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Ant 171.02
Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Definition of taphonomy, and some examples of what it is | The study of what happens to an organism between its death and discovery. Examples: water flow, weathering, trampling by other animals. |
| Difference between relative dating and absolute dating | Relative dating: tell us if something is older or younger than something else. Absolute tell gives estimate of how old something is in actual years. |
| Law of superposition | The lower layers were deposited before the upper layers. |
| Biostratigraphy | Uses fauna to determine age and correlated sites based on presence or absence of particular species. |
| Radiometric dating methods | Potassium/argon argon/argon Uranium 238 Carbon 14 |
| Paleomagnetism | Dates rocks using the changes in the earth's magnetic field. |
| Bipedalism first, big brains later | Bipedalism 1ST, Big Brain 2ND |
| Habitual vs. obligate bipedalism | Habitual-they often walked on two legs Obligate-they must walk on 2 legs |
| Skeletal characteristics of bipedalism (position of foramen magnum, shape of pelvis, etc.) | Foramen Magnum is placed more to the center of the cranium. bowl shape pelvis S-shape spine Valgus angle of the femur Big toe in line with foot Longitudinal arch. |
| Theories about why bipedalism evolved (carrying hypothesis, vigilance, thermoregulation etc.) | Carrying- frees up hands to carry items like food, weapons or infants. Vigilance- easier to see food or predators Thermoregulation- cooling of the body. less surface area of the body is exposed to the sun. |
| What is a last common ancestor? (LCA) | A LCA is a species that had similar characteristics to the generations that followed. |
| Significance of last common ancestor of chimps and humans to what we consider the first possible hominin species Skeletal features – which are more “chimp-like” and which are more “human-like”? | More "Chimp-like features" |
| Know approximate dates for: Sahelanthropus, Australopithecus, Paranthropus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Neanderthals, Homo sapiens | Sahelanthropus (6-7 mya) Australopithecus (3.9-4.2 mya) Paranthropus (1.4-3 mya) Homo habilis 1.9-1.6 mya Homo erectus 1.8-0.6 mya Neanderthals 150-27,000 ya Homo sapiens 600,000-130,000 ya |
| Were these guys bipedal? - Evidence for Sahelanthropus, Orrorin tugenensis, Ardipithecus ramidus | Sahelanthropus maybe due Foreman magnum being somewhat anterior Orrorin tugenensis maybe due to femar shape. Ardipithecus ramidus adapted pelvis and Anterior FM |
| Characteristics of the genus Australopithecus | appreciate dimorphism Valgus knees bipedal adaptations Parallel tooth rows |
| “Lucy” fossil’s species is A. afarensis | True |
| Evidence for some Australopithecus species being bipedal on skeleton & Laetoli footprints? | Horizontal joints surface lower limbs showed bipedal adaptations Valgus Knee Laetoli show the big toes in lineament with the foot. |
| Canine size in Australopithecus? | Canine size were large. |
| Characteristics of the genus Paranthropus | Pronounced Sagittal crest dished in face wide flaring zygomatic arches Small canines, enormous molars and premolars. large jaw muscles |
| How some Paranthropus characteristics relate to diet | Wide flaring zygomatic arches, pronounced Sagittal indicate large jaw muscles, while very large premolars and molars show their diet may have included a lot of fauna, roots or hard nuts. |
| Was Paranthropus really predominantly eating really hard stuff? | YES |
| Paranthropus was most likely an evolutionary dead end… why? | their morphology limited their diet, therefore they where not able to adapted if the environment changed or the food supple dry up. |
| Homo habilis – one very sexually dimorphic species, or two species – H. habilis (smaller specimens) and H. rudolfensis (larger specimens)? | one very sexually dimorphic species |
| Characteristics of the genus Homo | Lager brain expanded frontal area Smaller teeth extremely variable in body size |
| Oldowan vs. Acheulian & Levallois tools | Oldowan tools had a very basic edge to them, compared to Acheulian & Levallois tools which were more complex to make in their technique plus they retouched their tools. |
| Evidence for hunting and/or scavenging meat in H. habilis | Cut marks and tooth marks have been found on bones |
| Olduvai Gorge site | Tools were found scatters around site. |
| Trend through hominin evolution: increase in brain size decrease in tooth size tool use | True |
| Home bases vs. butchery sites | Home bases where had a large amount of bones accumulated over many years Butchery sites seem more lightly as the tools where keep at the site. Plus it would keep other carnivores away from their homes. |
| Homo erectus – one species in Africa & Asia that’s variable in morphology (= body feature shape & size), or two species – H. ergaster (Africa) and H. erectus (Asia)? | Two species one in Africa, one in Aisa. |
| Dmanisi, Georgia site – oldest genus Homo outside Africa 1.8 mya | True |
| Homo floresiensis – what is it?! Miniature H. erectus, H. sapiens, or something else?Pathological (sick) modern human? | A miniature H. Erectus |
| Why is the term “archaic H. sapiens” called a “garbage can taxon”? | The term is use because Archaic H.sapiens displayed feature that can be found in both H.erectus and H. sapiens, but were also ancestral to Neanderthals too. |
| What are some species names used for some archaic specimens? | Homo heidelbergensis Homo Rhodesiensis Homo antecessor |
| Characteristics of archaics | Steep forehead skull widest at base rounded neurocranium Thick arched supraorbtilal tori |
| Archaic morphology is intermediate between H. erectus and either H. sapiens or H. | intermediate between H. erectus |
| Bodo archaic specimen – cutmarks and possible cannibalism | False |
| Sima de los Huesos – Spanish archaics | Many bones from many different people. |
| Characteristics of H. neanderthaliensis (Neanderthals) | Lager brain occipital bun cheek bone large nasal opening retromolar gap Robust bones barrel chest shorter limbs |
| What characteristics of Neanderthals may be cold adaptations? | Robust bones body size nasal aperture short limbs |
| Relationship between climate and overall body size (using Bergmann’s Rule) and appendage (= arms, legs, tails, etc.) length (using Allen’s Rule) | A large body size (greater surface/mass ratio) conserves heat better. Allen's rule states: shorter limbs are better at conversing heat. |
| Neanderthal head and neck injuries possibly related to hunting techniques | their injuries could be due to the type of big game they hunted as well as their hunting style, |
| Neanderthal burials occurred | True |
| Flowers in Shanidar, Iraq grave a way to mourn dead? | True |
| Vocal tract morphology – position of hyoid and muscles to speak/swallow determines how many different sounds one can make when they vocalize So,could Neanderthals speak? | YES |
| How similar is human DNA to Neanderthal DNA? Do we share any? If so, what would this mean? | YES, this means this was some interbreeding going on. |
| Theories of human origins and dispersal | Out of Africa/Replcement model Multiregional/Regional Continuity model |
| Out of Africa/Replcement model | All modern day humans descended from a single lineage from Africa. |
| Multiregional/Regional Continuity model | Human evolved at the same time in Africa, Asia and Europe. |
| Modern Homo sapiens evolved in Africa and replaced Neandertals in Europe. Why? Better adapted for changing environment, better tools? Smarter? | ALL OF THE ABOVE. |
| What might this tell us about Australopithecus sexual dimorphism, social group type, and behavior? | This tell us, that sexual dimorphism existed within there group. They lived in a group setting. Behavior? |
Created by:
Jasteer
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