dosage form that contain a sugar base. pg 332 |
| Ointments | Semisolid dosage forms composed of solid and liquid medications. pg 333 |
| Oleaginous | Containing oil; having oil-like properties pg 333 |
| Emollient | Softening and soothing to the skin. pg 333 |
| Hydrophobic | Repels Water. pg 333 |
| Water-Soluble | Have characteristic opposite of oleaginous; Are nongreasy to the touch and easily wash off with water. pg 333 |
| Anhydrous | Without water. pg 333 |
| Emulsion | Liquid mixture of water and oil. pg 333 |
| Occlusive | Closing or blocking; refers to a substance that closes or covers a wound and keeps the air from reaching the wound. pg 333 |
| Aqueous | Containing water. pg 333 |
| Creams | Semisolid preparations that may or may not contain medication and are composed of an oil-in-water base or a water-in-oil base. pg 333 |
| Fluid medium (vehicle or system) | Carries the active ingredient or medication. pg 333 |
| Solutions | Dosage form in which the medication is completely dissolved and evenly distributed in a homogenous mixture. pg 334 |
| Homogenous | Having all the same qualities within a group. pg 334 |
| Aqueous Solutions | Liquid mixtures that use purified or sterile water as the vehicle. pg 334 |
| Douches | Directed into body cavity or against a part of the body to clean and disinfect. pg 334 |
| Irrigating Solutions | Used to cleanse parts of the body, such as the eyes, urinary bladder, abraded skin, or open wounds. pg 334 |
| Enemas | Aqueous solution administered rectally to empty the bowel or treat infections and diseases of the lower gastrointestinal tract. pg 334 |
| Gargles/washes | Used to cleanse the bowel before a surgical procedure. pg 334 |
| Viscous | Thick; almost jelly-like. pg 335 |
| Syrups | Concentrated mixtures of sugar and water and may be medicated or nonmedicated. pg 335 |
| Jellies | Semisolid preparations the contain water. pg 335 |
| Mucilages | Much thicker, viscous, adhesive liquids that contain water and the thick components of vegetable matter. pg 335 |
| Nonaqueous | Use dissolving agents other than water, although the vehicle may be combined with water. pg 335 |
| Hydro-alcoholic | Nonaqueous solutions; contain alcohol in addition to water to act as the vehicle or dissolving agent. pg 335 |
| Elixirs | Liquid preparations the contain flavored water and alcohol mixtures intended for oral administration. pg 335 |
| Aromatic | Having a strong or fragrant smell (aroma). pg 335 |
| Alcoholic Solutions | Contain only alcohol as the dissolving agent and have no water. pg 335 |
| Collodions | Alcoholic solutions that contain pyroxylin dissolved in either ethanol or ethyl alcohol. pg 335 |
| Spirits | Liquid solutions that may be either alcoholic or hydro-alcoholic. pg 336 |
| Volatile | Evaporates rapidly. pg 336 |
| Glycerite | Nonaqueous solutions that contain medication dissolved in glycerin. pg 336 |
| Inhalants | Medication that contains a fine powder or solution delivered thru a mist into the mouth or nose. pg 336 |
| Liniments | Medications that are applied to the skin with friction and rubbing. pg 336 |
| Internal Phase | Liquid that is broken down into small elements. pg 336 |
| External Phase (continuous phase) | Remains a liquid substance. pg 336 |
| Water-in-oil emulsions | Liquid mixtures of water droplets distributed throughout an oil substance. pg 336 |
| Oil-in-water emulsions | Contain small globules dispersed throughout water. pg 336 |
| Suspensions | Contain very fine solid particles mixed with gas, liquid, or solid preparations. pg 337 |
| Magmas & Milks | Suspensions of undissolved medications in water. pg 337 |
| Lotions | Suspension for external use only. Made up of powdered medication in a liquid mixture. pg 337 |
| Gels | Suspension similar to magmas and milks, but the solid particles in gels are much smaller. pg 338 |
| Extractives | Liquid mixtures made from concentrated active ingredients derived from plants or animals. pg 338 |
| Tinctures | Extractive alcoholic or hydro-alcoholic solutions. pg 338 |
| Fluidextracts | More potent than tinctures, as each milliliter of fluidextract contains 1,000 mg of the crude drug. pg 338 |
| Extracts | Similar to tinctures and fluidextracts, except it has stronger potency. pg 338 |
| Powders | Solid preparation in which fine, uniform particles of active and inactive ingredients are ground up. pg 338 |
| Granules | Made from powders that are wetted and then dried. pg 338 |
| Aerosols | Very fine liquid or solid particles mixed in a vehicle. pg 338 |
| Powder Paper | Small piece of paper that measures out exactly one dose. pg 338 |
| External Powders (Dusting Powders) | Applied directly to the skin to be absorbed into the bloodstream. pg 338 |
| Route of Administration (ROA) | how a drug is introduced into or on the body. pg 340 |
| Per Os | by mouth |
| Transdermal medications (percutaneous) | Delivered across or thru the skin for systemic effects. Usually applied as patch to deliver to the bloodstream. pg 341 |
| Parenteral | Route doesnt pass thru gastrointestinal system. pg 342 |
| Intradermal Route (ID) | Injects medications into the top layers of the skin. pg 343 |
| Subcutaneous (SC) | Most utilized parenteral routes. Injected into tissue immediately under the skin and is then absorbed in the bloodstream and distributed to the body as needed. pg 343 |
| Intramuscular (IM) | Injected directly into large muscle masses, such as upper arms, thighs, or buttocks, and then absorbed from the muscle into the bloodstream. pg 344 |
| Intravenous (IV) | Most common route of parenteral route. Injected directly into vein. pg 344 |
| Bolus | Larger volume of solution administered at one time for immediate effect. pg 344 |
| Continuous Infusion | Solution administered over a continued or long period of time. pg 344 |
| Intravenous Push (IVP) | Administered directly into vein with a syringe. pg 344 |
| Implant | temp or permanent medical device inserted into the body that slowly release medication. pg 344 |
| Intra-arterial | Injects medication directly into the arteries. pg 344 |
| Intra-articular | Injects medication directly within the joints (i.e. elbow and knee) pg 344 |
| Intracardiac | Injects medication directly to the heart. pg 344 |
| Intraperitoneal | Injects medication directly into the abdominal or peritoneal cavity. pg 344 |
| Intrapleural | Injects medication into the sac surrounding the lungs. |
| Intrathecal | Injects medications into the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the spinal cord. pg 345 |
| Intraventricular | One of the most invasive parenteral routes; injects antibiotics or chemotherapy agents into brain cavities. pg 345 |
| Intravesicular | injects medication directly into the urinary bladder. pg 345 |
| Intravitreal | Injects medication directly into the vitreous body of the eye. pg 345 |
| Topicals | Medications that are administered externally to the skin. pg 345 |
| Rectal Route of Administration | Applied thru the rectum. pg 345 |
| Vaginal Route of Administration | Inserted into the vagina for absorption and distribution. pg 345 |
| Ophthalmic Route of Administration | Medications administered thru the eye. pg 345 |
| Otic Route of Adminstration | Administered thru the ear. pg 346 |
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peekok
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