Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Vis Dis 2nd - PCC
Vis Dis 2nd exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The study of blood and its formed element | hematology |
| Protein found in blood | hemoglobin |
| Erythrocytes, granulocytes and platelets are produced where? | Bone marrow |
| Where are lymphocytes producded? (3) | Secondary lymphoid organs: spleen, lymph nodes. Also in the bone marrow and thymus |
| What is in a CBC | Hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC indices, WBC, platelets |
| Number of RBC is below normal range? | Anemia |
| Number of RBC is above normal range | Polycythemia |
| Decreased hemoglobin means decrease what in the tissue? | oxygen |
| What is hematocrit? | Percentage of total blood volume made up of RBCs |
| What are the blood indices? | MCV (size) , MCH (Hgb weight) and MCHC ( concentration of Hgb) |
| What are the diffrence cell sizes? | Normocytic, microcytic, macrocytic |
| What are the diffrence concentration of Hgb? | Normochromic, hypochromic, hyperchromic |
| What is MCH? | Mean corpuscular hemoglobin... weight. Indicates the color. |
| What does MCHC indicate? | Color |
| Anemia indicates what? | A decreased ability of oxygen carrying capacity |
| What is anemia usually due to? (3) | 1. Decreased production 2. increased breakdown 3. blood loss |
| Most common type of anemia | Iron deficient... microcytic hypochromic |
| Low MCV and low MCH = ? | Microcytic hypochromic |
| Normal MCV and MCH? | Normocytic normochromic |
| High MCV and normal MCH | Macrocytic normocytic |
| What are the types of microcytic hypochromic anemias? | 1. IDA (MC) 2. ACD 3. Thalacemia 4. CBL... really an IDA |
| What are the types of macrocytic normochromic anemias? | 1. B12 deficiency 2. Folic acid deficiency 3. Alcholism 4. Liver disease |
| What are the types of normocytic normochromic anemias? | 1. ACD!! 2. Acute blood loss 3. Hemolytic anemia (sickle cell) 4. Aplastic anemia |
| Iron is transported by what? | Transferin |
| Anemia of blood loss: Most common cause in the whole world | Occult bleeding from GI tract |
| Acute blood loss results in what type of anemia? | Normocytic normochromic |
| Chronic blood loss results in what type of anemia? | Microcytic hypochromic |
| What is the MC type of anemia? | IDA |
| Is a dietary deficiency of iron common? | Heck no |
| IDA: ____ iron, ____ ferritin, _____ TIBC | 1. decereased 2. decreased 3. increased |
| Microcytic hypochromic anemia as ____ TIBC | Elevated |
| What type of cells would you find in MHA? | Anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, target cells and microcytes |
| ACD has what type of TIBC? | Low |
| Thalacemia has what type of TIBC? | Normal |
| ACD has ___ serum iron, ___ TIBC and _____ ferritin | 1.Low 2. Low 3. Normal to increased |
| ACD can be what type of anemia? | Microcytic hypochromic or Normocytic normochromic |
| What are the 2 types of thalacemia and where are they located? | 1. Alpha: china and south east Asia 2. Beta: Medeiterrian |
| Talacimia major aka what? | Cooley's anemia |
| In thalacemia, ____ are normal but ____ are decreased | 1. Iron parameters 2. Hgb, Hct, MCV and MCH |
| Typical radiographic finding with thalacemia. What other disease can u find it with? | 1. Hair on end 2. Sickle cell |
| Which macrocytic normochormic anemias are megaloblastic? | B12 deficiency and folic acid deficiency. |
| Macrocytic normochromic anemia has __ MCV | Increased |
| What type of anemia enlarges the bone marrow? | Megaloblastic |
| What is the most common cause of B12 deficiency? | Lack of intrinsic factor |
| Second most common cause of B12 deficiency? | Lack of gastric acid |
| Symptoms of B12 deficiency | Lemon yellow skin, premature graying, weakness, sore tongue, GI symptoms, LOSS OF VIBRATORY SENSATION, neuropsychiatric disorders |
| B12 deficiency caused by gastric mucosa failure to secrete IF | Pernicious anemia |
| What type of anemia is pernicious anemia? | Macrocytic normochormic |
| Megaloblastic anemia: ____ and ___ RBCs, ___ hemoglobin, ___ MCH, ___ MCH, ___ iron, ___ ferritin, ____ B12 or Folate | 1. Abnormally large and decreased 2. Decreased 3. Increased 4. Increased 5. Increased 6. increased 7. Decreased |
| Most dangerous type of Normocytic normochromic anemia | Aplastic anemia |
| Aplastic anemia: all cell line are ___ | Decreased |
| What is diffrent about aplastic anemia? | An increase of RBC production is not seen |
| Anemia that is due to increased RBC and destruction of RBCs | Hemolytic anemia |
| Things to associate with hemolytic anemia aka sickle cell | Lincon log, H-shaped, reynold's phenomenon... AVNs! |
| When does sickling occur? | At times of lowered oxygen tension... exercise |
| What's up with the bone marrow in hemolytic anemia? | Severe hyperplasia which results in expansion and thinning of the cortex |
| What else is associated with sickel cell? | Hand and feet swelling, abdominal crisis, small vessel infarcts, spleen enlargement |
| What type of anemia is sickle cell? | Normocytic normochromic |
| Most common type of hemoglobinopathy in the US? | Sickle cell |
| What is polycythemia? | Increased everything |
| 3 types of polycythemia | 1. polycythemia vera 2. absolute polycythemia 3. relative polycythemia |
| Symptoms of polycythemia | Red face, high BP, low exercise tolerance, joint pain, splenomegaly |
| Who gets polycythemia rubra vera? | 40-60 year olds |
| ___ MCH and ___ MCV in polycythemia rubra vera | Normal and normal |
| What's up with the blood in polycythemia rubra vera? | Thick and clogs up the blood vessels |
| What is secondary polycythemia (absolute) | Physiologic response to the need for more RBC production due to an increased need for oxygen, pulmonary disorder or increase in erythropoitin. |
| With secondary polycythemia the patients may be what? | Cyanotic with heart or lung disease |
| Secondary polycythemia: ___ RBC, ___ Hgb, ___ Hct, ___ MCV, ___ MCH | Increased RBC, Hgb and Hct Normal MCV and MCH |
| What is the big diffrence between polycythemia rubra vera and secondary polycythemia? | No spleen enlargement in secondary |
| What happens in relative polycythemia? | Decrease in plasma volume and the RBC mass remains unchanged |
| Relative polycythemia is MC due to what? | Dehydration |
| Relative polycythemia: ___ RBC, Hgb and Hct | Increased |
| A measure of the rate with which the RBCs settle in saline or plasma over a specific time period | ESR |
| Is ESR sensitive or specific? | Sensitive: cannot diagnos a particular problem |
| What can ESR be helpfull in? | Determin the progress of a disease |
| Stacking of RBCs | Rouleau formation |
| Is ESR part of the CBC? | Nope |
| ESR parallels what? | C reactive protein |
| What is c-reactive protein? | Non-specific acute phase reactant used to diagnose BACTERIAL infections and INFLAMMATORY disorders |
| C-RP is a more ____ and ___ indicator that ESR. | Sensitive and rapidly |
| C-RP ___ sooner and ____ than ESR | Increases sooner and returns to normal faster |
| What is an anisocyte? | Cells that vary in size and frequently found in hemolytic anemia |
| What is polychromasia? | Increased number of reticulocytes seen in folate and B12 deficiency as well as in polycythemia |
| What are ovalocytes found in? | IDA and megaloblastic anemias |
| What cell is characteristic of thalacemia? | Tear drop |
| Target cells are found in what? | Thalacemia, sickle cell and chronic liver |
| Abnormal variations in the shape seen in the anemias and leukemias | Poikilocytes |
| Basophilic stippling is found in what? | Lead poisoning |
| Granulocytes (3) | Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils |
| Agranulocytes (2) | Lymphocyte, Monocyte |
| Process by which WBCs differenciate and proliferate | Leukopoiesis |
| Where do lymphocytes develope? | Bone marrow and thymus |
| bands, unless otherwise stated belong to what group? | Basophils |
| Essential for phagocytic action | Neutrophils |
| Functions in allergy, drug and PARASITES | Eosinophils |
| Immediate hypersensitive reactions | Basophils |
| Combats pyogenic infections | Neutrophils |
| Fights allergies AND parasites | Eosinophils |
| Fights parasites | Basophils |
| Fights viral infections | Lymphocytes |
| Helps neutrophils | Monocytes |
| Leukopenia is when you have ___ WBCs | Less than 5000 |
| Elevation in lymphocytes means ___ | Viral |
| Elevation in neutrophils means ___ | Bacterial |
| A bacterial infection will have how many WBCs? | 10-18000 |
| White blood cells.. most to least in a 100 cell count | Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils, Bands |
| Antibiotic treatement will do what to WBCs? | Lower them |
| What is a leukemoid reaction? | WBC reaction to a bacterial infection or stress... usually less than 50 000 |
| Leukemoid reactions can mimic what? | Chronic lymphocytic leukemia |
| How many WBCs in leukemia | Usually more that 50 000 |
| What is the whole shift deal with WBCs? | Shift to the right = more mature cells... shift to the left = more immature cells |
| Shift to the left aka what? | Shilling shift |
| What is the stem cell theory? | All cells arise from stem cells; if one cell type increases, others decrease. |
| What are blasts? Pros? Myelos? Metas? | Meloblast, promelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte... all found in BONE MARROW |
| What are L-Blasts, L-Pros? | Lymphoblasts, prolymphocyte |
| What are mo-blasts, mo-pros? | Monoblasts, promonocytes |
| First lune of defence is phagocytosis | Neutrophils aka segs |
| Neutrophils: viral or bacteria? | BACTERIA!!!!!!!!!!!!! |
| Neutrophilia can be found when? | Bacterial infections, inflammation, tissue destruction, severe exercise, stress and hypoxia, myelogenous leukemia, myelocytic leukemoid reactions |
| Neutropenia can be found when? | Overwhelming bacterial infections and viral infections |
| Are seen with infections, burns, malignancy and chemicals poisoning | Neutrophils with toxic granules |
| Are seen with septicemia, severe infection and toxic states | Neutrophils with toxic vacuoles |
| Are seen with megaloblastic anemias | Hypersegmented neutrophils |
| Increase in bands is a shift to the ___ | Left |
| Lymphocytes do what? | Antigen recognition and immune response... produce antibodies |
| Final maturation of B-lymphocytes | Plasma cells |
| Increase in lymphocytes | Lymphophilia |
| What is an inverted ratio? | More lymphocytes than neutrophils |
| When is it "normal" to have an inverted ratio? | 1: viral infection 2: leukemia 3: kids under the age of nine |
| When can we expect lymphopenia? | Aids, Hodgkins, Bacterial infections |
| Normal WBC with an increase percentage of lymphocytes due to viral infection | Relative lymphocytosis |
| Elevated WBCs with an increase in lymphocytes count due to a virus | Absolute lymphocytosis (10-18000) |
| T lymphocyte in a state of immune activation | Atypical lymphocytes |
| Mono, infection due to | Epstein-Barr virus |
| How to WBCs behave with mono | Early infection: WBCs are reduced like a virus then leukocytes are increased and most are lymphocytes |
| How do you test for mono? | Serologic testing: monospot |
| Lymphocytopenia aka | AIDS |
| AIDS is marked by a decrease in | T helper cells |
| Increased monocytes can be seen in: | Recovery from an acute infection (MC), monocytic leukemia, Hodgkins, TB, moncytic leukemoid reaction |
| Monocytes are present in the recovery phase of ____ and is a ___ sign | Infection, favorable |
| Unregulated accumulation of immature cells in the marrow and lymph tissue | Leukemia... typically more than 50 000 |
| What type of leukemia do you have if there are blasts and pros in the blood? | Acute |
| No blasts and pros in the blood? | Chronic leukemia |
| AML demonstrates proliferation os ___ and ____ | Myeoloblasts and promyelocytes |
| ALL demonstrates a proliferation of ___ and ___ | Lymphoblasts and prolymphocytes |
| Acute or chronic leukemia has more differenciated cells? | Chronic |
| CML has what type of cells? (4) | Myelocytes, metamyelocytes, neutrophils and bands |
| CLL has what type of cells? | Small mature lymphocytes |
| Leukemia can be classified as ___ or ____ | Lymphocytic and non lymphocytic |
| Non lymphocytic can be classified as ___, ____, ___ or ___ | Neutrophilic (myeolcytic), eosinophilic, basophilic and monocytic |
| AML is most common in ____ years | Mid to later |
| With AML you assume ___ unless otherwise specified | Neutrophils |
| ALL is characterized by a large number of which cells? | Lymphoblasts and prolymphocytes |
| 95% of patients with ALL are what age? | less that 20 |
| CML is most often in wwhat age group? 20% are ___. ___ get in more often than ___ | 1. Middle age (30-50) 2. assymptomatic 3. Males more than females |
| Signs and symptoms of CML | Adbominal discomfort, weight loss, anemia (ACD) |
| CML has a ____ onset with ____ | Gradual onset with hepatomegaly |
| CML can be identified by ___ | Philidelphia chromosome |
| Those with Ph1' have a ___ prognosis | Better |
| CML has a ___ prognosis than CLL | Worse |
| ___ results from proliferation of long lived non functional lymphocytes | CLL |
| Most CLL patients are diagnosed via what? | Routine peripheral blood studies |
| Age of CLL patients | Over 50 |
| Labs results for CLL | High white count: lymphocytosis, anemia, thrombocytopenis and granulocytopenia |
| Ages from the leukemias | ALL = less than 20 CML = 30-50 AML = mid to later life (20-50) CLL = more than 50 M more than F |
| Lymphocyte is the predominate cell | CLL |
| Lymphocytic leukemoid reaction is characterized by what? | Lymphocytosis |
| Lymphoma: stage one | one set of lymph nodes |
| Lymphom: stage 2 | More than one stie but only on one side of the diaphragm |
| Lymphoma: stage 3 | Lymph tissue or spleen on both sides of the diaphragm |
| Lymphoma: stage 4 | other organ involvement...bone marrow and liver |
| Hallmark of Hodgkin's lymphoma | Reed Sternberg cells |
| Hodgkin's signs and symptoms | Painless enlarged lymph nodes, neutrophilia, monocytosis |
Created by:
LrB