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bio 225 final
Question | Answer |
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You have been cooking on a stove for the last several hours. After turning off the burner, you accidentally place your hand on top of that burner as you reach for something else. What receptors will sense that hot, painful stimulus? | free nerve endings |
The middle ear cavity is an air-filled chamber in which of the following bones of the skull? | temporal |
Which of the following is not an extrinsic muscle of the eyeball? | pupillary dialator muscle |
The posterior chamber of the eyeball is found in between the lens and the ____? | iris |
The visual pigment of the rods is called rhodopsin. It consists of a protein called opsin and vitamin ____ derivatieve called retinal. | A |
Afferent impulses reach the somesthetic cortex from the thalamus via the ____? | third-order neurons |
A person experiencing pain around the shoulders or neck may actually be having problems with their lungs or diaphragm. This "misplacement" of the pain by the conscious mind is called _____? | referred pain |
Pain signals may be blocked by special neurotransmitters in the brain itself. An example of such a chemical produced during exercise is ______? | endorphin |
What is the most correct order of sound transmission? | 1 - tympanum 2 - ossicles 3 - scala vestibuli 4 - basilar membrane |
The loudness of a sound is correlated with the ____ of the sound wave. | amplitude |
The semicircular ducts lie within ______? | the semicircular canals |
Hair cells of the cochlea are stimulated as a result of the up-and-down vibrations of ____? | the basiliar membrane |
Which of the following is part of the fibrous tunic of the eye? | the sclera |
The blind spot in each visual field is a region in which _____? | the optic nerve leaves the eye |
The footplate of the stapes covers an opening called ____? | the oval window |
____ is released by pain receptors and stimulates spinal interneurons. | Substance P |
What are tears produced by? | the lacrimal glands |
The consensual light reflex refers to the fact that ____? | both pupils react even if only one eye is stimulated |
Most somesthetic signals below the head are carried by way of three neurons called the first-, second-, and third-order neurons. Generally, second-order neurons end in the _____. | thalamus |
proprioceptive signals are an exception with their second-order neurons ending in the _____. | cerebellum |
In the inner ear, the transducer that converts vibrations caused by sound to nerve impulses in the _____? | organ of corti |
In looking at ta near object, the cilliary muscles will ____, the suspensory ligaments ______, and the lens ______. | contract loosen thickens |
This cranial nerve is the only cranial nerve to innervate structures in the thorax and abdomen... | vagus |
the splanchnic nerves do not synapse in the sympathetic chain ganglia. True or False | true |
The parasympathetic nervous system is associated with which activity? | urination |
T or F...The adrenal gland is a modified postganglionic sympathetic ganglion | true |
Parasympathetic fibers leave the brainstem as part of which four cranial nerves? | 3, 7, 9, 10 |
What is an example of a sympathetic effect? | ciliary muscle relaxation for far vision |
Most of the viscera recieve innervation from either the sympathetic or parasympathetic system, but not from both...T or F | False |
Blood vessels are in a state of partial contraction called vasomoter tone that is determined by the firing frequency of the sympathetic nervous system. T or F | True |
Which of the following is a characteristic of the autonomic nervous system? | controls smooth and cardiac muscles. |
The communicating rami are ____ fibers? | efferent |
They sympathetic division of the nervous system is also known as the ____ because _____. | Thoracolumbar division; its preganglionic neuron cell bodies are located in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord |
Postganglionic neuron cell bodies of the parasympathetic nervous system are located where? | in ganglia near the target organ |
This allows a preganglionic sympathetic neuron to excite about 17 sympathetic postganglionic neurons. | neuronal divergence |
Afferent fibers carry messages to the muscles. T or F | false |
The signals that control your handwriting travel down the spinal cord in _____. | the corticospinal tracts |
The cervical plexux gives rise to all the following nerves except the _____ nerve. | radial |
The epidural space in the spinal column is occupied by _____ tissue? | adipose |
The neurilemma is coverd by the loose connective tissue called the ______. | endoneurium |
Which of the following sensory functions involves neurons in the dorsal root ganglia? | touch |
The ventral rami of the spinal nerves form nerve plexuses in all regions except the ____ region? | thoracic |
a ganglion is to the PNS as a _____ is to the CNS. | nucleus |
_____ nerve fibers are those that innervate the skin and skeletal muscles. | Somatic |
The quickest reflex arcs involve only two neurons and are thus _____ | monosynaptic |
Nerve fibers that stimulate the skeletal muscles of your foot have their somas in the _____ horn of the _____. | ventral; spinal cord |
Your hear a loud noise and instinctively react to it. What motor tract carried the signals? | tectospinal |
Sensory impulses from the genital region are transmitted to the CNS by way of the ______ nerve. | saphenous |
In addition to the dorsal and ventral rami, each spinal nerve gives rise to a ______ branch. | meningeal |
Walking is controlled by a group of neurons in the spinal cord called ____ pattern _____ | central; generators |
The spinal cord ends at about which vertebra? | L1 |
Nerves to the pelvic region and lower limbs arise from an area of the spinal cord called the _____ enlargement | lumbar |
Anisthetics and anti-inflammatory drugs are introduced into this space in the spinal cord. | epidural |
The innermost meninx around the spinal cord is called the _____ and extends beyond the medullary cone as the _____ | pia mater; terminal filum |
Your spinal cord was unable to form any denticulate ligaments. Your spinal cord would most likely lose _____ to _____ stability | side to side |
Second-order neurons synapse with neurons in the ______ | thalamus |
An action potential carried in one nerve fiber cannot stimulate adjacent nerve fibers carried in the same nerve because of the ______ | endoneurium |
The ventral root carries ____ neurons, while the dorsal root carries ____ neurons | motor; sensory |
This plexus is formed by the ventral rami of nerves C4 - T2. It innervates the upper limb and some muscles of the neck and shoulders | brachial |
What best describes the order of somatic reflex | 1 - somatic receptor 2 - afferent nerve fiber 3 - intermeuron 4 - eferent nerve fiber 5 - skeletal muscle |