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Methods Part II
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Experimenter Bias | Researchers beliefs about the expected outcome influence the results (leading questions, inadvertant reinforcement) |
| Threats of Experimenter Bias | Internal Validity, it affects results. External Validity, you can't generalize to natural settings. |
| Demand Characteristics | Aspects of the study or study environment that reveal the hypothesis being tested...may lead subjects to exhibit subject role (good, negativistic, apprehensive, faithful) |
| Threats of Participant Bias | Internal, innaccurate results. External, can't generalize. ( use deception, single blind study, control group) |
| Sampling Distribution of the means | Permute data to gather all possible samples of n size. Take mean of each possible permuted sample and build distribution. |
| Single Sample T-test | Evaluates sample mean against sampling distribution mean. (population data is known) |
| Basic Units of a Sampling Distribution | Xbar. Muxbar. SigmaSQRDxbar. Sigmaxbar <- std error. |
| Standard Error | Standard Deviation of a sampling distribution |
| Central Limit Theorem | Specifies nature of sampling distribution. *mean of sampling distribution is a pretty good estimate of the pop. mean for samples larger than N=1. Sampling distributions are more normal, with less variability. |
| Why T-test? | Z underestimates population variance and gives too many rejections of null. T has more variability, flatter (platykurtic) |
| Degrees of Freedom | # of Observations that are free to vary (last has to make dataset have a the set Xbar) |
| Two Sample T-test (Independent) | Compares two means from two groups (usually 1 IV w/ 2 levels). |
| Independent T-test Notation | Xbar1, Xbar2, S(xbar1-xbar2) |
| Sampling Distribution for Independent T-test | Sampling distribution of differences between the 2 sample means. |
| Variance Sum Law | The variance of the sampling distribution is the sum of the variances for the component sampling variances (i.e. std dev = S(xbar1-xbar2)) |
| Pooled Standard Deviation | Assume equal variances in an Independent T-test, we factor variance out (still under radical) |
| Assumptions for an Independent (Two Sample) Ttest | Independent Random Sampling. Normal Populations. Equality of Variance. DV is ratio or interval. |
| Intact Groups | Groups pre-formed because variable being study cannot be randomly assigned. forces btwn subjects design. May affect validity of test |
| Confidence Intervals | Obtained sample mean(s) +- (TCRIT*STD ERROR). std error bars will be smaller than Confidence interval |
| Paired Sample T-test (Dependent) | ALL ABOUT DIFFERENCES. within subjects. Difference score from each individual tested against expected difference of 0. |
| Between Subjects ANOVA | a multi-group generalization of the t-test w/ 3 distinctions: more groups, focus on variance instead of means, uses F. Same assumptions as t |
| ANOVA is one tailed because | F=t^2. Also made of SS/df and SUM of squared values cannot be negative and df cannot be negative. |
| Hypothesis for Btwn Sbjt ANOVA | All are equal. Two are different from one another. NON DIRECTIONAL |
| Indications of SSbtwn & SSwithin | If SSbtwn is large & SSwithin is small, null is probably true. If btwn is a fair amount and within is somewhat less, alternative is probably true. (because F=between/within) |
| Family-Wise Error Rate | Refers to the chance of committing at least one type-1 error among a set of analyses |
| Fisher's LSD Test | Least Significant Difference. We run modified tests between pairs ONLY IF ANOVA is significant. pretty liberal. |
| Bonferroni | Alpha adjustment technique. Alpha family wise is divided by total # of comparisons. |
| Post Hocs | Use DFwithin to get Tcrit from post hoc comparisons (ttests) |
| Problems with Btwn Subjects ANOVA | Individual Differences cause high within group variability and mask treatment effect. Individual differences can also become confounding variables |
| Subjects variability | Makes up part of Within group variability in One-way anova. Tells how much within groups variability can be attributed to individual differences |
| One Way ANOVA | more sensitive to treatment effect because individual differences are accounted for. We use means of groups and means of individual subjects |
| Factorial Design | A research study involving 2 or more IVs. |
| Advantages of Factorial Designs | More realistic...DVs of interest are rarely ever effected by only 1 thing in real life. Shows interactions of IVS on DVs. Economical, can test multiple hypotheses at once. |
| Main Effect | The mean differences among the levels of 1 factor |
| Theres an Interaction if | The effects of one factor depend upon the level of another factor. If it is significant we can no longer talk about main effects. |
| Simple Main Effect | The effect of one factor at one particular level of another factor |
| Null Hypotheses for Factorial ANOVA | All treatments for factor A are equal. All treatments for factor B are equal. Factors are independent. |
| Factorial ANOVA | we split SSbtwn(called SScells) into 3 groups. A, B & Interaction btwn A&B. Indent three groups if including Fcells in source table |
| Testing Single value against known sample or population | Z test |
| Mean of one group against population mean | Single sample t-test |
| More than one independent variable | Use factorial ANOVA test |
| One IV, two levels, Between Subjects | Independent Ttest |
| One IV, two levels within subjects | Dependent T-test |
| One IV, three+ levels, within subjects | One way, repeated measures ANOVA |
| One IV, three+ levels, between subjects | One way, between subjects anova |
| One Way ANOVA means | One IV, multiple levels |
Created by:
lpicklesimer
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