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Pave 5 review
pave exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Most common in dairy cattle within one month of parturition or prepartum | LDA & RDA |
| Due to hypocalcemia resulting in abomosal atony | LDA & RDA |
| Leads to metabolic alkalosis, hypochloremia, hypokalemia due to sequestration of acid, chlorine & potassium in abomasums | LDA & RDA |
| Left 5-10x more common than | right |
| Left-sided ping between ribs 9-13 | LDA |
| Normal TPR,Anorexia, decreased production, ketosis, Diarrhea is poor px sign | LDA & RDA |
| Treatment - roll cow, but recurrence likely,Surgical correction with omentopexy or abomasopexy | LDA & RDA |
| RDA can become | Abomasal volvulus |
| Dairy cows near parturition w/ sudden drop in milk prod,Usu counterclockwise from rear,Very sick, clinical signs more severe dt vascular compromise,Rt sided ping, palpable,Treatment is surgery,Poor prognosis | Abomasal volvulus |
| Most common in high-producing dairy cows in first 6 weeks of production,Stress decreases protective prostagl | Abomasal ulcers |
| Ulceration at the ventral portion of the fundic region of the greater curvature,See melena,anorexia, occult blood, abdominal pain | Abomasal ulcers |
| is significant cause of bleeding ulcers in older cattle | LSA |
| Bleeding ulcers | don’t perforate & perforating ulcers (seen in calves) don’t bleed |
| Pregnant beef cattle in winter with poor quality feed | Abomasal impaction |
| Left Ping | LDA, pneumoperitoneum, atonic rumen |
| Right Ping | Spiral colon, rectum/colon, RDA, RAV (palpable) |
| Herd problem: IBR, BVD, brucellosis, leptospirosis, campylobacteriosis, trichomoniasis, anaplasmosis,ureaplasmas, mycoplasmas | Abortion in Cattle |
| Mycotic (Aspergillus, Mucor spp)Reach uterus hematogenously | cause late term abortion in cattle |
| Dx via culture of fetal tissue | abortion due to mycosis |
| Also Listeria, Haemophilus, Corynebacterium pyogenes, Staphylococcus,bluetonque,Nitrates, lupine, locoweed, mycotoxins | can cause abortion in cattle |
| Most common infectious cause of abortion in horses is | Equine Herpes 1, last trimester |
| Equine viral arteritis | less frequent cause of abortion in horses |
| EVA & EH1 | Vax available for both diseases |
| Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Escherichic coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Rhodococcus equi, Actinobacillus equuli | Causes sporadic abortion in horses |
| These infections occur through ascending infection via the cervix | Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Escherichic coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Rhodococcus equi, Actinobacillus equuli |
| Twin pregnancies in horses | often result in abortion |
| Crush the smallest embryo at day 22-25 after confirmation of pregnancy | Tx for twin pregnancy in horses |
| Most common cause of abortion is campylobacteriosis | sheep |
| Campylobacteriosis | Infection via ingestion of organisms |
| Late-term abortion of edematous fetus,liver with gray necrotic foci,Carrier sheep shed organisms in feces, uterine discharges, aborted fetuses | Campylobacteriosis |
| Culture & ID organism in fetal abomasal fluid & liver | Campylobacteria |
| Vaccinate ewes at breeding,booster at second month gestation | Campylobacteriosis |
| Toxoplasma gondii – protozoan, life cycle is completed in the | cat |
| Abortion & still births in sheep, pigs, & goats | Toxoplasma gondii |
| Toxoplasma gondii | White foci in cotyledons, leukoencephalomalacia |
| Chlamydia psittaci in sheep | late-term abortion |
| Sheep-Exposure via ingestion, inhalation or venereal,Fetus well-preserved or mummified | chlamydia psittaci |
| Chlamydia psittaci in sheep | Placentitis most consistent finding |
| Leptospirosis in sheep | late-term abortions |
| Listeriosis | late-term abortion, birth of weak lambs,Slight to marked autolysis of fetus, fluid in serous cavities, necrotic foci in liver, lung & spleen |
| Erosions in abomasal mucosa,CNS deficits,Man can be affected | Listeriosis |
| Akabane virus disease | arthrogryposis, hydrancephaly |
| Pigs Vaccinations | parvovirus, pseudorabies, enterovirus, brucellosis, leptospirosis can affect reproductive performance |
| Vaccinate sows & gilts against | leptospirosis, parvovirus & erysipelas |
| Also permit >21 day exposure to herd before breeding to allow | natural exposure to endemic herd pathogens including parvovirus & enteroviruses that can cause reproductive failure |
| Parvovirus Early fetal resorption, reduced litter size, mummies | Due to persistence of maternal immunity in gilts until sexual maturity, exposure at breeding time |
| Pseudorabies | Abortion, stillbirths, mummies, weak pigs,Also fever, respiratory signs, nervous signs |
| Brucellosis | Venereal |
| Leptospirosis – L interrogans | one of most common causes of reproductive failure |
| L Pomona | is late term abortion |
| L Bratislava | commonly id in serologic surveys in midwest US but NOT affected w/ abortion or repro problems |
| Abortion induced in Cow | PGF2 up to 4th month |
| Months 5-8 PGF2 & Dexamethasone combination | for induced abortion in cow |
| PG for abortion only | Mare |
| May need double dose or repeated treatment at 48 hour intervals after 4th month | PG for abortion in mare |
| Douching of uterus also works at any stage of pregnancy | Abortion in mare |
| for live foal only after cervix has begun to relax & colostrum is in udder | oxytocin for use in mare |
| PGF2 can be used after day 40 | Small animal |
| Dexamethasone 10 days produces fetal death & resorption | Small animal |
| Phenothiazine tranquilizer,Block release & uptake of dopamine in the CNS,Also has anticholinergic, antihistaminic, antispasmodic & alpha-adrenergic blocking effects | Acepromazine |
| Acepromazine | Depresses RAS,Administer atropine to counteract bradycardic effects |
| Adverse effects Precipitates seizures,-RR,-arterial BP,+CVP, bradycardia, sinoatrial arrest,Bradycardia negated by physiological response to decreased BP | Acepromazine |
| Causes extrusion of penis in male large animals,No analgesic effects | Acepromazine |
| Positive effects - Antidysrhythmic effects,Inhibit arrhythmias induced by ultra-short barbiturates, halothane, Epinephrine | Acepromazine |
| Reduces halothane-induced malignant hyperthermia in pigs | Acepromazine |
| Contraindications - Decrease dose in animals with hepatic dysfunction, cardiac disease,Contraindicated in patients w/ hypovolemia, shock, tetanus, strychnine | Acepromazine |
| If there is no displacement, fractures treated conservatively w/ Ehmer sling & restricted Activity,Bone plates & screws used for internal fixation | Acetabelar |
| Acetaminophen poisoning | Tylenol |
| Clinical signs - Hemolytic anemia, methemoglobinemia,Dark-colored urine,Icterus, facial edema,lethargy | Acetaminophen poisoning |
| Clin path - Heinz body anemia, hemolysis, hemoglobinuria | Acetaminophen poisoning |
| Therapy - N-acetylcysteine (Mucomist) | Acetaminophen poisoning |
| Acrodermatitis | Lethal familial zinc deficiency in white bull terriers |
| Retarded growth, progressive, acral, hyperkeratotic dermatitis, pustular dermatits at mucocutaneous jxns,Death by 2 yrs of age | Acrodermatitis |
| Acute Abdomen Syndrome | Acute presentation, showing systemic signs, abdomen painful, distended, V/D, weakness,Major categories are bacterial sepsis, obstruction/perforation, ischemia/thrombosis |
| ADH | Antidiuretic Hormone,Suppresses excretion of urine |
| Has specific effect on the epithelial cells of the renal tubules | ADH |
| Stimulates the resorption of water, resulting in concentration of urine | ADH |
| Adrenal Gl&s Endocrine gl&, Adrenal cortex | Three zones |
| Zona glomerulosa (outer) secretes | mineralocorticoids |
| Zona fasciculata (middle) layer secretes | glucocorticoids |
| Zona reticularis (inner) secretes | sex steroids |
| Accessory cortical tissue seen as small nodules in | aged dogs is common & nonfunctional |
| Adrenal Medulla | Modified sympathetic nervous system ganglion |
| Secretes epinephrine & norepinephrine | adrenal medulla Important role in response to stress or hypoglycemia |
| Mineralocorticoids | Aldosterone regulates ion transport of epithelial cells, resulting in excretion of K+ & conservation of Na+ |
| Glucocorticoids | Regulate carbohydrate, protein & lipid metabolism resulting in sparing of glucose & lipolysis |
| Glucocorticoids | suppress inflammatory & immunologic responses |
| Can have negative effect on wound healing due to inhibition of fibroblast proliferation & collagen synthesis | glucocorticoids |
| Sex hormones | Progesterone, estrogens, & |
| Aelurostrongylus abstrusus | Cat lungworm |
| Life cycle includes snail first host,frog, lizard, bird or rodent vector | aelurostrongylus abstrusus encysted larvae |
| Cat eats transport host, larvae migrate from stomach to lungs & embed in lung tissue Eggs form nodules in alveolar ducts, larvae hatch, coughed up, swallowed & passed in feces,Larvae in feces have dorsally spined tails | aelurostrongylus abstrsus |
| Causes coughing, dyspnea,Treatment is levamisole | aelurostrongylus abstrusus |
| African Swine Fever | Iridovirus |
| Highly contagious viral disease that resembles hog cholera & is therefore REPORTABLE | ASF |
| Eradicated from western hemisphere | ASF |
| Replicates in RE cells, found in all fluids & tissues, No vaccine | ASF |
| Ornithodoros ticks are vectors,Oronasal exposure,Survivors carriers for life | ASF |
| Clinical signs include fever, vomiting, diarrhea, eye discharge, abortion, death,Hemorrhage of lymph nodes, renal cortex, splenomegaly (bigger than in hog cholera) Excessive pleural, pericardial & peritoneal f luids | ASF |
| Air Sacculitis | Mycoplasma gallisepticum |
| Causes respiratory tract infection in chickens,High rate of carcass,condemnation,Caseous exudates | Mycoplasma gallisepticum |
| Aldosterone | The main mineralocorticoid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex |
| Regulates electrolyte & water balance by promoting retention of Na+ & the excretion of K+,Retention of water induces an increase in plasma volume & an increase in blood pressure | Aldosterone |
| Secretion of aldosterone is stimulated by | angiotensin II |
| Aleutian Disease | Parvoviral infection of mink resulting in immune complex formation & deposition, No vaccine |
| Alimentary Lymphosarcoma | Most have normal or low peripheral lymphocytes,Nonresponsive IBD,Can be diffuse or multinodular,Dx w/ full thickness biopsy,Very difficult to treat |
| Alkalosis | incHCO3,incTCO2 |
| hyperventilation causes | alkalosis |
| Cow saliva rich in | HCO3 (horse saliva rich in Cl-) |
| Amyloidosis | Consists of B pleated sheets of amino acids, refractory to enzymatic breakdown,2 major amyloid proteins,AA released from hepatocytes due to chronic infection,AL composed of partially degraded immunoglobulin light chains produced by malignant plasma cells |
| Disease caused by displacement of normal cells with amyloid deposits, mainly liver, spleen, brain & kidneys | Amyloidosis |
| Anal Sac Disease | Hematochezia, Chronic bright red blood w/ normal stools |
| Anaplasmosis | Anaplasma marginale,Rickettsia located in the stroma of RBC |
| Disease of ruminants,Transmission through contamination with infected blood via ticks (Boophilus, Dermacentor), horse flies, stable flies, mechanical transfer of blood (vax, dehorn, etc),Fomites | anaplasmosis |
| Carriers maintain disease in a herd, More severe in adult cattle, lifelong resistance if exposed young | anaplasmosis |
| Clinical signs Depression, inappetence, fever, decreased production, marked icterus,Anemia leading to hypoxemia, Diagnosis Suspect in mature cattle showing anemia without hemoglobinuria, Blood smear, see anisocytosis, presence of agent,Serology | anaplasmosis |
| Treatment Tetracycline | LA200, Do not stress patients, may die,Insect control |
| Vax – May cause neonatal isoerythrolysis | anaplasmosis |
| Ancylostoma caninum | Canine hookworm |
| Anemia CRC | percent reticulocytes X patient PCV/normal PCV (45 in dog, 37 in cat) |
| anemia Regenerative if | > than 1percent in dog or 5percent in cat |
| Horses | have no peripherally circulating reticulocytes |
| Regenerative Anemia | Macrocytic, normochromic, nRBCs |
| Regenerative response | take 2-5 days |
| Hemolysis – Intravascular | RBC destruction w/in blood vessels & loss of Hgb from cells,Often severly ill w/ weakness, fever, icterus, Hgbemia, Hbguria |
| Blood pressure | Systolic below 80 & mean below 60 are worry numbers when anesthetized |
| Hypotension is | mean BP<60 for >20min |
| Assist by dec anesthetic percent, inc fluid rate, inc ventilation | Hypotension |
| Kidney | cannot autoregulate when BP<60mmHg |
| Arterial Pressures | CO x Peripheral resistance |
| CO | HR x SV |
| Systolic | 100-160 |
| Diastolic | 60-100 |
| Mean | 80-120 |
| CVP | 0-10 |
| Blood gasses – Hypoventilation | kills slowly |
| Hypoxemia | kills quickly |
| PaCO2 - | Measures ventilatory status of the patient |
| Normal 35 – 45 mmHg | PaCO2 |
| PaCO2 < 35 | hyperventilation |
| Inc HR,inc CO,inc BP, injected mucous membranes | hyperventilation |
| PaCO2 > 45 | hypoventilation |
| PaCO2 > 60 | severe respiratory acidosis |
| Hypercapnia | may be caused by hypoventilation, upper or lower airway obstruction, pleural filling disorders, pulmonary parenchymal disease, abdominal or thoracic restrictive disorders |
| PaO2 | Measures oxygenating efficiency of the lungs |
| Normal 90-100 | PaO2 |
| Patients on 100percent O2 have | PaO2 400-500 |
| PaO2 | 5x what breathing |
| PaO2 < 60mmHg | hypoxemia |
| SpO2 | predictor of O2 saturation (PaO2),percent saturation of Hgb |
| Measure w/ pulse oximeter, want >90percent | Hgb saturation |
| Urine output | Indirect measure of major visceral organ perfusion |
| Intraoperative urine output should be | 1-2ml/kg/hr, 1/2mg/kg/hr in horse,Renal fxn dec after general anest & sx in normal, healthy animal for 24-48 hrs |
| pH Acid base status Normal | 7/4 |
| Primary derangement is always in direction of pH, body won’t overcompensate | 3 x bas deficity x wt(kg) = HCO3mEq (give ½ & reasses) |
| Temperature Can spontaneously | fibrillate if < 90F |
| Tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) | Only anesthetic agent approved by FDA for fish |
| E cylinder of O2 | Contains 700L at 2200 psi |
| H cylinder of O2 | Contains 7,000L at 2200 psi |
| Angiotensin | Vasoconstrictive principle formed in the blood when renin is released from the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney |
| The enzymatic action of rennin | cleaves angiotensinogen to angiotensin I |
| Angiotensin I is activated | in the lung to become angiotensin II (by ACE) |
| Angiotensin II stimulates | aldosterone secretion & raises blood pressure, thereby decreasing fluid loss |
| Antacids & Antisecretory Agents | Gastric ulceration, hypersecretory diz, EPI, NSAID tox |
| AlOH | Cations bind bile acid, stimulate prostagl&in sythesis, cytoprotective,Rapid,Also binds P in renal disease |
| H2 antagonists | Antisecretory, competitive blockade |
| Cimetidine | TID H2 antagonist, least potent, most bioavailable |
| Ranitidine | 5-12x more potent H2 antagonist, BID, less bioavail, minimal drug interactions |
| Omeprazole | Proton pump inhibitors,Most effective antisecretory |
| Misosprostol | Synthetic prostagl&in, antisecretory,Local effects |
| Sucralfate | Cytoprotective, needs acidic environment to work,Protects & promotes healing, physiologic b&aid, NSAID prophy |
| Anterior Uveitis Inflammation of the anterior uveal tract | iris, ciliary body, choroid |
| AU Signs | Pain,blepharospasm,tearing,conjunctivitis,constricted pupil, reduced IOP,aqueous flare,keratic precipitates,hypopyon, miosis |
| Glaucoma, cataract & corneal opacification may be complication | AU |
| AU Cause | Trauma,infectious systemic disease,intraocular neoplasm,intraocular helminths,immune-mediated disease |
| Recurrent uveitis | immune-mediated |
| Treatment - Topical atropine, corticosteroids if no ulcer, prostagl&in inhibitors, antibiotics | AU |
| Blepharospasm | spasm of the orbicular muscle of the eyelid |
| Aqueous flare | turbidity of the aqueous humor caused by increased protein levels |
| Keratic precipitates | fibrous deposits on the posterior surface of the cornea, usually associated with uveitis |
| Hypopyon | pus in the anterior chamber of the eye |
| Pyrantel pamoate Nemex, Strongid-T,Neuromuscular blocker, paralyzes,Used for | roundworms & hookworms in dogs & cats, also Physaloptera,Strongyles, ascarids in horses,Not absorbed, safe for puppies, kittens, pregnant & lactating animals,Pamoate salt limits absorption – just passes through |
| Fenbendazole | Panacure,Least hepatotoxic benzimidozole,Treats rounds, hooks, whips, Taenia, lungworms (cats) & Giardia |
| NOT effective against D caninum tapes | Fenbendazole |
| 3 doses over 3 days | Fenbendazole |
| Febantel is prodrug metabolized | to fenbendazole in dogs, don’t use in cats |
| HPS reactions to dying parasites esp, at high doses | Fenbendazole |
| Benzimidozoles | interfere w/ parasite metabolism via inhibition of glucose transport = starvation |
| Brucellosis in dogs Brucella canis | 3rd trimester abortion – orchitis |
| Also B abortus, B suis, orB melitensis associated with | infected domestic livestock |
| Brucellosis in sheep – Brucella | melitensis, abortion, B ovis, produces disease unique to sheep |
| Epididymitis & orchitis impair fertility | B melitensis |
| Brucellosis in pigs – B suis | Usually self limiting, can remain in herd for yrs,Man working in pack houses at risk |
| Prevalence highest in feral pigs | B suis |
| Brucellosis card test,No vax | B suis |
| Brucellosis in horses – | B abortus, B suis |
| Suppurative bursitis, fistulous withers or poll evil,Occasionally abortion | Brucellosis in horses |
| Unlikely source for disease to other horses, animals or man | Brucellosis in horses |
| Brucellosis in people | – Undulent Fever |
| Usu mild, can be serious public health problem esp when B melitensis | Brucellosis in people |
| Bucked shins | Front limb lameness in 2-3 yr old Thoroughbred or racing QH,Metacarpal bone painful on manual compression |
| Lameness likely dt microfractures in bone as result of compression during exercise at high speed,Metacarpal periostitis | Bucked shins |
| Bullous diseases | Autoimmune diseases of skin & mucous membranes characterized by pustules, vesicles, bulges, erosions & ulcerations |
| Occur in dogs, cats & horses | Bullous diseases |
| Pemphigus foliaceus | Young to middle aged dogs uncommonly, even less so in cats & horses |
| Pustular crusting disease sparing mucous membranes (no lesions in mouth) | Pemphigus foliaceus |
| May form widespread heavy crusts, marked hyperkeratosis of footpads, & involvement of nailbeds that may lead to loss of the nails | Pemphigus foliaceus |
| Tx w/ high doses of immunosuppressive drugs | Pemphigus foliaceus |
| Pemphigus vulgaris | Less common than PF |
| Vesicular disease affecting mucous membranes, Blisters, vesicles(rupture quickly), erosions in mouth, rectum, Suprabasilar acantholysis | PV |
| Tx with high doses of immunosuppressive drugs | PV |
| Difficult to get into remission, Poor px | PV |
| Bullous pemphigoid | Collies, DPs Rare, sloughing diz Lesions widespread, tend to concentrate in groin |
| Resembles severe scald | Bullous pemphigoid |
| Pemphigus erythematosus | Affects face & ears,has features of DLE,Scaling lesions,hypopigmentation of the planum nasale,Not well defined |
| Pemphigus vegetans | Rare,Benign variant of pemphigus vulgaris,Bullae replaced by verrucoid hypertrophic vegetative masses |
| Discoid Lupus Erythematosus | Dermal SLE,Autoimmune skin dz of dogs characterized by depigmentation, erythema,scaling,erosions,ulcerations & crusting, particularly on & spreading up bridge of nose & sometimes face & lips |
| Immunoglobulins &/or complement are deposited at the basement membrane in the skin,Tx w/ tetracycline/ niainamide promising | Discoid Lupus Erythematosus |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | Controversial,Multisystemic autoimmune disease of dogs & cats |
| Extremely wide variety of clinical signs may occur, but immune-mediated polyarthritis, hemolytic anemia & skin disease are most common | SLE |
| Griseofulvin | Inhibits fungal mitosis by disrupting mitotic spindle, inhibit nucleic acid & fungal wall sythesis |
| Limited to dermatophytes only Give w/ fatty food to inc absorption Side effects include GI, teratogenic & carcinogenic at inc doses, bone marrow dyscrasias Do not give to pregnant animals | Griseofulvin |
| Antiseptic Agents | Agents applied to the body |
| disinfectants which are used | on inanimate objects |
| Amphotericin B | Polyene macrolide Binds to fungal sterols, altering permeability of membrane Fungistatic, Dimorphic fungi (histo, blasto, crypto, coccidio) |
| Because of the risk of severe toxicity reserved for disseminated,progressive, potentially fatal fungal infections,Nephrotoxic, anaphylactoid | Amphotericin B |
| Apomorphine | Most consistently effective antiemetic in dogs |
| Atropine | Anticholinergic Central Too many side effects for antiemetic use |
| Chlorpromazine | Phenothiazine Central, antidopaminergic Very effective centrally acting antiemetic, esp for blood born stimuli |
| 2nd drug of choice for antiemetic | Chlorpromazine |
| Diphenhydramine | Antihistaminergic Central Good for motion sickness, otitis media/interna |
| Metaclopramide | Antidopaminergic Peripheral & central Physiologically antagonizes vomiting reflex Also prokinetic from esophageal sphincter to upper duodenum, don’t give w/ obstruction, perforation, or epilepsy |
| 1st drug of choice antiemetic agent | Metaclopramide |
| Bismuth Subsalicylate | Antiprostagl&in, antibacterial Peripheral Antidiarrheal Care in cats |
| Metronidazole | Bactericidal & antiprotozoal Obligate anaerobes Disrupts DNA & nucleic acid synthesis |
| Immunolmodulator in IBD | Metronidazole |
| Rifampin | Bactericidal or bacteriostatic Inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase Used for treatment of Rhodococcus equi in combo w/ erythromycin |
| Fluoroquinolones | Good G- aerobes, facultative anaerobes, atypical mycobacterium, chlamydia, mycoplasma, ehrilichia, BRD Bactericidal |
| DNA gyrase inhibitor, prevent DNA synthesis, Enrofloxacin (SID, prostate, RMSF,deethylated to cipro)ciprofloxacin | Fluoroquinolones |
| Variable activity against Streptococci – not recommended | Fluoroquinolones |
| Contraindicated in young animals due to cartilage defects | Fluoroquinolones |
| Baytril (Fluroquinolones) associated with | blindness in cats |
| Sulfonamides | G+, easy G-,anaerobes, nocardia & actinomyces |
| Bacteriostatic, Inhibit folic acid pathway(PABA/pteridine not converted to DHFA),Broad spectrum Many bacteria have developed resistance | sulfonamides |
| Potentiated sulfonamides | TMPS Bactericidal, inhibits bacterial thymidine synthesis in folic acid pathway |
| Exc tissue distribution Most drug side effects of all Abs,allergic rxs, hepatotoxic, KCS, hypothroidism, crystalluria, thyrotoxic, anemia,BM toxicity(aplastic anemia, thrombocytopenia hypoprothrombinemia) | Sulfonamides |
| Tetracyclines | G+,easy G-,Mycoplasma,spirochetes, Chlamydia, Rickettsia, Hemobartonella, Brucellosis, Bacteriostatic |
| Inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal unit SafeProstate, Includes doxycycline | tetracyclines |
| (biliary excretion), oxytetracycline, tetracycline Resistance inc May cause | esophagitis |
| Chloramphenicol | G+,G-Bacteriostatic,Binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit preventing protein synthesis |
| Penetrates everything, Can cause aplastic anemia in humans | Chloramphenicol |
| Lincosomides | G+aerobes,anaerobes,No G-Often combo w/ aminoglycosides, Lincomycin, clindamycin, Bacteriostatic or bactericidal,Bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit,Distribute well, biliary elimination |
| Contr in rabbits, rodents, horses, ruminants due to serious GI effects | Lincosomides |
| Macrolides | G+,selected G- Bacteriostatic |
| Bind 50S ribosomal subunit in alveolar macrophages, great for pulmonary infections | Macrolides |
| Erythromycin, tylosin, tilmicosin | Macrolides |
| Erythromycin is used in the treatment of Rhodococcus equi | in combo w/ rifampin Can cause increase in GI motility |
| Tilmicosin | used in BRD,CV toxicity in primates, horses,swine |
| Imidazoles | Fungistatic Inhibit ergosterol/steroid synthesis (blocks cytochrome p450),inc cell membrane permeability,dec cell membrane fluidity |
| Use for dermatophytes, yeast, dimorphic fungi, Impairs steroid sythesis, so sometimes used in hyperadrenocorticism & prostate diz | Imidazoles |
| Ketaconazole | Fairly safe (hepatotoxicity), give w/ food |
| Short t½ Not got w/ dimorphic fungi, esp blasto | Ketaconazole |
| Itraconazole | more effective spectrum |
| Fluconazole | Crosses BBB |
| 5-Flucytosine | Ancoban Inhibits DNA synthesis (antimetabolite, competes with uracil, interfering with pyrimidine metabolism & protein synthesis) |
| Limited spectrum Cryptococcus, C&ida,Rapid absorption, excellent distribution | 5-Flucytosine |
| Synergistic effect with amphotericin B Adverse effects include BM depression (pancytopenia),GI disturbances, rashes, oral ulceration, increased liver enzymes | 5Flucytosine |
| Alcohol | Protein denaturation,70percent effective against G+ & G- bacteria |
| Good bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal,Most rapid acting but least residual action | Alcohol |
| Fast kill, defatting agent Evaporates quickly 2 min for max effect | Alcohol |
| May be drying or irritating,May cause cytotoxicity | Alcohol |
| Often used in combo w/ povidone iodine | Alcohol |
| Arginine | Essential amino acid for cats |
| Needed to drive the urea cylce b/c it transforms ammonia into urea | Arginine |
| Arginine deficiency may potentiate | hepatic encephalopathy |
| Arsenic Poisoning | Sources include rodenticides, wood preservatives, weed killers, baits, insecticides |
| Clinical signs Acute effects on GIT & CV system,Profuse watery diarrhea, may be blood tinged,Severe colic, dehydration, weakness, depression, weak pulse | Arsenic Poisoning |
| Diagnosis | Determination of arsenic levels in tissue & ingesta |
| Arsenic Poisoning Treatment | Thioctic acid, Dimercaprol (BAL) |
| Phenylarsonic toxicosis | arsenical additives to swine & poultry diets to improve production, treat dysentery |
| Toxicosis results from | excess supplementation |
| Atropine – | Anticholinergic, antimuscarinic, Used as preanesthetic to dec respiratory secretions, prevent sinus bradycardia & AV block |
| Also an antidote for cholinergic overdose (physostigmine) & organophosphate toxicity | Atropine |
| Don’t use in patients with glaucoma | Atropine |
| Atrophic rhinitis- | Bordetella bronchiseptica, Pasteurella multocida, Pigs |
| Clinical signs - | Sneezing, followed by atrophy of turbinate bones |
| Signs begin in pigs 3-8 wks | Atropic rhinitis |
| Diagnosis - Signs, lesions, culture | Atrophic rhinitis |
| Control - Difficult to keep herds free of diz, but usually low level | Atrophic rhinitis |
| Control measures taken when reach unacceptable levels,Antibiotic (tet, sulf, tm, tyl) administration to prefarrowing sows, newborn piglets, weaners | Atrophic rhinitis |
| Bacterin admin to sows (4 & 2 wks prefarrowing) & piglets (1 & 4 wks) | Atrophic rhinitis |
| Atypical pneumonia - | Includes acute bovine pulmonary emphysema & edema (ABPEE), fog fever, bovine atypical interstitial pneumonia |
| One of the more common causes of acute respiratory distress in cattle, esp adult beef cattle | Atypical pneumonia |
| Typically occurs in autumn, 5-10 days after change to a lush pasture | Atypical pneumonia |
| Lush pasture high in L-tryptophan, which is degraded in the rumen to indoleacetic acid, which is converted by rumenal microorganisms to 3-methylindole | Atypical pneumonia |
| 3-MI is absorbed into the bloodstream & is the source of pneumotoxicity after it is activated by pulmonary macrophages | Atypical pneumonia |
| Autonomic Nervous System – | Involuntary branch of peripheral efferent nervous system,works in conjunction w/ somatic NS which is voluntary branch of efferent division |
| Innervates cardiac mm, smooth mm, most exocrine gl&s, some endocrine gl | ANS |
| Neurotransmitters are acetylcholine & norepinephrine | ANS |
| ANS | subdivides into sympathetic & parasympathetic NS |
| Cell body of 1st neuron in CNS – preganglionic fiber – cell body of 2nd neuron in ganglion outside CNS – postganglionic fiber – effector organ | ANS |
| Most visceral organs dually innervated by | SNS & PNS Sympathetic NS –Fight or flight,Originate in thoracolumbar SC,Short preganglionic fibers, synapse w/ ganglia in sympathetic trunk,Long postganglionic fibers |
| Parasympathetic NS –General housekeeping (SLUDDE) | Originate in craniosacral SC,Long preganglionic, short postganglionic |
| Acetylcholine – | Neurotransmitter for both sympathetic & parasympathetic preganglionic fibers |
| Also,parasympathetic postganglionic neurotransmitter,Called cholinergic fibers | Ach |
| Ach also acts at | sympathetic postganglionic fibers of sweat gl&s & efferent skeletal muscle terminals |
| Cholinergic receptors | Nicotinic Found on postganglionic cell bodies in all autonomic ganglia,Respond to Ach released from both sympathetic & parasypathetic preganglionic fibers,Also on motor end plates of skeletal mm |
| Muscarinic Found on effector cell membranes of smooth mm,cardiac mm & gl&s,Bind w/ Ach from parasympathetic postganglionic fibers,Atropine blocks muscarinic receptors | Cholinergic receptors |
| Norepinephrine – | Released by sympathetic postganglionic fibers,Called adrenergic fibers (adrenaline),Also acts at adrenal medulla |
| Feathers | don’t grow continuously, molt once a year (some spp twice)new feathers have blood supply |
| Urophygial gl& at dorsal base of tail for | preening |
| Proximal axial skeletal system is | pneumatized |
| Do not attempt to get BM or put catheters in | femur or humerus |
| Eyes have skeletal muscles in the iris,cannot dilate pupil w/ atropine (use NM blocker)Optic chiasm 100%, no concentual PLR | Avian |
| Respiratory system requires | filling of air sacs with 1st breath, goes to caudal air sac, lungs, cranial air sac & back out |
| Avian Digestive system is | beak-tongue-cervical esophagus-crop-thoracic esophagus-proventriculus (gl&ular stomach)-ventriculus (grinding)-intestines-cloaca |
| Lobulated kidneys are dorsal in synsacral fossa | Avian |
| Renal portal system in addition to hepatic portal system, why don’t give injections in hindlimbs (filtered prior to systemic circulation) | Avian |
| Birds can decrease GFR b/c | uric acid is secreted not filtered |
| Assess renal fxn w/ uric acid; severe renal failure leads to gout | Birds |
| Liver measured by AST & bile acids (not SAP, ALT), eval CPK concurrently | Birds |
| Icterus is rare, see bright green urates when urates should be white | Birds |
| Female bird | has 1 ovary on left, poultry have right remnant (often cystic) |
| Males birds | have 2 testes, some have phallus |
| Heart has 4 chambers, right AV valve is muscular not tendinous,R aortic arch,not L | Bird |
| Do not have lymph nodes but lymphoid tissue – if spleen enlgd, serious systemic disease | Birds |
| Birds Lymphoid tissue includes | thymus & bursa of fabrecious (outpouching of cloaca), both of which shrink up w/ sexual maturity |
| Heterophils instead of neuts w/ rod shaped granules, nucleated thrombocytes instead of platelets, nRBCs | Birds |
| Avocado – | Pulmonary edema & death in birds |
| Avascular Necrosis of Femoral Head – | Leg Perthy’s Disease in humans |
| Effects young toy & small breed dogs | LPD |
| Decreased blood supply to femoral head & neck, femoral head collapses, pathologic fracures can occur, osteoarthrosis | LPD |
| Usually unilateral lameness,Can be traumatic or spontaneous,On rads, see dec opacity of femoral head & neck, collapse of femoral head, joint laxity | LPD |
| Sx, require FHO,Warn O that may occur in other side later | LPD |
| Avulsion fracture - | A fragment of bone, which is the site of insertion of a muscle, tendon or ligament, is detached as a result of a forceful pull,Repair with a pin or screw |
| Babesiosis – | Babesia canis, B gibsoni in dogs, B felis in cats, B bigemina, B bovis in cows |
| Intraerythrocytic protozoan parasite transmitted by ticks | Babesiosis |
| Dogs & cats – Rhipicephalus, the brown dog tick & some Dermacentor | Babesiosis |
| Boophilus tick spp in | cattle Babesiosis |
| Destroys RBCs intravascularly during escape from cells,No human health risk | Babesiosis |
| Clinical signs – Can look just like IMHA, regenerative anemia,Most subclinical | Babesiosis |
| If immunocompromised or splenectomized (parasitized cells removed by spleen), see Hgburia, hgbemia, anemia, hemolysis, icterus,Death | Babesiosis |
| Diagnosis – Hx of tick infestations,Giemsa-stained capillary blood or organ smears,ELISA, IFA,Often Coombs +, polyclonal gammopathy | Babesiosis |
| Treament – Imidocarb dipropionate (Imizol), Diminazene aceturate (Berenil)Feline may be nonresponsive, primaquine phosphate reported to be effective | Babesiosois |
| Barium Series | Should move out of stomach into duodenum by 30 min,Reach ileocolic valve w/in 2 hrs |
| Beak & Feather Virus – | Immunosuppressive disease, often die of 2ndary causes |
| Feather disease w/ damaged follicles, dystrophic feathers, hemorrhage in shafts,Necrotic beaks,Old world birds at risk PCR of blood sample to dx | Beak & Feather Virus |
| Bence-Jones Proteins – | In urine, comprised of immunoglobulin light chains |
| Bethanocol – | Parasympathomimetic used for treating disorders of micturition when no obstruction present |
| Other drugs include dantrolene, diazepam, diethylstilbestrol, estrogen, testosterone, propantheline | treating disorders of micturition |
| Cholinergic, effects primarily muscarinic, negligible nicotinic activity,Has inc duration of action compared to acetylcholine,Used to inc detrusor muscle tone & stimulate bladder contractions in small animals | Bethanocol |
| Also an esophageal or GI stimulant, but metoclopramide & neostigmine are better | Bethanocol |
| Biliary Tract Obstruction – | Bilirubin causes normal colored feces |
| If no bilirubin, as in complete obstruction | get pale white feces (i/d, rice will also do this) Biliary Tract Obstruction |
| #1 cause of BTO is | pancreatitis |
| In surgery, if see little white dots, suponified fat, not mets | BTO |
| Biopsy in pancreatitis in | cats (uncommon) |
| Bismuth Subsalicylate – | Effective antisecretory dt salicylate,Good for acute diarrhea |
| Blackleg - | Clostridium chaovoei,Also C septicum & sordelli |
| An acute febrile disease of cattle & sheep characterized by myonecrosis & emphysematous swelling, usually in the heavy muscles | Blackleg |
| Caused by ingestion of spores & deposition into mm,Usually in young adult beef cattle w/ no hx of trauma | Blackleg |
| Usually trauma induced in sheep,Most common in summer & fall | Blackleg |
| Clinical findings - Crepitant swellings of the heavy muscles,Acute lameness,Acute death in healthy young beef Cattle | Blackleg |
| Diagnosis - History, clinical findings, IFA | Blackleg |
| Blackleg | Control – Vaccination |
| Blastomycosis - Blastomyces dermatitidis, | Fungal disease of the Midwest,Hunting dogs |
| Large (8-20μm) broad based budding yeast w/ refractive cell wall,Infection causes primary granulomatous or pyogranulomatous lesions in the lungs | Blastomycosis |
| N∅s infiltrate,May occur in the skin, eyes, bone & elsewhere | Blastomycosis |
| Draining cutaneous tracts, respiratory disease, Bone diz looks like tumor (ddx coccidio)AGID test, serology Tx w/ amphotericin B (nephrotoxic)Poor px if disseminated | Blastomycosis |
| Blister Beetle – | Cantharidin toxicity,Most often in horses |
| Blister beetles swarm in | alfalfa hay during harvesting |
| Blister Beetles contain | cantharidin, a potent irritant & vesicant that causes GI & renal signs as well as hyperemia & ulceration of the oral, esophageal & GI mucosa |
| Clinical signs include colic, salivation, choke, pollakiuria, hematuria, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia,Horses can die within 48 hours,Treat with supportive care | Blister Beetle (Cantharidin toxicity) |
| Blood - Hemoglobin formation consists of | a globin molecule & four heme groups |
| Each heme group contains | an iron atom with which a molecule may associate & dissociate |
| Each Hbg molecule can transport a max of | four molecules of O2 |
| Each erythrocyte contains | 200-300 million molecules of hemoglobin |
| When blood passes through the lungs, Hgb becomes saturated with O2, forming | oxyhemoglobin |
| When this blood passes through body tissues, some of the O2 dissociates from theHgb | oxyhemoglobin |
| Normal blood | contains 15 grams Hgb per deciliter, 98percent of that is saturated with oxygen |
| Blood Transfusion – | wt (lbs) x 40(dog) or 30 (cat) x desired PCV – patient PCV/PCV of donor,Rate approx 10ml/kg/hr, slowly at first to check for adverse rxns |
| If giving to fast, patient will vomit | Blood Transfusion |
| Blood Types –Cat | A, B, & AB |
| Severe transfusion rxns in type B cats | receiving type A blood |
| Type Bs carry | alloantibodies to type A |
| Purebreds | are more commonly type B |
| Risk for severe rxn | on 1st transfusion |
| AB blood type | is very rare |
| Dog blood type | A (DEA1,1 or DEA1,2), B,C,D, F, Tr (DEA7), J,L,M,N |
| Dogs Blood Natural antibodies are anti-B,-D,-Tr, Donors should be DEA1/1, DEA1/2 & DEA7 negative | Neonatal isoerythrolysis assoc w/ anti-DEA1/1 |
| Horse blood types | A,C,D,K,P,Q,T,U, Natural antibodies anti-A,-C, NI assoc w/ Aa or Qa,Donors should be non Aa or Qa |
| Cow Blood types | A,B,C,F,J,L,M,R,S,T,Z, Natural antibodies anti-J,B system most complex w/ >1000 alleles |
| Cow Blood Donor | Ideally same blood type or at least w/out reactive antigens |
| Cross Match – Major | 2 drops donor RBC in 2 drops recipient serum; if incompatible, recipient serum contains Abs to donor RBCs,Most important, if incompatible, cannot tranfuse for any reason |
| Minor Cross Match | 2 drops recipient RBC in 2 drops donor serum; if incompatible, donor serum contains Ab to recipient RBCs,Cannot transfuse plasma, but can RBCs, if washed & major cross match compatible |
| Blood Volume Total body water | 60percent of body weight; ECF = 50 of TBW, ICF = 50 of TBW |
| ECF divided into | plasma volume (8per TBW), IF (37per TBW), & TF (5perTBW) |
| Blood volume can be approximated as | 10 percent body weight, plasma volume as ½ blood volume |
| Normal blood volume is | 90mls/kg in dog, 50mls/kg in cat, 75mls/kg in horse |
| Blood loss exceeding 20-25percent blood volume can lead to | shock |
| Blue Tongue Virus - | Orbivirus carried by Culicoides, Endemic in USA |
| Disease of sheep, cattle, goats, & wild ruminants | BTV |
| Cattle are the reservoir, Inappetance in cattle & goats, severe disease in sheep & deer | BTV |
| Clinical signs - Sheep- hyperemia of muzzle, lips, ears; dyspnea, erosion/ulceration of oral mucosa; muscle necrosis, cyanotic tongue | BTV |
| Abortions, congenital defect Mortality 0-30percent,Cattle usually asymptomatic | BTV |
| If develop clinical signs, same as sheep,If infected during gestation, may abort or give birth to abnormal calves | BTV |
| Diagnosis & Prevention – IFA,Vaccinate sheep,Insect control | BTV |
| Bog Spavin | Chronic synovitis in tibiotarsal (hock) joint causing obvious distension of joint capsule |
| Bone Blood Supply - Diaphyseal nutrient artery enters & passes through | cortex to medullary cavity w/out supplying collaterals to the cortex |
| Divides into ascending & descending branches which anastomose with the epiphyseometaphyseal vessels to supply the BM & compact & cancellous bone | Diaphyseal nutrient artey |
| Blood flows centrifugally through cortex to exit | via periosteal venules |
| In areas of the cortex with heavy fascial attachment, the outer 1/3 of the cortex is supplied by | periosteal arteries |
| Bone Repair Sequence of events | trauma local blood vessel damage, local necrosis of bone & soft tissue back to sites of intact vascular perfusion,Active hyperemia to help w/ fracture healing,Removal of necrotic tissue & bone |
| Bone repair cont | Clot organization,Formation of Fibrous callus appears 4-5 days after fracture,Bony callus visible radiographically 11- 38 days after fracture,Remodeling of callus,Trabecular bone converted into compact bone between ends of bone fragments |
| Bone Spavin – | DJD of hock joint terminating in the formation of exostoses & ankylosis of the joint |
| Borreliosis – | Tick-born bacterial disease of domestic animals & man,See Lyme Disease |
| Botulism - | Ingestion of Clostridium botulinum toxin or via wound,Neurotoxin |
| Prevents synthesis of acetylcholine at motor end plates | Botilism toxin |
| Clinical signs are weakness, flaccid paralysis w/ intact pain perception Progressive,Disturbed vision, difficulty chewing & swallowing, generalized progressive weakness | Botulism |
| Shaker foals, Death is due to respiratory or cardiac paralysis,Difficult to isolate organism Once bound to nerves, antitoxin will no affect | Botulism(clostridium botulinum) |
| Bovine Corona Virus – Neonatal Calf Diarrhea | Winter dysentery,Fecal-oral w/ possible respiratory transmission, Can cause diarrhea in HUMANS |
| Bovine Leukosis Virus – Retrovirus | AKA lymphosarcoma, malignant lymphoma, leukemia |
| Common cattle disease, 2nd most common bovine neoplasia after SCC | BLV |
| Transmitted by transfer of blood b/w animals,Trauma & surgery most common mechanisms of transmission, also insect vectors | BLV |
| Only 3-5% of those infected get LSA | BLV |
| Pyrantel pamoate Nemex, Strongid-T,Neuromuscular blocker, paralyzes,Used for | roundworms & hookworms in dogs & cats, also Physaloptera,Strongyles, ascarids in horses,Not absorbed, safe for puppies, kittens, pregnant & lactating animals,Pamoate salt limits absorption – just passes through |
| Benzimidozoles | interfere w/ parasite metabolism via inhibition of glucose transport = starvation |
| All are hepatically metabolized | Benimidozoles |
| Albendazole | is hepatoxic to SA, used in LA |
| Oxibendazole & Thiabendozole are indicated for | removal of equine parasites in addition to use in other animals, (Many equine parasites have developed resistance to their drugs) |
| Praziquantel | Droncit, Drontal Plus (combo w/ pyrantel & febantel)Isoquinolone derivative,Widely distributed to tissues after oral admin |
| Used in tapeworm (cestode) infections, Dipylidium, Taenia, P Kellicotti, Echinococcus granulosis, Impairs function of sucker, stimulates motility,Puppies >4 wks, kittens >6 wks | Praziquantel |
| May see anorexia, V, D, ataxia,Avoid injectable Droncit – burns | Praziquantel |
| Epsiprantel – Cestex | Isoquinolone derivative,Membrane destabilization causing disruption in worm’s integument, host immune system destroysTx tapes in cat, dog, >7 wks of age,Not systemically absorbed, safe, Single dose adequate |
| Ivermectin – Macrolide | Enhances the release of GABA,GABA acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in nematodes & arthropods |
| Ivermectin causes paralysis & eventual death of the parasite via | increase in Cl- channel permeability |
| Ivermectin | is ineffective against flukes & tapeworms because they do not use GABA as a peripheral nerve transmitter |
| Mammals do not use | GABA as a peripheral nerve transmitter |
| Heartworm prophylaxis, microfilaricidal; effective against hooks, whips & rounds at higher dose | Ivermectin |
| Lower bioavailability in cats,Young >6 wks old; safe in pregnant/lactating,Does not cross the blood brain barrier | Ivermectin |
| Contraindications: do not use dose higher than prophy dose in collie breeds (does cross BBB) | Ivermectin |
| Also contraindicated in shelties, australian shepherds, old english sheepdogs | Ivermectin |
| Other Macrolides – Moxidectin | Proheart, heartworm prophy, ok in collies |
| Selamectin, Revolution, HW prophy | Macrolides,hooks, rounds, fleas, sarcoptes, otodectes |
| Milbemycin oxime, Interceptor, Sentinel (w/luferenon) | HW prophy – make sure HW(-) 1st, microfilaricidal, can cause anaphylaxis; also hooks, rounds, whips, puppies >8 wks |
| Piperazine - | Pipa tabs Only effective against ascarids (roundworms) |
| Paralyzes the worm, allowing it to be passed out with the feces | Piperazine |
| Piperazine | Blocks acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, >3 wks of age otc products. |
| Levamisole, Imidothiazole | Promotes unchecked excitatory neurotransmitter activity = paralysis, death |
| Indicated for treatment of many nematodes usually with LA | Levamisole |
| More effective against adult worms than larval forms,Not effective against horse parasites | Levamisole |
| Arsenicals | Interfere w/ parasite metabolism (inhibit glycolysis), kill adult heartworms,Melarsomine, Immiticide; give IM only,HW infection in dogs |
| More effective & less irritating, less hepatotoxicity than Thiacetarsemide sodium, Caparsolate | Melarsomine |
| Injection site reactions common, low therapeutic index & low margin of safety in | both Caparsolate,Melarsomine |
| Caparsolate | can cause significant hepatic & renal damage |
| Diethylcarbamazine | Filaribits,Not used much anymore |
| Apparent filaricidal activity via paralysis,HW prevention with daily oral dosing, can’t skip a dose,Do not give if MF+, else shock like syndrome,Effective against rounds at higher doses | Diethylcarbamazine (Filaribits) |
| Anthrax- Bacillus anthracis | Gram+, nonmotile, spore forming bacterium |
| Acute, febrile disease of all warm-blooded animals,REPORTABLE,ZOONOTIC,Found in soil | Anthrax (bacillus) |
| Not communicable between animals, acquire from consumption of contaminated meat, grazing contaminated soil, spore inhalation, or open skin wound | Anthrax |
| Clinical findings – Septicemia w/ rapidly fatal course,Abrupt rise in temp, stupor, staggering, dyspnea, trembling, collapse, sudden death,Bloody discharges from natural body openings,Anorexia, GI stasis, colic, hematuria | Anthrax |
| Chronic infections characterized by local, SQ, edematous swellings usually in ventral neck, thorax, shoulders | Anthrax |
| After death, rigor mortis usually incomplete or absent, dark blood from orifices, bloat,rapid decomposition | Anthrax |
| Diagnosis- ELISA, western blot, culture, PCR, IFA,Ddx – other causes of sudden death | Anthrax |
| Treatment & Control – Penicillin, oxytetracycline,Control w/ live vaccine | Anthrax |
| If suspect – Inform regulatory agency, rigid quarantine, prompt disposal of dead, manure, bedding by cremation or deep burial, isolate sick, disinfection, insect repellants, control scavengers, sanitary procedures | Anthrax |
| Depth of anesthesia Stage I | All levels of consciousness when patient responsive, including sleep |
| Depth of anesthesia Stage II | Loss of consciousness,Uncontrolled spontaneous reflex activity |
| Depth of anesthesia Stage III | Cessation of spontaneous motor activity,Stage of surgical anesthesia |
| Penicillins – | B-Lactams,G+, easy G-,anaerobes,Bactericidal,Inhibit cell wall synthesis,Safe,Elimated via kidney, good for UTIs |
| Natural penicillins G+, poor G-, spirochetes, destroyed by penicillinase | PenG & PenV |
| Penicillinase-resistant penicillins – Penicillinase producing G+ cocci, esp | Staphylococcus |
| Cloxacillin, dicloxacillin | Penicillinase-resistant penicillins |
| Aminopenicillins – | Broad spectrum,inc G- activity,Ampicillin, amoxicillin |
| Extended spectrum penicillins – | addl Gactivity, Pseudomonas,Carbenicillin, ticarcillin, piperacillin |
| Potentiated penicillins - Developed to inactivate B-lactamases | Clavomox, timentin |
| Don’t use penicillins in | rodents & lagomorphs; elimination of G+ gut flora can lead to fatal colibacillosis |
| Cephalosporins | B-Lactams,G+,some G- (more with each generation), anaerobes,Bactericidal |
| B-lactam antibiotics | Inhibit cell wall synthesis,More effective against actively growing bacteria |
| Classifications – 1st generation cepholosporins include | cephalothin, cefazolin, cephapirin, cephadine, cephalexin, cefadroxil |
| Activity against most G+, poor G- activity | 1st generation cepholosporins |
| 2nd generation cepholosporins | not very popular, same G+ activity, exp&ed G- |
| 3rd generation cepholosporins | same G+ activity, much exp&ed G- activity; cefotaxime, moxolactom, cefoperazone, ceftiofur (BRD, no withdrawal time) |
| Aminoglycosides | primary G- aerobes, Some G+,Pseudomonas, staphylococcus, atypical mycobacterium (nocardia/actinomyces) |
| Irreversibly bind to 30S ribosomal unit & inhibits protein synthesis,Bactericidal | Aminoglycosides |
| Includes amikacin (SID, parvo pups), gentamicin, neomycin, & spectinomycin,Inactive against fungi, viruses & most anaerobic bacteria | Aminoglycosides |
| Accumulate in inner ear & kidneys,Elimination via glomerular filtration | Aminoglycosides |
| Adverse Effects –Nephrotoxic,Casts in urine, increased BUN & Cr Nephrotoxicity reversible when drug discontinued,Ototoxic,8th cranial nerve toxicity | Aminoglycosides |
| Auditory & vestibular symptoms may be irreversible | Aminoglycosides |
| Chlorhexidine – | Cytoplasmic membrane disruption,05per soln effective against Gram+ & Gram- |
| Persists on skin to give cumulative antibacterial effect,Less irritating | Chlorhexidine |
| Not inactivated by organic matter,05percent is 1:40 dilution,most bactericidal & least toxic to tissues | Chlorhexidine |
| Hydrogen peroxide – | Poor antiseptic,Short-acting germicidal effect through release of nascent O2, irreversibly alters proteins |
| Effective sporicide,Effervescent action mechanically removes pus & bacteria | Hydrogen peroxide |
| Iodine – | One of most potent antiseptics Bactericidal,virucidal,fungicidal,Takes 15 min for sporicidal action |
| Organic matter | inactivates free I in PI |
| Iodine Soln USP has little to no | stinging on broken skin |
| Iodine tincture USP (I in alcohol) is | even more effective, but stings & irritates skin,Rare HPS rxns |
| Povidone iodine often used in | conjunction w/ alcohol |
| Use PI in | 0,1 to 1percent more dilute solns have inc free I & faster, potent bactericidal activity,Dilute stock solution 1:100 or 1:10 |
| Camplobacter – | Acute enteritis in dogs, Bloody diarrhea,ZOONOTIC,Transmissible to people |
| Candida – | Fungal disease,Yeast infection of GIT in birds |
| Sour crop, fuzzy white layer on crop/GIT | candida |
| Tx w/ nystatin orally | candida |
| Capillaria aerophila - | Respiratory parasite of carnivores,Ingestion of larvated eggs,Eggs hatch in intestine, larvae reach lungs via circulatory system,Eggs layed in lungs, coughed up & swallowed |
| Clinical signs include coughing, sneezing, & nasal discharge,Diagnose w/ fecal float, see eggs with bipolar plugs | Capillaria aerophilia |
| Treat with levamisole, fenbendozole | Capillaria aerophila |
| Capillaria plica - | Bladder worm,Found in kidney, ureter, bladder of dogs, cats,No clinical signs,Earthworm host |
| Eggs passed in urine,Treat with fenbendozole, ivermectin, levamisole | capillaria plica |
| Calcitriol – | Synthesized in kidney,Acts on intestine & kidneys to maintain normal calcium levels |
| Carbohydrate Engorgement - | inc fermentable feedstuff, new inc carbo diet (pasture)Rumenal organisms proliferate & cause ceased motility,Bloat,splashy rumen Fluid shifts into rumen = dehydration,Rumen ph < 5,5, sour |
| Tx w/ oral antacids/carmilax,Remove grain | Carbohydrate engorgement |
| Sinus arrhythmia | Normal in dogs, uncommon in cats |
| Sinus bradycardia | Caused by increased vagal tone |
| Treat with atropine, glycopyrrolate, isoproterenol, artificial pacemaker | Sinus bradycardia |
| Sinus tachycardia | Caused by atrial enlargement, stress response,Treat underlying cause |
| Placing pressure on eyeballs will induce | vagal response, slow heart rate |
| S1 | Signals closure of AV valves & start of systole S2 |
| Heart Block | Middle aged, older dogs,inc vagal tone dt drugs, endocarditis, DCM, HCM, hyperkalemia |
| If high grade, may see syncope, exer intol, weakness | Heart block |
| On ECG, dec HR, P w/ no QRS, large T 1st, 2nd or 3rd (complete) degree | Heart Block |
| Long term mgmt in pacemaker,Do not give antiarrythmic drugs, may suppress escape rhythm | Heart Block |
| Sick Sinus Syndrome | Female mini schnauz, dachs, cocers, pugs,May see w/ supraventricular tachyarrythmias |
| Infectious Bronchitis | Coronavirus,Chickens,Respiratory, urogenital & GIT involvement, decreased lay, misshapen eggs, Control by vax |
| Infectious Bursal Disease | Viral disease of chickens,Causes immunosuppression, Prostration, diarrhea, Depopulate, Vaccinate |
| Iodine Deficiency | Goiter Budgies w/ big thyroids, not palpable b/c in thoracic cavity,If budgie is squeaking or clicking, do not h&le (will kill!)Supplement I & will get better, Midwest millet is I poor |
| Iodine Toxicity | Foals of dams fed excess iodine may develop extreme thyroid enlargement (goiter) & may die before birth or shortly thereafter |
| Clinical signs are generalized weakness, long hair, marked limb abnormalities | Iodine Toxicity |
| Iron Deficiency | Microcytic, hypochromic anemia,Non-regenerative anemia,Dt chronic external blood loss, Internal blood loss reuses iron |
| Johne's disease | Mycobacterium paratuberculosis,Acid fast rod Infiltrative intestinal diz Chronic, contagious, granulomatous enteritis of ruminants |
| Organism very resistant, see long term environmental contamination,Bacteria localize in lower small intestine & associated lymph nodes | Mycobacterium paratuberculosis(Johne’s disease) |
| Transmission: Fecal-oral, colostrum, milk, in utero,Cow to calf after birth most commonly | Mycobacterium paratuberculosis(Johne’s disease) |
| Ingestion of contaminated feed & water,In utero & transmammary infection,Cow to cow in confinement situations | Mycobacterium paratuberculosis(Johne’s disease) |
| Long term incubation – cases show up 3-5 years later,Brahmans tend to be older when show clinical signs | Mycobacterium paratuberculosis(Johne’s disease) |
| Clinical findings: Weight loss, muscle wasting, chronic diarrhea, dehabilitation,Appetite stays good Terminates in emaciation & death | Mycobacterium paratuberculosis(Johne’s disease) |
| Small ruminants usually do not have diarrhea | Mycobacterium paratuberculosis(Johne’s disease) |
| Lab findings – Anemia, hypoproteinemia, hypokalemia | Mycobacterium paratuberculosis(Johne’s disease) |
| Lesion - Granulomatous response characterized by progressive accumulation of epithelioid cells in mucosa & submucosa of lower small intestine,Diffuse hypertrophy of lower jejunum, ileum, ileocecal valve, cecum | Mycobacterium paratuberculosis(Johne’s disease) |
| Diagnosis & Control - Fecal culture (very difficult), serologic tests (less than ideal)Positive test is meaningful, negative test is not | Johne’s disease |
| No sure way to prove a living cow is free of infection,Sheep have different strain, different culture Goats have same strain | Mycobacterium paratuberculosis(Johne’s disease) |
| Treatment – None! Cull Vaccination reduces disease incidence, does not eliminate | Mycobacterium paratuberculosis(Johne’s disease) |
| Prevention – Remove calf immediately after birth, feed negative cow colustrum, don’t pool | Mycobacterium paratuberculosis(Johne’s disease) |
| Public Health - Crohne’s disease Organism not killed in pasteurization process Theory of humans infected via milk | Mycobacterium paratuberculosis(Johne’s disease) |
| Johnson Grass -Sorghum,Sudan,Red top Causes 3 problems | Cystitis-Horses,lose mare,Bladder thick,drib urine,uncomfort,Nitrate toxicity if rtilized johnson grass,Chocobrown blood,Methlene blue tx,Cyanide poison if damage,prussicacid Resp distress,cherryredblood,Emerg,Give100ccNa thionitrosol gets up & walks away |
| Joint Fluid Analysis | Normal 1-3 cells per HPF <10 percent PMNs |
| Juvenile Pyoderma Puppy strangles,Pustular skin diz on face & head of | puppies at weaning age, 3wk to 4mos,See fever anorexia,subm&ibular lymphadenopathy,Pustules & lymphadenopathy (huge ln)on face&head May not see pustules if already eroded Tx w/steriods,see fast response One of rare times ever put young animals on steroids |
| Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca KCS | Immune-mediated destruction of lacrimal gl&s,Bulldogs, WHWT, lhasa apso, cockers are prone |
| Acute cases ulceration | KCS |
| Chronic cases – conjunctivitis | KCS |
| Can be 2ndy to sulfa drugs & Canine Distemper | KCS |
| Dx w/ Schirmer tear test <10mm/min is suspicious, <5mm/min is diagnostic | KCS |
| Always check for ulcers | KCS |
| Tx / cyclosporine (Optimmune) eyedrops,Will only works if some tearing function remains | KCS |
| Intussusception Acute see | painful abdomen, scant bloody feces, vomiting |
| Intussusception Chronic see | diarrhea, diarrhea, diarrhea |
| Often palpable, U/S | is best way to dx |
| Usu ileocolic,Can perform enema contrast (not oral) | intussusception |
| Parvo is a major cause of | intussusception |
| Ddx is rectal prolapsed,If fornix is present on rectal palpation, then prolapsed | Intussusception |
| Ketamine | Rapid-acting general anesthetic,Significant somatic analgesia, poor visceral analgesia,Lack of cardiopulmonary depressant effects,Get inc CO, HR, BP |
| Don't use w/ trauma, glaucoma dt inc CSF,Epileptogenic, do not use w/ myelography or seizure disorders | Ketamine |
| Ketoconazole | Antifungal inc cellular membrane permeability & blocks P-450s, inhibiting steroid synthesis |
| Activity against most pathogenic fungi, Med tx for hyperadrenocorticism | Ketoconazole |
| Knemidokoptes Mites –Scaley leg & face mites | of budgerigars, Skin scrape in mineral oil, see lots of mites |
| Tx w/ 1/10,000 ivermec orally & repeat in 2 weeks | Knemidokoptes Mites |
| If severe, parotid duct transposition | KCS |
| Cheyletiella | Walking d&ruff,Occurs in dogs, cats, rabbits,ZOONOTIC |
| Likes high altitudes (CO),Highly contagious scaling on dorsal trunk,Moderate-to intense pruritus,Alopecia & inflam changes 2ndy to scratching | Cheyletiella |
| Treat environment, ivermectin, sulfur shampoo | Cheyletiella |
| Chinchillas | Require regular dust baths to maintain healthy coat & skin,Pans should be provided in cages,Grab by tail |
| Chlamydia psittaci – Psittacosis | Common infectious disease of birds,ZOONOTIC |
| Gives people URT infection, flulike signs | Chlamydia psittaci – Psittacosis |
| Signs vary w/ avian spp from subclinical to systemic disease involving respiratory tract & liver, see yellow urates | Chlamydia psittaci – Psittacosis |
| Very high WBC in birds (ddx Mycobacterium (avian TB), Aspergillosis) | Chlamydia psittaci – Psittacosis |
| Dx via serology (EBA test) or PCR of oral/cloacal swabs Tx w/ doxycycline | Chlamydia psittaci – Psittacosis |
| Choke | Obstruction of esophagus by food masses or FB |
| choke on greedily eaten dry grains | Horses |
| Localized esophageal dilation, hemorrhage necrosis,Exhibit anxiety, arched neck, retching, salivation | Choke |
| Food, froth through nose,May get aspiration pneumonia,Pull food, provide water, painkillers, sedatives,May pass stomach tube | Choke |
| Cholangitis/Cholangiohepatitis | Common hepatic diz of cats, dogs get also |
| Inc ALT,inc SAP, inc bilirubin, Bx to dx, culture & cytology of bile | Cholangitis/Cholangiohepatitis Suppurative form dt ascending infection,Has inc neutrophils; tx w/ antibiotic such as amoxicillin &/or enrofloxacin |
| Nonsuppurative form has lymphs & plasma cells,Imm mediated dz,tx w/ prednisolone | Cholangitis/Cholangiohepatitis |
| Chorioptic Mange | Chorioptes bovis |
| Most common mange in cattle | Chorioptic Mange |
| Pastern area most common -leg mange | Chorioptic Mange |
| High proportion of cattle may be infested without exhibiting signs | Chorioptic Mange |
| More prevalent in winter | Chorioptic Mange |
| Non-zoonotic but REPORTABLE, since r/o sarcoptic mange which is zoonotic | Chorioptic Mange |
| Chronic Active Hepatitis | Group of diseases that tend to progress to cirrhosis |
| Glucocorticoids indicated in moderate to severe symptomatic autoimmune chronic active | hepatitis |
| They are not indicated in asymptomatic cases, mild cases, or viral-induced disease hepatitis | Glucocorticoids |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease – COPD | heaves, asthma |
| Allergic rxn thought to initiate | COPD |
| Usu in north when kept indoors | COPD |
| Prevalence inc w/ age | COPD |
| Inflammation, chronic bronchoconstriction, thickened bronchi | COPD |
| Increased expiratory effort, exercise intolerance, cough, Afebrile | COPD |
| Dx w/ endoscopy, TB asp, thor auscultation of expiratory wheezes | COPD |
| Tx with environmental changes, antiinflammatories, steroids, bronchodilators | COPD |
| Summer Pasture Associated OPD – same but summer, south, in pasture | COPD |
| Chronic Urticaria | Characterized by transient wheals in the skin or mucous membranes |
| Most frequently recognized in the horse | Chronic Urticaria |
| Drugs & ingestants are most frequent causes | Chronic Urticaria |
| Treat with corticosteroids, avoidance of the allergens, hyposensitization to inhaled allergens | Chronic Urticaria |
| Chylothorax | Accumulation of chylous fluid in the pleural space |
| High triglyceride w/ low cholesterol | Chylothorax |
| Dt malignancy, trauma, congenital, pancreatic, parasitic, infectious, idiopathic, lymphangiectasis | Chylothorax |
| Conservative tx is sporadic thoracocentesis, chest tube placement,If fails, pleurodesis (variable outcome)Treat cause ( pericardectomy) | Chylothorax |
| Cirrhosis | End stage liver diz from any cause |
| Dogs > cats | Cirrhosis |
| Cobblestone liver | Cirrhosis |
| Cockers inc risk | Cirrhosis |
| See microhepatica on rads, need bx to confirm | Cirrhosis |
| Supportive tx, slow progression | Cirrhosis |
| Clostridial Diseases | Anaerobic, spore-forming, exo- or enterotoxin forming |
| Bacillary Hemoglobinuria | C haemolyticum |
| Cattle, red water disease,Sudden death, Hgburia | Bacillary Hemoglobinuria |
| Blackleg | C chauvoei (also septicum, novyi, sordelli) |
| Cattle, sheep,Swelling, hemorrhage, & emphysema in heavy muscles | Blackleg |
| Rancid butter odor | Blackleg |
| Botulism | C botulinum, Rapidly fatal motor paralysis by ingestion of carrion & subsequent neuro-intoxication (not infection) |
| Neuromuscular weakness progessing to paralysis | Botulism |
| Hemorrhagic Enteritis & Enterotoxemia | C perfringens |
| Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis | Black disease,C novyi + liver flukes |
| Usually in sudden death in sheep | Black disease |
| Malignant Edema | C septicum usually, also chauvoei, perfringens, sordelli, novyi,Farm animals |
| Tetanus | C tetani, Neurotoxin in necrotic tissue |
| All mammals (dogs, cats, birds seem resistant)Stiffness, spasms, progressive,Immunization | Tetanus |
| Club foot | Caused by deep digital flexor contracture |
| Results in flexion of the distal interphalangeal joint, resulting in a raised heel | club foot) |
| Treat with a distal check desmotomy, corrective shoeing,If nonresponsive, deep digital flexor tendonotomy may be required for salvage | Club foot |
| Coagulation | Goal to form a localizeed fibrin meshwork |
| 3 components necessary for normal coagulation are | intact vasculature (trauma, vasculitis), coagulation factors (DIC, rodenticide, liver failure, congenital), & platelets (aspirin, NSAIDs) |
| Most common bleeding problems are | dt thrombocytopenia & coag factor deficiency |
| Intrinsic pathway | Starts w/ exposure to abnormal surface |
| Factors XII, XI, IX, VIII | Intrinsic Pathway |
| Factor VIII deficiency is | hemophilia A |
| most common inherited bleeding deficiency in dogs & cats | Hemophilia A |
| X-linked, females are asymptomatic carriers, males are affected | Factor VIII def hemophilia A |
| Factor IX deficiency is | hemophilia B |
| In cats, Factor XII deficiency | commonly recognized but rarely causes clinical bleeding |
| Extrinsic pathway | Starts w/ tissue injury, factor III (Thromboplastin) released,Factor VII |
| Common pathway | Factor V, X, prothrombin to thrombin, fibrinogen to fibrin |
| ATIII | Thrombin antagonist |
| Acts on II, IX, X, XI, XII | ATIII Thrombin antagonist |
| Vitamin K dependent factors | II, VII, IX, X |
| Vita K antagonism or deficiency assoc w/ | rodenticide tox (warfarin,coumarin), malabsorption, BTO, heriditary (devon rex cats), & hemorrhagic porcine stress syndrome |
| Expect prolonged clotting times (PT, then PTT) | Vit K |
| If suspicious, tx w/ vita K & watch for improved clotting times w/in 24-48 hrs | Vit K def or antagonism |
| Test of vasculature | Bleeding time test, biopsy |
| Test of platelets | Need good,clean stick, Platelet count, blood smear, platelet aggregation, bleeding time test |
| Test of coag factors – Intrinsic system w/ | ACT, PTT (XII, XI, X, IX, VIII, II or I) |
| Test of coag factors -Extrinsic system w/ | PT (VII, X, V,II, I), also good test for vita K antagonism since factor VII has shortest t½ of vita K dependent factors |
| Fibrinogen & FDP assay test for | DIC, vWD assay in certain breeds (DPs), PIVKA (glorified PT, rodenticide testing) |
| Inhibitors of coagulation | ATIII, aspirin, EDTA (binds divaalent Ca ions), heparing (activates ATIII), dicoumarol (vita K antagonist, rodenticide) |
| Coccidiomycosis | Coccidioides immitis, San Joaquin Valley Fever,Dimorphic soil pathogen |
| Fungus found in arid regions of SW USA | Coccidiomycosis,Coccidioides immitis |
| Infection via inhalation of fungal spores | Coccidiomycosis,Coccidioides immitis |
| Most common in dogs | Coccidiomycosis,Coccidioides immitis |
| Large (50+μm) round organism w/ thick basophilic walls & small internal structures | Coccidiomycosis,Coccidioides immitis |
| Acute infections are respiratory in nature & usu self-limiting | Coccidiomycosis,Coccidioides immitis |
| Chronic respiratory disease affecting lungs, can disseminate to eye & bone,Osseus involvement has poor LT px, resembles osteosarcoma,Bone lesion of baboons | Coccidiomycosis,Coccidioides immitis |
| Clinical signs - Chronic cough, anorexic, cachexia, lameness, big joints, fever, intermittent diarrhea | Coccidiomycosis,Coccidioides immitis |
| Diagnosis - Dog w/ chronic bronchopulmonary diz in endemic area,Pulmonary nodules & enlgd hilar ln found on thor rads | Coccidiomycosis,Coccidioides immitis |
| Positive coccidiodin test indicates exposure,Serology helpful, do not culture | Coccidiomycosis,Coccidioides immitis |
| Treatment: Amphotericin B is drug of choice | Coccidiomycosis,Coccidioides immitis |
| Coccidiosis | Causes acute invasion & destruction of intestinal mucosa |
| Problem in young animals, develop immunity as adults,Host-specific | coccidiosis |
| Oocysts sporulate in environment w/in several days,Infection via ingestion of sporulated oocysts,Clean environment daily | Coccidiosis |
| Diarrhea may precede output of oocysts, so not always possible to dx coccidiosis via fecal exam,Impression smear of intestine more diagnostic | Coccidiosis |
| Finding oocysts in feces does not indicate | coccidiosis infection unless clinical signs are present |
| Treat w/ sulfadimethoxine, a folate antagonist & coccidiostat & good sanitation | Coccidiosis |
| Poultry coccidia | Eimeria, Cryptosporidia |
| Small animals coccidia | Isospora, Cryptosporidia |
| Large animals coccidia - cows/sheep/goats/pigs | Eimeria, Cryptosporidia |
| Diz of pigs 5 - 15 days old | Eimeria, Cryptosporidia (coccidian) |
| Contagious Equine Metritis | Taylorella equigenitalis, Highly contagious venereal disease of horses,REPORTABLE |
| Transmitted during coitus, resides in smegma of stallion prepuce,Self-limiting | Contagious Equine Metritis,Taylorella equigenitalis |
| Clinical signs – None in males,Mare develop endometritis w/ vulvar discharge 2-6 days after service,Low conception rate,Once infection subsides, fertility is regained,Abortion uncommon | CEM |
| Diagnosis - Recovery of organism,Hemagglutinating antibody | CEM |
| Copper Deficiency | Common in Texas in young pastured ruminants |
| Cu | stored in liver, absorbed in SI & excreted in bile |
| Primary Cu deficiency | decreased Cu in soil & forage |
| Secondary Cu deficiency interdependent | inc Mo dec Cu,inc Fe dec Cu, S-Mo |
| Clinical signs – Unthiftiness, achromotrichia, diarrhea, lameness, demyelinization, falling disease | Copper Deficiency |
| Swayback in lambs, anemia | Copper Deficiency |
| Copper Deficiency Diagnosis | Liver Cu [ ], serum Cu [ ], cerulopasmin in serum, diet Cu [ ] |
| Copper Deficiency Treatment | Copper gylcinate injection every 6 mos SQ,Copper sulfate in feed,Copper oxide needle bolus |
| Copper Deficiency Prevent | Salt/trace mineral mixes with Cu,CuSO4 fertilizer |
| Copper Poisoning | Sheep |
| Chronic ingestion of excess amount of Cu leads to sequestration in liver | Copper Poisoning,Sheep |
| A stressor induces sudden release of copper from the liver, resulting in severe intravascular hemolysis | Copper Poisoning,Sheep |
| Clinical findings - Acute hemolytic crisis, depression, weakness, anorexia, hemoglobinuria, jaundice | Copper Poisoning,Sheep |
| Control - Restrict copper intake; supplement with molybdenum | Copper Poisoning,Sheep |
| Congenital Hyperlipidemia | Inherited disease of miniature schnauzers |
| Constipation | 1)Protatomegaly in dogs,2)pelvic fractures in cats(real concer if cat preg),3)hypothroidism in dogs |
| Contagious Ecthyma | aka Contagious Pustular Dermatitis, Sore Mouth, Orf |
| Poxvirus, related to | pseudocowpox and bovine papular stomatitis |
| Infectious dermatitis of sheep and goats transmitted by direct contact, usually in young | Contagious Ecthyma |
| Goats > sheep,Organism is highly resistant to dessication | Contagious Ecthyma |
| Lesions on skin of lips with extension into oral mucosa, also on feet, interdigital regions,Vaccination | Contagious Ecthyma |
| Once recovered usu highly resistant,ZOONOTIC, vets and sheep handlers lesions on hands, face usu more proliferative, distressing | Contagious Ecthyma |
| Copper Storage Hepatopathy of Bedlington Terriers | Recessive inherited copper storage disease in which Bedlington terriers accumulate copper in liver |
| See signs of liver disease, slowly progressive hepatopathy, usu by 3 yrs old,Incurable,Manage with penicillamine, Trientine,Severe disease,See similar diz in Westies, but mild | Copper Storage Hepatopathy of bedlington terriers |
| Corkscrew Claw | Heritable defect of the lateral claw of cattle,Causes serious 2ndary lameness,Must trim continually,Cannot diagnose from dorsal aspect,Cull |
| Coronavirus | Milder than parvo but cannot distinguish by clinical signs,Diarrhea, vomiting |
| Corticosteroid Responsive Meningitis | Large breed, < 2 yr, cervical pain, rare to have neuro disorder, px excellent with treatment |
| Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis | Horse – Causes pectoral abscesses |
| Seasonal, late summer and fall | Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis |
| Transmitted by fomites, arthropods, skin wound,Lance abscesses, flush with iodine | Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis |
| Penicillin or TMS may be used, but antibiotic therapy may delay abscess maturation | Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis |
| CN I | Olfactory nerve,Sense of smell |
| CN II | Optic nerve,Vision,Prechiasmal vs postchiasmal (PLR intact, no menace) |
| CN III | Oculomotor nerve,Motor to muscles of eye, constriction of pupil, accommodation |
| Divide into 3 major branches | CN III: Ophthalmic n(sensory to eyeball, medial canthus, nasal mucosa), Maxillary n(sensory to dorsal/rostralhead), Mandibular n(motor to mastication mm and sensory to lower jaw) |
| CN IV | Trochlear nerve,Motor to dorsal oblique muscle of the eye |
| CN V | Trigeminal nerve,Motor to muscles of mastication and sensory to head |
| CN VI | Abducens nerve,Motor to lateral rectus and retractor bulbi,Abduction of eyeball |
| CN VII | Facial nerve,Motor to muscles of facial expression and sensory to rostral tongue/taste |
| CN VIII | Vestibulocochlear nerve,Sense of hearing and proprioception |
| CN IX | Glossopharyngeal nerve,Motor and sensory to pharynx and caudal tongue,Gag reflex, taste on caudal 1/3 of tongue, involuntary phase of swallowing |
| CN X | Vagus nerve,Parasympathetic to viscera of neck, thorax, abdomen,Motor to skeletal mm of pharynx, laryns esophagus and sensory to mucosa,Gag reflex, coughing, swallowing |
| CN XI | Accessory nerve,Motor to skeletal mm of neck and trapezius |
| CN XII | Hypoglossal nerve,Motor to intrinsic and extrinsic mm of tongue |
| Remember CN w/ parasympathetic functions | CN III, VII, IX, X, XI |
| OOOTTAFVGVAH | SSMMBMBSBBMM |
| Arytenoid Chondropathy or Chondritis | Horse,Bilateral inflammation of the arytenoid cartilage causing exercise intolerance, noise, coughing, dyspnea, syndrome similar to that caused by recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis |
| Dx via endoscopy | Arytenoid Chondropathy or Chondritis |
| Tx – partial/total arytenoidectomy (leave muscular process)Bilateral – temporary and permanent tracheotomy | Arytenoid Chondropathy or Chondritis |
| Ascariasis | Toxocara canis, felis, Roundworms found in the SI of dogs and cats |
| Aspergillosis | Inhaled fungus |
| Most common nasal fungal infection in dogs | (A fumigatus), esp dolichocephalics |
| Urinary aspergillosis in | GSD, systemic |
| Primary a respiratory disease | aspergillosis |
| Causes pulmonary infections in birds and death in penguins, mycotic abortion in cattle, gutteral pouch mycosis in horses, infections of the nasal and paranasal tissues of dogs | Aspergillosis |
| Clinical signs and lesions in birds include yellow nodules in respiratory passages, etc,See matts of hyphae,Eats away at turbinates | aspergillosis |
| Tx w/ itraconazole and others,Flush nasal cavity w/ chlortrimazole | aspergillosis |
| Aspiration pneumonia | Right middle lung lobe most commonly affected (1st major bronchus)2 complication in many diseases,Can be fatal |
| Treat aggressively with antibiotics | Aspiration pneumonia |
| Aspirin – NSAID | Irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase (prostaglandin synthetase) thereby dec synthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes |
| Platelets cannot synthesize new cyclooxygenase causing an irreversible effect reduction of platelet aggregation | NSAIDS |
| Antiinflammatory by local actions, antipyretic and analgesic by effects on CNS | NSAID |
| Pharmacokinetics - Metabolized in the liver by conjugation with glycine and glucuronic acid via glucuronyl Transferase | NSAID |
| Cats are deficient in this enzyme, so aspirin has a prolonged half life in cats and may accumulate | glucuronyl transferase |
| Excreted by kidneys | NSAID |
| Use - Analgesia, antipyretic, antiinflammatory, inhibition of platelet aggregation | NSAID |
| Adverse eff ects - GI ulcers,Toxicity in cats | NSAID |
| Comparison of NSAIDs – Phenylbutazone | more effective peripherally (antiinflammatory) than centrally (antipyretic) |
| Acetaminophen | has weak peripheral actions and does not produce significant GI irritation, nor does it have siqnificant antiinflammatory activity, though it acts centrally as an analgesic |
| Atopy - Type I HPS | histamine mediated release from mast cells,IgG mediated,Hives, wheals, urticaria distributed to face, feet, ears, armpits, legs in dogs |
| Miliary dermatitis in | cats |
| Includes food allergies and atopic dermatitis dt inhaled allergens | Atopy |
| Intradermal skin testing and ELISA testing (controversial)Remove offending allergen, hyposensitization, glucocorticoids | Atopy |
| Horner's syndrome | Failure of sympathetic innervations,Mitosis, ptosis (droopy lid), enophthalmos (sunken eye), prolapsed nictitans |
| Hydralazine | Alters calcium metabolism in smooth muscle, preventing initiation and maintenance of the contractile state,Arterioles > veins |
| Used as an afterload reducer for treatment of CHF, especially mitral insufficiency, and systemic hypertension | Hydralazine |
| Hydronephrosis | Dilated pelvis, loss of medulla |
| Hypercalcemia | Always correct for albumin,Corrected Ca++ = Msrd Ca++ + 3,5 – Albumin |
| Most common cause in small animals is | Hypercalcemia of Malignancy, usu dt lymphoma or apocrine gland adenocarcinomas of the anal sac |
| Hyperparathyroidism hypercalcemia which is most common cause in | horse, nutritional 2ndy hyperparathyroidism, Addison’s diz (late in diz), hyperparathyroidism, hypervitaminosis D, granulomatous diz, Quintox intoxication, and lab error |
| Tx fluid therapy, saline diuresis, loop diuretics (max Na+ excretion and thus Ca++ excretion), bicarbonate to reduce the ionized fraction of serum Ca++ | Hypercalcemia |
| Hyperestrogenism | Only pruritic endocrine disorder, often neoplasia |
| Intense pruritis in young, female dogs, immature mammae and genitalia, alopecia,Bone marrow suppression | Hyperestrogenism Dx w/ ACTH stim and sex hormone panel, biopsy |
| Tx w/ low dosages of lysodren | Hyperestrogenism |
| Hyperkalemia | ECG changes include bradycardia, tall tented T waves, loss of P waves, wide QRS complexes |
| Treatment for hyperkalemia | sodium bicarbonate to send K+ into cell and regular insulin/glucose,Volume expansion |
| Hypersensitivity – Immune-mediated injury Type I | Immediate, Acute, severe, allergic reactions,Anaphylaxis,Evident in seconds to minutes,Drug reaction |
| Hypersensitivity – Immune-mediated injury Type II | Antibody-mediated cytotoxicity,Actives complement cascade,Autoimmune disease |
| Hypersensitivity – Immune-mediated injury Type III | Antigen+Antibody complexes,Arthus reaction,Deposited in tissues, leads to inflammation and necrosis,Serum Sickness in equine dt IV tetanus toxoid |
| Hypersensitivity – Immune-mediated injury Type IV | Delayed HPS,Cell mediated cytotoxicity,Lymphocyte and macrophage mediated,Tissue graft rejections,+ TB skin test |
| Leukocytozoon | Blood parasite of wild birds,Common, inside RBC, non pathogenic, don’t treat |
| Lidocaine Toxicity | 1st see CNS signs such as tremors, seizures,Then cardiopulmonary depression |
| Lime Sulfur | Safe dip for many derm diz,Notoedres, scabies, dermatophytosis,Don’t let cats lick when wet |
| Linear Foreign Bodies | Under the tongue in cats and in pylorus of dogs and cats |
| Dx via palpation and rads (tear drop bubbles, not dilatation; plication),Contrast rads w/ iodine (not barium) | Linear Foreign Bodies |
| Tx by releasing attachment,If not better in 18-24 hours, sx | Linear Foreign Bodies |
| Listeria - Listeria monocytogenes | Found in soil, mammalian GI tracts,Localized in intestinal wall, medulla oblongata, and placenta |
| Clinical signs - Causes encephalitis or meningoencepholitis in adult ruminants, late abortion, septicemia, placentitis, and autolyzed fetuses | Listeria |
| Diagnosis - Isolation and identification,Submit brain stem | Listeria |
| Treatment – Penicillin | Listeria |
| Lipemia | Fast 12-18 hours, should be no lipemia,If present after fast, likely eating, hypothyroidism, or idiopathic hyperlipidemia of schnauzers |
| Increased risk for pancreatitis,Often see complications in eye | Lipemia |
| Liver in Large Animals | Biliary – GGT, STH,Hepatocellular – AST (no ALT) |
| Function test – bile acids, do not have to fast | Liver in Large Animals |
| No gallbladder in | horses |
| The test for Albumin has long t1/2 in | horses, don’t use |
| Bilirubin,Ammonia | Liver test in Large Animals |
| Lumpy Jaw | Actinomyces bovis Gram+ filamentous anaerobe |
| Cows and wallabees,Damage to mucosa 1st Painless rarefying osteomyelitis of mandible/maxilla, hard nonmoveable swelling | Lumpy Jaw,Actinomyces bovis |
| Difficult to culture | Lumpy Jaw,Actinomyces bovis |
| Dx with clin signs, exudates smears, rads, biopsy | Lumpy Jaw,Actinomyces bovis |
| Salvage less valuable,NaI for 3 separate treatmentsOxytet, penicillin parenterally | Lumpy Jaw,Actinomyces bovis |
| Lungworms – Cow and deer | Dictyocaulus viviparus |
| Lungworms - Horse/donkey | Dictyocaulus arnfeldi |
| Lungworms - Sheep/goat | D filaria,Protostrongulus rufescens, Mullerius capillaris |
| Lungworms – Pigs | Metastrongylus apri |
| Lungworms – Dog | Filaroides osleri |
| Lungworms- Cat | Aelurostrongylus abstrusus and Capillaria aerophila |
| Lower respiratory tract infection, coughing, respiratory distress | Lungworms |
| Dx larvae in fecal | Lungworms |
| Tx w/ levamisole, ivermectin, fenbendazole,Thiabendazole not effective, Some vax | Lungworms |
| Lupine Toxicity | Ingestion of lupine plants between days 40-70 of gestation causes crooked calf disease |
| Joint contracture, torticollis, scoliosis, kyphosis, cleft palate | Lupine toxicity |
| Lyme Disease | Borrelia burgdorferi |
| Bacterial disease transmitted by Ixodes ticks,Tick must be on animal for > 12 hrs | Lyme Disease |
| ZOONOTIC, skin lesions in people, Incidence inc in spring and fall | Lyme Disease |
| See lameness, intermittent and nonerosive arthritis, fever, lymphadenopathy,Neurological, cardiac, and renal abnormalities (no thrombocytopenia!) | Lyme Disease |
| Dx by serologic tests - IFA, ELISA, Western blot | Lyme Disease |
| Titers can be inc w/ no diz | Lyme Disease |
| Tx w/ doxycycline | Lyme Disease |
| Control via tick avoidance/treatment (permethrin, amitraz, fipronil) | Lyme Disease |
| Lymphoid Leukosis | Retrovirus of chickens |
| Neoplasms,Difficult to ddx from Marek’s Disease,Look for tumor in bursa = pathognomonic | Lymphoid Leukosis |
| Macaw Wasting Disease | Psittacine Proventricular Dilatation Syndrome (PPD) |
| Unknown etiology, virus likely | Psittacine Proventricular Dilatation Syndrome (PPD) |
| Dilation of proventriculus and ventriculus ceases digestion,Wasting disease of macaws, see whole seeds in droppings,Death | Psittacine Proventricular Dilatation Syndrome (PPD) |
| Dx via clin signs and rads (dilation, dec barium passage) | Psittacine Proventricular Dilatation Syndrome (PPD) |
| Malasezzia | Yeast involved in otitis externa |
| Moist, greasy, malodorous and highly pruritic,Normal flora in dec#’s in dogs, rare in cats | Malasezzia |
| Dx via ear smear, 1º or 2º bacterial infection common | Malasezzia |
| Tx w/ miconazole, ketaconazole, conofite topical lotion | Malasezzia |
| Malignant Catarrhal Fever | Gammaherpes virus |
| Acute, sporadic, infectious and highly fatal diz of cattle near lambing sheep | Malignant Catarrhal Fever |
| Little to no cow to cow transmission | Malignant Catarrhal Fever |
| Also see in farmed deer, wildebeests,Low morbidity, high mortality (lethal) | Malignant Catarrhal Fever |
| Clinical signs - Extensive erosion and edema of GIT and URT,KCS, photophobia, corneal opacity,blindness,pytalism, encephalitis, and lymphadenopathy | Malignant Catarrhal Fever |
| Also interstitial infiltration of organs by lymphocytes | Malignant Catarrhal Fever |
| Kidney - evident as white, raised foci under capsule | Malignant Catarrhal Fever |
| Diagnosis – Virus isolation, ELISA, IFA,Cross reacts with other herpesviruses | Malignant Catarrhal Fever |
| Treatment and control – Survival rare, if so, carriers,Separate from source | Malignant Catarrhal Fever |
| Malignant Edema | Clostridium septicum (Also C chauvoei, C perfringen, C sordelli, and C novyi) |
| Acute fatal toxemia of cattle, horses, sheep, goats, pigs caused by contamination of wounds | Malignant Edema |
| Clinical findings include anorexia,intoxication, high fever,Wounds edematous,Muscle in area dark brown to black | Malignant Edema |
| Dx by IFA | Malignant Edema |
| Tx w/ penicillin or broadspectrum antibiotics early in diz, Bacterins for immunization,Blackleg/Malignant Edema vax | Malignant Edema |
| Malignant Hyperthermia | Porcine Stress Syndrome |
| Hypermetabolic syndrome involving skeletal muscle | Malignant Hyperthermia |
| Genetically transmitted myopathy most prevalent in lean, heavily muscled meat pigs - Pietrain, Landrace, Poland China, Duroc | Malignant Hyperthermia |
| Also occurs in the wallaby,Abnormality in skeletal mm Ca++ kinetics | Malignant Hyperthermia |
| Stressor or drug (inhalation anesthestics like halothane, methoxyflurane) stimulates sustained release of Ca++ resulting inc glycogenolysis and heat production | Malignant Hyperthermia |
| Lactic acid production leads to acidosis,Hyperthermia + acidosis + ATP depletion = rhabdomyolysis,inc K+ causes cardiac dysrhythmia and arrest | Malignant Hyperthermia |
| Clinical findings – Fine muscle tremors in sk mm progress to muscle rigor, then blanching and cyanosisTachycardia, dyspnea, dysrhythmias,Extreme fever (113ºF)Rapid rigor mortis,Affected muscles pale and wet in animals that die | Malignant Hyperthermia |
| Diagnosis - History of stress, exposure to stressor drugs,DNA test | Malignant Hyperthermia |
| Treatment – Genetics, test and cull,Dantrolene (muscle relaxant) given early before blood flow is reduced inhibits and controls episodes,Fluid tx, control acidosis, surface cooling | Malignant Hyperthermia |
| Marek's disease | Herpesvirus of chickens |
| Ubiquitous and highly contagious,Neurotropic disease, see thickened sciatic nerves and tumor in the eyes | Marek’s disease |
| Transmitted via aerosol if stable in environment | Marek’s disease |
| Three forms: productive infection (virion formation in feather follicles); latent infection (carrier state); neoplastic transformation (lymphoid neoplasms) | Marek’s disease |
| Ddx from lymphoid leukosis | Marek’s disease |
| Clinical findings – Depression than death,Enlarged nerves dt lymphoid proliferation in peripheral nerves and CNS inflammation causing ataxia and transient paralysis | Marek’s disease |
| Diffuse nodular lymphoid tumors in various organs,Enlarged feather follicles (skin leukosis) | Marek’s disease |
| Diagnosis - Based on enlarged, thickened nerves and lymphoid tumors upon necropsy | Marek’s disease |
| Control – Vaccinate chicks at hatching,Strict sanitation,Breed resistance | Marek’s disease |
| Mast Cell Tumor | Most frequently recognized malignant neoplasms of dogs and cats (cutaneous, leukemic and visceral forms) |
| Dogs - local aggregation of mast cells in skin of dogs; cutaneous mast cell tumors more aggressive in dogs) | Mast Cell Tumor |
| Cats - visceral mast cell tumors much more common (ddx for splenomegaly) | Mast Cell Tumor |
| Release of histamine or other vasoactive substances may be associated with GI ulceration,May become malignant) | Mast Cell Tumor |
| Metastasis occurs most frequently in mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, and spleen) | Mast Cell Tumor |
| Mastitis | In cows, multiple bacterial etiologies (staph, strep, coliform, pseudomonas, actinomyces) |
| Control and eradication, Segregate and treat based on C&S,Sanitation,Similar in other species | Mastitis in cows |
| Megacolon | In dog, dt stricture or tumor,DON’T cut out colon |
| In cat, idiopathic,If nothing else works, colonectomy (takes weeks before start solidifying feces) | Megacolon |
| Megaesophagus | 2ndrary aspiration pneumonia can kill |
| Barium series, fluoroscopy to dx | Megaesophagus |
| Patient that deteriorates very fast likely has gastroesophageal intussusception | Megaesophagus |
| Congenital – Schnauzer, GSD,Feed from elevated platform | Megaesophagus |
| Acquired – Myesthenia gravis, lead toxicity, hypoadrenocorticism, dysautonomia in cats,esophagitis | Megaesophagus |
| Meningioma | Most common primary brain tumor in cats |
| Mesquite Bean Toxicity | Prosopis spp,Must eat large amounts, get addicted if no other food source Get CHO overload, acidosis |
| Drool, dysphagia, wt loss, tongue protrusion, intermandibular swelling | Mesquite Bean Toxicity |
| Difficult to treat, rumenotomy, B vitamins, fluids w/ bicarb Get them to start eating something else (even if have to tube) | Mesquite Bean Toxicity |
| Metabolic Bone Disease | Reptiles,Ca:P ratio should be 1,2:1 (significantly diff than carnivore diet)Gut loaded insects |
| Vita D and UV light,Abnormalities reflect nutritional 2ndary hyperparathyroidism | Metabolic Bone Disease of reptiles |
| Metaclopramide | Central and peripheral antiemetic and prokinetic from esophagus to duodenum |
| Increases lower esophageal sphincter tone, force of gastric contractions (moves the right direction) | Metaclopramide |
| Metaldehyde | Mulluscicide,Shake and Bake,Nervous signs include tremor, incoordination, tonic convulsions, salivation, dyspnea, unconsciousness, death dt respiratory failure |
| Resembles strychnine poisoning,Tx convulsions w/ diazepam,Tx hyperthermia | Metaldehyde |
| Methotrexate | Folic acid antagonist used as an antineoplastic |
| Milk Fever | Parturient paresis in cows |
| Hypocalcemia,Dairy > beef,Due to excess Ca++ fed during dry period (like alfalfa)Body has stored and expects more, can’t free in time of need | Milk Fever |
| More common in mature cattle at or soon after parturition | Milk Fever |
| Clinical signs – Afebrile,Prodromal see restlessness, tremor, staggering,Then see recumbent, sternal w/ head turned against back, dry muzzle, dull eyes,dec muscle tone, flaccid paralysis | Milk Fever |
| Final stage is comatose | Milk Fever |
| Treatment – IV calcium gluconate,Administer slowly w/ cardiac ausculation dt cardiotoxicity of calcium,If dysrhythmias heard, stop until rates return to normal | Milk Fever |
| Milking Machine | Regular vacuum fluctuation,Pressure should be 13 inches Hg, pulsation rate 40-60/min, ratio 40-50 rest:50-60 vacuum |
| Pressures above or below associated with mastitis | Milking Machine |
| Moldy Corn Poisoning | Fusarium multiforme fungus |
| Mycotoxin,Assoc w/ aflatoxicosis, estrogenism, ochratoxicosis, trichothecene toxicosis, and equine leukoencephalomalacia | Moldy Corn Poisoning,Fusarium multiforme fungus |
| Equine leukoencephalomalacia see apathy, drowsiness, pharyngeal paralysis, blindness, circling, staggering, recumbency,Lesion is liquefactive necrosis of the white matter of the cerebrum | Moldy Corn Poisoning,Fusarium multiforme fungus |
| Molybdiosis | Inc molybdenum dec availability of dietary copper, impedes metabolism of tissue Cu, inhibits Cu enzymes, and promotes Cu excretion |
| Clinical signs include scours, depigmentation, unthriftiness | Molybdiosis |
| Tx w/ copper sulfate supplementation,Want Cu:Mo ratio of 6:1 | Molybdiosis |
| Monensin poisoning | Poultry coccidiostat,Also used in ruminants feed as a growth promotant |
| Not used in horses dt toxicity | Monensin poisoning,Poultry coccidiostat |
| Toxicity requires a large dose in cattle, a normal dose in horses, and causes death due to heart failure | Monensin poisoning,Poultry coccidiostat |
| Morphine | Mu-agonist opiate,Analgesia, antitussive, sedation |
| Resp depression, emesis, physical dependence, constipation, 2ndry effects include euphoria, confusion, bradycardia dt central vagal stimulation, peripheral vasodilation, inc bladder sphincter tone | Morphine |
| Causes vasoconstriction in dogs | Morphine |
| Motor Unit | Includes motor neuron, neuromuscular junction and the myofibrils innervated by neuron |
| Multiple Myeloma | Malignant neoplasm of plasma cells,Proliferate and invade BM causing destruction of bone |
| Results in bone pain and pathologic frxs, produces Bence-Jones protein | Multiple Myeloma |
| Clinical signs include bone pain, SC compression, serum hyperviscosity, hyperglobulinemia, hypercalcemia | Multiple Myeloma |
| Tx by dec serum viscosity,Melpholan is the antineoplastic of choice | Multiple Myeloma |
| Myasthenia Gravis | Autoantibodies to acetylcholine receptors which bind to the receptor and dec Ach,Dogs |
| Clinical signs include extreme generalized muscle weakness accentuated by mild exercise, megaesophagus | Myasthenia Gravis |
| Can be acute,fulminant repisodic,Mimics curare | Myasthenia Gravis |
| Dx by measuring serum anti-ACHR antibodies,Tensilon test - short acting anticholinesterase (Edrophonium Cl) see dramatic inc in strength | Myasthenia Gravis |
| Tx is Pyridostigmine (mestinon) which inhibits acetylcholinesterase,LT immunosuppressive therapy | Myasthenia Gravis |
| Mycetoma | Mold pathogens that cause grains, tumefaction, draining tracts,Pseudomycetoma is chronic granuloma usu dt staph |
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