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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Acheulian Tradition | The tool making tradition of Homo erectus in Africa, Europe, and southwestern Asia in which hand-axes were developed from the earlier Oldowan chopper. |
| Agriculture | The cultivation of food plants in soil prepared and maintained for crop production, Involves using technologies other than hand tools, such as irrigation, fertilizers, and the wooden or metal plow pulled by harnessed draft animals. |
| Anthropology | The study of human kind in all times and places |
| Archaeology | The study of human cultures through the recovery and analysis of material remains and environmental data |
| Ardipithecus ramidus | One of the earliest bipeds that lived in eastern African about 4.4 mya. |
| Australopithecus afarensus | Biped that lived around 3 mya, may be a human ancestor |
| Bipedalism | the mode of locomotion in which an organism walks upright on its two hind legs characteristic of humans and their ancestors |
| Brachiation | using the arms to move from branch to branch, while the body is hanging suspended beneath the arms |
| Catarhini | an anthropoid infraorder that includes Old World monkeys, apes, and humans |
| Culture | a society’s shared an socially transmitted ideas, values, and perceptions, which are used to make sense of experience and generate behavior and are reflected in that behavior |
| Dialect | varying forms of a language that reflect particular regions, occupations, or social classes and that are similar enough to be mutually intelligible |
| Dominance hierarchies | an observed ranking system in primate societies ordering individuals from high (alpha) to low standing corresponding to predictable behavioral interactions including domination |
| Enculturation | the process by which society’s culture is passed on from one generation to the next and individuals become members of their society |
| Endogamy | marriage within particular group or category of individuals |
| Ethnic group | people who collectively and publicly identify themselves as a distinct group based upon cultural features such as common origin, language, customs, and traditional beliefs |
| Ethnicity | the expression of the set of cultural ideas held by and ethnic group |
| Ethnocentrism | the belief that the ways of one’s own culture are the only proper ones |
| Evolution | changes in allele frequencies in populations; also known as microevolution |
| Exogamy | marriage outside the group |
| Foramen magnum | a large opening in the skull through which the spinal cord passes and connects to the brain |
| Gender | the cultural elaborations and meanings assigned to the biological differentiation between the sexes |
| Gene flow | the introduction of alleles from the gene pool of one population into that of another |
| Genotype | the alleles possessed for a particular gene |
| Haplorhini | in the alternate primate taxonomy, the suborder that includes tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans |
| Hominid | refers to all African hominoids. Two subfamilies: the Paninae (chimps, bonobos, and gorillas) and the Homininae (humans and their ancestors) |
| Homo habilus | “handy man” the first fossil member of the genus homo appearing 2.5 mya, with larger brains and smaller faces than australopithecines |
| Homo neanderthalus | a distinct group within the genus homo anhabiting Europe and southwestern Asia approximately 30,000-125,000 years ago |
| Household | the basic residential unit where the economic production, consumption, inheritance, childrearing, and shelter are organized and carried out |
| Infrastructure | the economic foundation of a society, including its subsistence practices, and the tools and other material equipment used to make a living |
| Kinship | a netwok of the relatives within which individuals possesss certain mutual rights and obligations |
| Language | a system of communication using sounds or gestures that are put together in meaningful ways according to a set of rules |
| Lineage | a unilineal kinship group descended from a common ancestor or founder who lived four to six generations ago, and in which relationships among members can be exactly stated in genealogical terms |
| Linguistic determination | the idea that language to some extent shapes the way in which we view and think about the world around us. |
| Linguistic relativity | the idea that distinctions encoded in one language are unique to that language |
| Market exchange | the buying and selling of goods and services, with prices set by rules of supply and demand |
| Mousterian tradition | the tool industry of the Neanderthals and their contemporaries of Europe, southwestern Asia, and northern Africa form 40,000 to 125,000 years ago |
| Multiregional hypothesis | the hypothesis that modern humans originated through a process of simultaneous local transition from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens throughout the inhabited world |
| Natural selection | the evolutionary process through which factors in the environment exert pressure, favoring some individuals over others to produce the next generation |
| Neolocal residence | a pattern in which a married couple establishes the household in a location apart from either the husband’s or the wife’s relatives |
| Nuclear family | a group consisting of one or two parents and dependent offspring |
| Oldowan tool tradition | the first stone tool industry, beginning between 2.5 and 2.6 mya |
| Patrilocal residence | a residence pattern in which a married couple lives in the husband’s father’s place of residence |
| Phenotype | the observable characteristic of an organism that may or may not reflect a particular genotype due to the variable expression of dominant and recessive alleles |
| Phonetics | the systematic identification and description of distinctive speech sounds in a language |
| Physical anthropology | the systematic stud of humans as biological organisms, also known as biological anthropology |
| Platyrrhini | an anthropoid infraorder that includes New World monkeys |
| Polygamy | one individual having multiple spouses at the same time |
| Reciprocity | the exchange of goods and services, of approximately equal value, between two parties |
| Redistribution | a form of exchange in which goods flow into a central place, where they are sorted, counted and reallocated |
| Reproductive success | the relative production of fertile offspring by a genotype |
| Social structure | the rule-governed relationships –with all their rights and obligations- that hold members of society together |
| Society | an organized group or groups of interdependent people who generally share a common territory, language, and culture and who act together for collective survival and well being |
| Speciation | the process of forming a new species |
| Strepsirhini | in the alternate primate taxonomy, the suborder that includes the lemurs and lorises without the tarsiers |
| Superstructure | a society’s shared sense of identity and worldview |
| Swidden farming | an extensive form of horticulture in which the natural vegetation is cut, the slash is burned, and the crops are then planted among the ashes |
| Symbol | a mark, sound, gesture, motion or other sign that is arbitrarily linked to something else and represents it in a meaningful way |
| Syntax | the patterns or rules by which words are arranged into phrases and sentences |
Created by:
jroegner91
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