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Ant 171
Mid -Term exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Definition of Evolution? | A change in a population over time. (Evolution is the change in in allele frequencies in a population over time) |
| Scientific method basics | 1)Make observations.Identify the problem. 2)Formulate a null hypothesis 3)Test the hypothesis. Gather and analyze data to test it. 4)Reject or fail to reject your null hypothesis |
| Difference between “accepting” and “failing to verify” a hypothesis | Accept =“This is the true. End of story. Fail to reject = “This might not end up being true, but it hasn’t been proven wrong… |
| Concepts of biology in Medieval times vs. the Renaissance and beyond | Medieval concept of Bio-life forms do not change, All things natural are fixed and unchanging,Nature created by God,Grand Design =the universe is God’s design Renaissance concept of bio - introduction of Physics; motion; gravity Seeing things outside |
| Differences between DNA and RNA | The function of RNA is to translate the genetic material stored in DNA, into protein structures. RNA essentially carries out the instructions of DNA. |
| Know how to make a new strand of DNA from an old one (i.e., DNA replication) | Original helix separate, complementary based align opposite templates. Enzymes link sugar-phosphate elements of aligned nucleotides into a continuous new strand. |
| Know how to make an mRNA strand from a strand of DNA (i.e., the process of transcription) | DNA splits RNA nucleotides attach mRNA leaves nucleus |
| Know how to make a polypeptide chain (= protein) from an mRNA strand (i.e., the process of translation) | |
| Types of DNA sequence mutations (e.g., frameshift, substitution, silent, insertion, deletion, etc.) | •Substitutions : silent; missense; nonsense •Insertions and deletions : frameshift |
| Mendel’s principles of inheritance | |
| Law of Segregation | . During gamete formation, each sperm or egg of the long-stemmed plants receives a unit of (A) and each sperm or egg of the short-stemmed plants receives a unit of (a). |
| Law of Independent Assortment | Genes controlling different traits are inherited separately. |
| Dominant vs. recessive | Dominance: that form of a trait observable in heterozygous. Recessive: that form of the trait observable only in homozygotes. |
| Parts of a DNA molecule | 4 nucleotide bases Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine Sugar (Deoxyribose) Phosphate |
| Chromosome locus or Loci | A locus (plural: loci) is a certain site on a chromosome. This can be a gene or a genetic marker that stays in that fixed position |
| Gene vs. allele | GENES –parts of the chromosome where DNA codes for a trait (or many traits) Alleles - A specific GENE codes for color Different ALLELES express different colors |
| Heterozygous/homozygous | Homozygous: the condition in which the two alleles of the gene pair are identical. Heterozygous: the condition in which the two alleles of the gene pair are not identical |
| Differences between mitosis and meiosis | Mitosis are Somatic cells Meiosis are sex cells |
| Generally, basic information about the stages of mitosis (and meiosis) | Mitosis: Produces 2 cells at end (via one division phase) Diploid # of chromosome Cells are genetically identical Meiosis: Produces 4 cells at end (via two division phases) Haploid # of chromosomes Cells NOT genetically identical (random assor |
| Know how to fill out a Punnett square | one places the gametes of one parent along the horizontal axis and those of the other parent on a vertical axis |
| Differences between allele frequency, genotype frequency, and phenotype frequency | |
| Gene pool | Total complement of genes shared by reproductive members of a population |
| Forces of evolution, and what they mean | mutation- Change in DNA, new ALLELES gene flow- Exchange of genes between pop genetic drift- Change in alleles frequencies due to random factors natural selection- Changes in allele frequencies due to differential survival and reproduction. |
| Basics of sickle cell anemia example? | the mutation (ss) which affect the oxygen intake of a human red blood cell. |
| Basics of ABO blood groups? | Genetically, the A type is caused by a dominant allele IA; the B type by another dominant, IB; the AB type by codominance (genotype IAIB), and the O type by a recessive allele (i) |
| The modern synthesis? | Stage 1 Production and distribution of variation Stage 2 Natural Selection acts on variation Produces Evolution |
| What is population genetics? | The study of genetic diversity in populations & how it changes through time |
| What is Science? | The process of explaining and understanding the world through observation and experimentatio |
| Great chain of being (Aristotle) | Some animals “higher” and some “lower” in complexity |
| Classification system (Linnaeus). | Systema Naturae (1735) Created a heirarchy of all known living specie King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti |
| Uniformitarianism (Lyell) | Geological processes observed in the present are the same as those that occurred in the past. -Supported that the earth was millions of years old – RADICAL |
| Catastrophism (Cuvier) | Concept of extinction Did not accept evolutionary theory Regional catastrophism with migration to explain the fossil record |
| Crisis point (Malthus) | Population size increases faster than food supply. Just think, supply and demand |
| Acquired use/disuse (Lamarck) | 1.environment changes 2.needs of organism changes 3.behavior changes 4.use / disuse of structure changes 5.size of structure change 6.organism changes over many generations due to environmental change |
| Natural selection (Charles Darwin) | unequal ability to survive and reproduce Variation Heritability of traits Differential Reproductive Success |
Created by:
Jasteer
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