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CJU: Ch 2 Vocab
CriminalJustice
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anomie | A breakdown or disappearance of the rules of social behavior. |
| Biological Explanations | Explanations of crime that emphasize physiological and neurological factors that may predispose a person to commit crimes. |
| Classical Criminology | A school of criminology that views behavior as stemming from free will, demands responsibility and accountability of all perpetrators, and stresses the need for punishments severe enough to deter others. |
| Control Theories | Theories holding that criminal behavior occurs when the bonds that tie an individual to society are broken or weakened. |
| Crimes Without Victims | Offenses involving a willing and private exchange of illegal goods or services that are in strong demand. Participants do not feel they are being harmed, but these crimes are prosecuted on the ground that society as a whole is being injured. |
| Criminogenic | Having factors thought to bring about criminal behavior in an individual. |
| Cyber crimes | Offenses that involve the use of one or more computers. |
| Dark Figure of Crime | A metaphor that emphasizes the dangerous dimension of crime that is never reported to the police. |
| Labeling Theories | Theories emphasizing that the causes of criminal behavior are not found in the individual but in the social process that labels certain acts as deviant or criminal. |
| Learning Theories | Theories that see criminal behavior as learned, just as legal behavior is learned. |
| Life Course Theories | Theories that identify factors affecting the start, duration, nature, and end of criminal behavior over the life of an offender. |
| mala in se | Offenses that are wrong by their very nature. |
| mala prohibita | Offenses prohibited by law but not wrong in themselves. |
| Money Laundering | Moving the proceeds of criminal activities through a maze of businesses, banks, and brokerage accounts so as to disguise their origin. |
| National Crime Victimization Surveys (NCVS) | Interviews of samples of the U.S. population conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics to determine the number and types of criminal victimizations and thus the extent of unreported as well as reported crime. |
| National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) | A reporting system in which the police describe each offense in a crime incident, together with data describing the offender, victim, and property. |
| Occupational Crimes | Criminal offenses committed through opportunities created in a legal business or occupation. |
| Organized Crime | A framework for the perpetuation of criminal acts—usually in fields such as gambling, drugs, and prostitution—providing illegal services that are in great demand. |
| Political crime | An act, usually done for ideological purposes, that constitutes a threat against the state (such as treason, sedition, or espionage); also describes a criminal act by the state. |
| Positivist Criminology | A school of criminology that views behavior as stemming from social, biological, and psychological factors. It argues that punishment should be tailored to the individual needs of the offender. |
| Psychological Explanations | Explanations of crime that emphasize mental processes and behavior. |
| Social Conflict Theories | Theories that assume criminal law and the criminal justice system are primarily a means of controlling the poor and the have-nots. |
| Social Process Theories | Theories that see criminality as normal behavior. Everyone has the potential to become a criminal, depending on (1) the influences that impel one toward or away from crime and (2) how one is regarded by others. |
| Social Structure Theories | Theories that blame crime on the existence of a powerless lower class that lives with poverty and deprivation and often turns to crime in response. |
| Sociological Explanations | Explanations of crime that emphasize as causes of criminal behavior the social conditions that bear on the individual. |
| Theory of Differential Association | The theory that people become criminals because they encounter more influences that view criminal behavior as normal and acceptable than influences that are hostile to criminal behavior. |
| Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) | An annually published statistical summary of crimes reported to the police, based on voluntary reports to the FBI by local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies. |
| Victimology | A field of criminology that examines the role the victim plays in precipitating a criminal incident and also examines the impact of crimes on victims. |
| Visible Crime | An offense against persons or property, committed primarily by members of the lower class. Often referred to as “street crime” or “ordinary crime,” this type of offense is the one most upsetting to the public. |
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