walking on hot pavement which receptor type would be activated

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nervous systemmarieb

Question	Answer
three major functions of the nervous system	monitors all information about change occuring outside and inside the body process and interprets the information recieved and integrates it in order to make decisions, commond responses by activating muscle gland and other parts of the nervous system
nervous system subdivision that is composed of the brain and spinal cord that occupy the dorsal cavity	central nervous system
subdivision of the pns that contols voluntary activities such as the activation of skeletal muscles	somatic nervous system
nervous system subdivision that is composed of the cranial and spinal nerves and ganglia	periphereal nervous system
subdivision of the PNS that regulates the activity of the heart and smooth muscle, and of glands: it is also called the involuntary nervous system	autonomic nervous system
major subdivision of the nervous system that interprets incoming information and issues orders such as past experience and current conditions	central nervous system
major subdivision of the nervous system that serves as communication lines, linking all parts of the body to the cns.	cranial nerves
supports, insulate, and protect cells	neuroglia
demonstrates irritability and conductivity, and thus transmit electrical messages from one area of the body to another area	neurons
releases neuotransmitters and are amitotic	neurons
able to divide, therefore are responsible for most brain neoplasms	neuroglia
releases neurotransmitters	axon terminal
conducts electrical currents toward the cell body	dendrite
increases the speed of impulse transmission	dendrite
location of the nucleus	cell body
conducts impulses away from the cell body	axon
walking on hot pavement which receptor type would be activated	bare nerve endings (pain) and muscle spindle
feeling a pinch would activate which receptor	golgi tendon organ and pacinian corpuscle
leaning on a shove activates which receptor	pacinian corpuscle
muscle sensations when rowing a boat activates which receptor	golgi tendon organ and muscle spindle
feeling a caress activates which receptor	meissners corpuscle
sensory receptors found in the skin, which are specialized to detect temperature, pressure changes, and pain	cutaneous sense organs
specialized cells that myelinate the fibers of neurons found in the PNS	schwann cells
junction or point of close contact between neurons	synapse
bundle of nerve processes inside the CNS	tract
neuron, serving as part of the conduction pathway between sensory and motor neurons	association neuron
gaps in the myelin sheath	nodes of ranvier
collection of nerve cell bodies found outside the CNS	ganglion
neuron that conducts impulses away from the CNS to muscles and glands	efferent neuron
sensorty receptors found in muscle and tendons that detect their degree of stretch	proprioceptors
changes, occurring within or outside the body that affect nervous system functioning	stimuli
neuron that conducts impulses toward the CNS from the body periphery	afferent neuron
chemicals released by neurons that stimulate other neurons, muscles, or glands	neutronstransmitters
list in order the minimum elements in a reflex arc from the stimulus to the activity of the effector	stimulus,receptor,afferent neuron,efferent neuron, effector organ
period of repolarization of the neuron during which it cannot respond to a second stimulus	refractory period
state in which the resting potential is reversed as sodium ions rush into the neuron	depolarization
electrical condition of the plasma membrane of a resting neuron	polarized
period during which potassium ions diffuse out of the neuron	reploarization
transmission of the depolarization wave along the neuron's membrane	action potential
the cheif positive intracellular ion in a resting neuron	potassium ions
process by which ATP is used to move sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions back into the cell, completely restores the resting conditions of the neurons	sodium potassium pump
somatic reflexes	patellar knee jerk reflex, effectors are skeletal muscles, flexor reflex
autonomic reflexes	pupillary light reflex, effectors are smooth muscle and glands, regulation of bloods pressure, salivary reflex
what system along with the nervous system helps to regulate and maintain body homeostasis, it produces hormones that are released into the blood.	endocrine system
nerves that carry impulses to and from the spinal cord	spinal nerves
nerves that carry impulses to and from the brain and serve as communicatio lines by linking all parts of the body by carrying impuleses from the sesory receptors to the cns and from the cns to appropriate galands or muscles	cranial nerves
what keeps the cns contantly informed of events going on both inside and outside the body	sensory division
names the structure that makes up the CNS	brAIN AND SPINAL CORD
name the structure that makes up the PNS	spinal and cranial nerves that extend to and from the CNS
cells found in the cns that generally support, insulate, and protect the delicate neurons	neuroglia
each of the different types of neuroglia are called	glia cells
cns glia cells that are star shaped, that form a licing barrier between capillaries and neurons to protect them from harmful substances that might be in blood	astrocytes
type of glia cell help controls the chemical environment in the brain by soaking up leaked potassium ions and recapturing released neurotransmitter	astrocytes
spiderlike phagocytes that dispose of debris, including dead brain cells and bacteria	microglia
glial cells that line the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord	ependymal cells
glia that wrap their flat extensions tightly around the nerve fibbers, producing fatty insulating coverings called myelin sheaths	oligodendrocytes
tumors formed by glial cells (neuroglia)	gliomas
supporting cells in the pns that form the myelin sheaths around nerve fibers	schwann cells
cells that act as protective cushioning cells	satellite cells
why is a brain tumor more likely to be formed from glial cells than from neurons	glia cells can divide and neurons cannot. a criterion of cancer cells is their unconrolled division
which glial cells are most abudndent in the body	astrocytes
all have a cell body, which contains the nucleus and is the metabolic center of the cell, and one or more slender processes extedning from the cell body that can transmit messages from one body to another	neurons or nerve cells
metabolic center of the neuron, has a transparent nucleus that contains a conspicuous nucleolus	cell body
what rough er substance and intermediate filaments that are mportant in maintaining cell schape and particulary abundent in the cell body	nissl substance and neurofibrils
neuron processes that convey incoming messages toward the cell body	dendrites
nueron processes that conduct them away from the cell body are	sxons
each neuron has only one axon, which arises from a conelike region of the cell body called	axon hillock
all axons branch profusely at their terminal end, froming hundres to thousands of	axon terminals
inside the axon terminals contains hundres of tiny vesicles or membranous sacs that contain chemicals are called	neurotransmitters
axon terminals are separated from the next neuron by a tiny gap caled	synaptic
cleft protects and insulates the fibers and increases the transmission rate of nerve impules	myelin
complete the pathway between afferent and efferent neurons, also called association neurons	interneurons
cell bodies that are found in the CNS in clusters are called	nuclei
small collections of cell bodies called ___ are found in the a few sites outside the cns in the pns	ganglia or ganglian for plural
cosists of dense collections of myelinated fibers	white matter
dense collections of myelinated fibers that conatins mostly unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies	gray matter
the cell bodies of ____are always found in a ganglion outside the cns, and keep us informed about what is happening both inside and outside the body	sensory, or afferent neurons
how does a tract differ from a nerve	a tract is a bundle of nerve fibers in the cns. a nerve is a bundle of nerve fiber in the pns
how does a ganglion differ froma nucleus	ganglion is a cluster of nerve cell bodies found in the pns, nucleus is a cluster of nerve cell bodies found in the pns
which part of a neuron conducts impuleses toward the cell body?	dendrites conduct impulses toward the nerve cell body,
which part releases neurotransmitter	axon terminal releases neurotransmitters
reflexes occur over neural pathways called___ and involve both cns and pns structures	reflex arcs
reflexes that stimulate the skeletal muscles	somatic reflexes
reflexes that regulate the activity of smooth muscles	automoic relfexes
reflexes that regulate such body functions as digestion, eliminationm, blood pressure, and sweating	automonic reflexes
local current that dies out with distance	graded potential
current that is continuously regenerated along the length of the axon and does not die out	action potential
a rapid, predictable, and involuntary response to a stimulus	reflex
central canal of the neural tube, which is continuous between the brain and spinal cod, becomes englarded in four regions of the brain to from chambers called	ventricles
brain weight	3 lbs
brains four major regions	cerebral hemisphers, brainstem, and cerebellum
most superior part of the brain, responsible for the regulation of posture and coordination of skeletal muscle movements	cerebellum (cerebral hemispheres)
entire surface of the cerebral hemisphers exhibits elevated ridges of tissue called	gyri separated by shallow grooves called sulci (furrow)
regions of the human brain	cerebral hemispher, diencephalon, cerebelum, brain stem
gray matter is composed of	neuron cell bodies
white matter is composed of	myelinated fibers
the lentiform nucleus, the caudate, and other nuclei are collectivley called	basal nuclei
ventricles cavities in the brain contain	cerebrospinal fluid
major subdivision of the brain are	brainstem and cerebellum
largest part of the human brain is the paired	cerebral hemispheres
speech, memory, logical and emotional response, as well as consciousness, interpretation of sensation, and voluntary movement are all functions of neurons of the	cerebral cortex
body map on the motor cortex is called	motor homunculus
visual area is located in the which lobe	occipital lobe
auditory are is located in which lobe	temporal lobe
allows us to consciously move our skeletal muscles	primary motor area
coritcal area that is very invloved in our ability to speak found at the base of the precentral gyrus	broca's area
areas involved in higher intellectual reasoning and socially acceptable behavior if found in which lobes	frontal
located at the junction of the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes	speech area (allows the sound to come out)
damage to the broca's area in which part of the hemisphere causes inability to say words properly	cerebral
sense of taste is found in which area	gustatory area
site of regulation of body, temperature, water balance, metabolism, drives, and emotions	hypothalamus
major stuctures of the diencephalon are the	thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
important relay station for afferent fibers traveling to the senosry cortex for interpretation (whethe the sensation we are about to have is pleasant or unpleasant.	thalamus
forms the roof of the third ventricle, important parts are the pineal body, and the choriod plexus	epithalamus
knots of capillaries within each ventricle, form the cerebrospinal fluid	choroid plexus
brain stem structures	midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata,, small gray matter areas
what major brain region are the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal body found	diencephalon
what is the composition of white matter of the brain	myelinated nerve fibers
what brain region controls such as vital activites as breathing and blood pressure	brain stem
what is the function of the cerebellum	provides precise timing for skeletal muscle activity and helps control our balance and equilibrium
the three connective tissue membranes covering and protecting the cns structures	meninges
doubled layer membrane where it surrounds the brain	dura matter
victims cannot keep theri balance and may appear to be drunk becuase of the loss of muscle form a blow to the head, a tumor, or a stroke.	ataxia
inflammation of the meniges of the brain or spinal cord	meningitis
contains reflex centers incloved in regulating, respiratory rythm in conjunction with lower brain-stem centers	pons
responsible for the regulation of posture and coordination of skeletal muscle movements	cerebellum
important relay station for afferent fibers traveling to the sensory cortex for interpretation	thalamus
contains autonomic centers, which regulate blood pressure and repiratory rhythm, as well as coughing and sneezing centers	medulla oblongata
large riber tract connecting the cerebral hemispheres	corupus callosum
connects the third and fourth ventricles	cerebral aqueaduct
encloses the third ventricle	thalamus
forms the cerbrospinal fluid	choroid plexus
midbrain area that is largely fiber tracts, bulges anteriorly	cerbral peduncle
part of the limbic system, contains centers for many drives such as rage, pleasure, hunger, sex)	hypothalamus
brain structures that consiste of white matter	anterior commisure, corpus callosum, pyramids, cerebellar peduncle
brain structures that consist of gray matter	cortex of cerebellum, basal nuclei, thalamic nuclei
primary somatosensory are of the cerebrall hemisphere is found in the	postcentral gyrus
cortical areas invloved in audidtion are found in	temporal lobe
what lobe is the primary motor area that is invloved in the initiation of voluntary movements	frontal lobe
the specialized motor speech area is located at the base of the precenttral gyrus in an area called	broca's area
the right cerebral hemisphere receives sensory input from which side of the body	left
major descending voluntary motor tract	pyramidal
ceneters for control of repetitious or sterotyped motor skills are found in the	pre motor cortex
the lips, tongue, and fingers are the largest part of what	motor humunculi
sensations such as touch and pain are intergrated in the	general interpretation area
the primary visual cortes is located in which lobe of each cerebral hemisphere	occipital
the area that controls the comprehension of language is located in which side of the cerebral hemisphere	left
eed is eveidence of clinical death	flat
beta waves are recorded when an individual is awake and	alert
outermost covering of the brain, composed of tough fibrous connective tissue	dura mater
innermost coevering of the brain; delicate and vascular	pia mater
structures that return cerbospinal fluid to the venous blodd in the dural sinuses	arachnoid mater
its outer layer forms the periosteum of the skull	dura mater
cerbrospinal fluid is formed by capillary knots called	choroid plexuses
cerbosipinal fluid flors from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle and then trhough the	cerebral aquaduct
some of the fluid continues down the central canal of the spinal cord, but most of it circulates into the subarachnoid space by passing through three tiny opening in the walls of the	fourth ventricle
if the cerbrospinal fluid drainage is blocked, a condition in which results in increaded pressure on the brain	hydrocephalus
slight and transient brain injury	concussion
traumatic injury that destroys brain tissue	contusion
total nonreponsiveness to stimulation	coma
may cause medulla oblongata to be wedged into foramen magnum by pressue of blood	intracranial hemorrage
after head injury, trention of water by brain	cerebral edema
results whena brain region is deprived of blood or exposed to prolonged ischemia	cerebrovascual accident
progressive degeneration of the brain with abnormal protein deposits	alzheimer's disease
autoimmune disorder with extensive demyelination	multiple sclerosis
a ministroke, fleeting symptoms of cva	transient ishemic attack
the spinal cord extends from the formane magnum of the skill to what region of the vertebral column	lumbar
the meninges what procedure, which cover the spinal cord, extend more inferiorly to form a sac from which cerbospinal fluid can be withdrawn without damage to the spinal cord	lumbar tap
how many pairs of spinal nerses arise from the cord	31
how many pairs of nerves are cervical nerves	8
how many pairs of nerves are thoracic nerves	12
how many pairs are lumbar nerves	5
how many pairs are sacral nerves	5
what name is gibven to the barrier that protects the brain from toxic chemicals	blood brain barrier
what name is given to the cerbrospinal fluid filled cavities within the brain	ventricles
another name for a bundle of nerve fibers is called	nerve fascicle
fibers that run from the midnbrain to the eye	oculomotor III

Created by: bisonlea

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