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apes soil chapter
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| organic matter that results from the decomposition of the waste & dead tissue of organisms | humus |
| horizontal layers of soil | soil horizons |
| vertical slices of soil | soil profile |
| top layer of soil; organic; has surface litter | O Horizon |
| best soil; aka topsoil; contains organic humus | A Horizon |
| layer underneath the A Horizon; alot of the minerals were leached out; aka subsoil; usually made of sand, silt, or clay | B Horizon |
| sits on top of the bedrock; made up of weathered rock fragments | C Horizon |
| has a very thick A horizon but no O horizon | grassland soil |
| main 3 types of rock in soil | sand, silt, and clay |
| if the soil is sandy, it's called | sandy loam |
| if the soil is silty, it's called... | silty loam |
| measure of the volume of pore spaces between soil grains per volume of soil | soil porosity |
| the surface layer of soil, which is rich in humus and other organic material, both living and dead | topsoil |
| soil's ability to support plant growth | soil fertility |
| physical breakdown of rock | weathering |
| nutrients that support plant growth in natural ecosystems are supplied mostly through the breakdown and release of nutrients from _____________ | detritus |
| when water moves through soil and washes out the nutrients; lessens soil fertility and contributes to pollution | leaching |
| the soil's capacity to bind & hold nutrient ions until they are absorbed by roots | nutrient holding capacity |
| plant and animal wastes; manure and compost | organic fertilizer |
| chemical formulaitons of required nutrients without any organic matter included | inorganic fertilizer |
| which is more prone to leaching: inorganic or organic fertilizers? | inorganic fertilizers |
| the soil's ability to hold water after it infiltrates is called its... | water-holding capacity |
| the soil's ability to allow water to soak in is called | infiltrate |
| this will determine whether a soil will dry out quickly or not | evaporative water loss |
| what horizon helps reduce water loss | o |
| name the five things soil must have to grow a good crop | good supply of nutrients, low salt content, ph near neutral, aeration, infiltration |
| what is the equivalent to compost | humus |
| name 2 ways green plants protect the soil | protects the soil from erosion, reduces evaporative water loss |
| the process of gradual oxidation of the organic matter (humus) present in the soil that leaves just the gritty mineral component of the soil | mineralization |
| the process of soil particles being carried away by wind & water. erosion moves the smaller particles first & hence degrades the soil to a coarser, sandier, stonier texture | erosion |
| the compaction of soil that results when rainfall hits bare soil | splash erosion |
| the loss of a more or less even layer of soil from the land surface due to the impact of rain & runoff from a rainstorm | sheet erosion |
| soil erosion produced by running water | gully erosion |
| the practice of repeated cultivation and growing of crops more rapidly than the soil can regenerate | overcultivation |
| the phenomenon of animals' grazing in greater numbers than the land can support in the long term | overgrazing |
| structural characteristic, determined by the percentages of different sized inorganic mineral particles of sand, silt, & clay | soil texture |
| an ideal agricultural soil that has an optimum combination of soil particle sizes | loam |
| perfect combination for soil... | 40% sand, 40% silt, 20% clay |
| how easy it is to work the soil | workability |
| organism that mixes humus into soil the most | earthworm |
| fertile, dark soils found in temperate grasslands. deep A horizon. best for agriculture | mollisols |
| soil in tropical & subtropical rainforests; small O horizon; rainfall leaches; has a small O horizon because of the rapid decomposition | oxisols |
| soil type in temperate forests; well developed O, A, and B horizons; not deep; good for agriculture | alfisols |
| soil type in dry lands & deserts; unstructured profile; thin & not deep; irrigation causes salts to be drawn to th esurface from high evaporation rates | aridisols |
| the process of removing trees and other vegetation covering the soil, leading to erosion & loss of soil fertility | deforestation |
| the process of alternating the crops grown on a piece of land | crop rotation |
| rows of trees around cultivated fields for the purpose of reducing wind erosion | shelter belts |
| what are the four main goals of a sustainable agriculture? | maintain a productive topsoil, keep food safe, reduce use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, and keep famrs economically viable |
Created by:
aahenderson9