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Religion and Society
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who coined the term sociology | August Comte |
| What is August Comte's definition of Sociology | the scientific study of natural laws governing human behaviour and social phenomena |
| Society moving into human thinking to explain natural phenomina and human behaviour | August comte |
| human behaviour | comte |
| Origin theory, naturism | Max Muller |
| What is Naturism | connection between religio nand awesome natural phenomena |
| Dreams, Ghost, Ancestor worship | Spencer |
| What are the 3 distinct stages of Positivism in history | Theological, Metaphysical, scientific positivist |
| Animism, dream and soul as 2 entities, origin of religion found in dreams and altered states | EB tylor |
| Mana, use of force as opposed to a soul or god | Robert R Marett |
| Golden bough | James Frazer |
| Magic as origin of religion | James Frazer |
| Law of Contact | James Frazer |
| What are the four fields of anthropology | Linguistics - language Archeology - study of prehistoric people Physical antrhopology - biological evolution Cultural anthropology - study of contemporary human societies |
| Secondary analysis of travelogues, journals of missionaries or traders | armchair approach |
| within a colonial context | verandah |
| descriptive study of human societies | Enthography |
| outsiders perspective | Etic analysis |
| a philosophical movement based on ideas of rationality, objectivity, reason and science as the means of gaining knowledge truth and progress | Modernity |
| emphasis on subjectivity over objectivity and tendency toward reflexivity or self-consciousness | Postmodernism |
| a shared understanding about the meaning of certain words, attributes or objects | Symbol |
| using definable terms so they are observalbe and measurable and therefore can be studied | Operant definition |
| Focus on the way religion manifests itself or is expressed in culture | Analytical definition |
| based on the role religion plays within the society | Functional definitions |
| essentials nature of religion | essentialist definitions |
| Who was interested in the profound change that occured between traditional and modern societies in western Europe | Emile Durkhiem |
| based on a division of labour | Organic Solidarity |
| what are the 4 functions of ritual | Discipline cohesion revitalization euphoria |
| to durkheim who is the god that is the object of worship | society itself |
| to Fustel what is the x variable and the y variable, what do these variable represent | X variable is predictor, y variable is dependent. Religion is X, society is Y. Religions is a predictor of the social order |
| religion is predictor of social order | Fustel |
| religion is the social group itself, religion is dependent on society | Durkheim |
| the belief that god is in all things and all things are in God | Pantheism |
| what are some of the approaches to the analysis of myths | evolutionary approach to religion fieldwork and functional analysis functional schools structural analysis psychological symbols in myth |
| unilinear progression attemp to reconstruct original form of myth | veolutionary approach to religion |
| emphasizes in depth study of a specific culture favours literal interpretation | field work and functional analysis |
| used to justify social order, how to myths function in society | functional school |
| Binary Opposites, myths may looks different but share similar underlying | structural analysis |
| myths viewed as symoblic, symbols rooted in human psychology | Psychological symbols in myths |
| myths are a shared dream based on individual experiences | Sigmund freud |
| myths derived from collective unconscious of humanity | Carl Jung |
| the study of humanity | anthropology |
| study of human societies as systematic sums of their parts as integrated wholes | holism |
| the study of human biology and evolution | physical anthropology |
| using one's own culture as the basis for interpreting and judging other cultures | enthnocentrism |
| attempting to analyze and understand clutrues other than one's own with out judging them in terms of one's own culture | cultural relativism |
| emphasis on subjectivity over objectivity | postmodernism |
| human belief and behaviors of a society that are learned transmitted from one generation to the next and shared by a group of people | Culture |
| a belief in in spirit beings | Animism |
| the realm of culture that concerns the sacred supernatural | Religion |
| the philosophy that emphasizes empricism or observing and measuring saying that the only real knowlede is scietific knowledge | positivism |
| animatism | belief in impersonal supernatural power |
| an approach that is based on the function or role that religions plays in society | fucntional approach |
| the idea that the nature of the supernatural is unknowable | agnosticism |
| the way in which a society perceives and interprets its reality | world view |
| the ability to use symbols to refer to thing sand activites that are remote from the user | Displacement |
| a word that is dervied frome the first letter of a series of words | Acrostic |
| Anthropocentrism | Belief that humans are set off from the animal world |
| the piercing of a body part | infibulation |
| Scar formation at the site of a cut or wound | Cictrization |
| religious system that assigns different plant and animal species to specific social groups | totemism |
| the fusing of trains from two culture to form something new and yet permitting the retention of the old | syncretism |
| a ritrual that a diety or religious authority required to be performed | prescriptive ritual |
| a ritual that arises spontaneously, | situational ritual |
| a ritual that is performed on a regular basis as part of the religious calender | periodic ritual |
| ritual that is performed when a particualr need arises | occasional ritual |
| ritual tha attempts to influence or control nature | technological ritual |
| a ritual that is perfored at the start or during a dangerous activity | Protective ritual |
| a ritual that delineates codes of proper behavior and promotes community solidarity | ideological ritual |
| tyep of ideaological ritual that functions to reinforce the belief system and values of the soceity | social rite of intesification |
| a young womans first menstration | menarche |
| an impersonal supernatural force | Mana |
| any mental state that differs from a normal state | altered states of consciousness |
| true or false, religious pain is often shared pain | true |
| localized pain in area of the body corresponding to religious markings | stigmata |
| unitary state | division between the self and the outside world disappear and one feels as being one with the universe |
| shaman | receives his or her power directly from the spirit world |
| Shamanism | techniques used by specific kinds of religious specialists |
| what is the crucial element of shamanism | direct contact and communication with the supernatural through trance, the use of spirit helpers, the use of a specific culturally recongized and transmitted method and paraphernalia |
| where does shaman authority derive from | charisma and ability to heal, they are part-time independent contractors |
| do individuals usually want to become shaman's? | No, the task is difficult and demanding and the shaman is marginalized |
| what is the purpose of a ritual to a shaman | means for contacting and establishing a relationship with a supernatural entity, it is not an end in itself |
| what is the role of a preist | to act as a representative of the community in dealing with the diety or dieities |
| what are priests | full time religious specialists associated with formalized religious institutions |
| what is a diviner | someone who uses a series of techniques and activities to obtain information about things that are not normally knowable, may be about the future of thing occuring at the present. |
| what is the job of a prophet | communicate the words and will of hte gods to his or her community and ot act as an intermediary between the gods and the people |
| magic | methods that somehow interface with the supernatural and by which people can bring about particular outcomes |
| who wrote the book primitive culture | Edward Tylor |
| what did edward tylor say about magic | he said magic is a logical way of thinking, however the logic is based on bad premises |
| magic is a pseudoscience based on direct action, magic is an early stage that would be replaced by religion | James Frazer |
| magic can be distinguished from religion, but from a social context | Emile Durkheim |
| in all history we do not find a single religion without a church, there is no church of magic | Emile Durkheim |
| who came up with the law of sympathy | James Frazer |
| magic depends on the apparent association or agreement between things | Law of Sympathy |
| what are the two parts to the law o sympathy | Law of Similarity, Law of Contagion |
| things that are alike are the same | Law of Similarity |
| things that were once in contact continue to be connected after the connection is severed | Law of Contagion |
| there is a causal relationship between things tht appear to be similar | Homeopathic magic |
| which law gives rise to homeopathic or imitative magic | Law of similarity |
| which law gives rise to contagious magic | Law of Contagion |
| the belief that signs telling of a plants medical use is somehow embedded withing the structure and nature of the plant itself | doctrine of signature |
| Inspirational divination | some type of spiritual experience such as direct contact with the supernatural being through an altered state of consciousness usually possession |
| Noninpirational divination | more magical ways of doing divination including the reading of natural events as well as manipulation of oracular devices |
| Fortuitous divination | without any conscious effort on the part of the individual |
| deliberate divination | ones that someone sets out to do such as reading tarot cards or examining liver of a sacrificed animal |
| oneiromancy | interpretation of dreams |
| feelings that personal experiences | Presentiments |
| Presentiments | suggest that somehting is about to happen, feeling of dread or impending disaster |
| necromancy | divination through contact with the dead or ancestor |
| ornithomancy | rading the flight of birds |
| haruspication | examning entrails of dead animals |
| casting lots | cleromancy |
| otiose gods | too remote and too uninterested in human activities to participate in activies and fate of humans |
| religious symbolism marks as sacred important institutions of human society that are necessary for the groups survival | Emile Durkheim |
| Was eimaile durkheim a functionalist | Yes |
| How did Drukheim view the world | he saw religious ando ther cultural phenomena as serving some essential purpose in maintaining society |
| supernatural beings function to extend the realm of social relations | Robin horton |
| behavior of gods provides a model for humans | Robin Horton |
| how often people in that society encounter other people and world in general outside their own local community | First variable |
| lesser gods are associated with the interpretation of events occuring in the immediate area while a high god is more important for interpreting that immediate world in relation to the greater world beyond the local area | Robin Horton |
| the degree to which an individuals status in the society is ascribed or achieved | second variable |
| ascribed status | status that is given to an individual based on attributes over which they have no control |
| If an individual's status is determined by the community, ideas will focus on lesser gods | Robin Horton |
| if status if based on an individuals personal acheivements, they are independent from the community, more likely a reference to a high god who rules over a wider realm | Robin Horton |
| religious hieracry which have a high or supreme god who rules over a hierarchy with at least two levels of supernatural beings below it are found in soceitys that also had a decision making hierarchy | Guy Swanson 1974, based off of emile durkhiem |
| societies with attribute gods are connected to the degree of specialization in a society, the number of specialists is positively correlated with the number of such gods | Guy Swanson |
| religion as a whole can be seen as a symbolic expression of relationships between children and their parents | Sigmund Freud |
| Who studies the ifugao mountain dwelling people of the philippines | R.F.Barton |
| early human religions centered on fertility, a lunar cycle and worship of a goddess | True |
| Ishtar | Ancient near east goddess worshipped in mesopotamia |
| omnipotent | all powerful |
| all knowing | omniscient |
| omnibenevolent | all good |
| a person who will misfortune to occur | Witch |
| in small scale societies how is witchcraft seen | evil, antithesis of those that characterize a good moral person, they show hatred, jelousy and greed, personification of all that is evil in a society |
| Withcraft oracles and magic among the Azande | E.E. evans-Pritchard 1937 |
| who wrote " the concept of witchcraft provides the azande with a natural philosophy by which the relations between men and unfortunate events are explained and a ready and stereotyped means of reacting to such events. | Evans Pritchard |
| What is commonly associated with witchcraft | immoral and antisocial behavioral traits |
| how did christanity change witchcraft | the evil of witchcraft is that withes are individuals who have made a pact with the devil |
| no inquisition, no roman law, weak tradition of heresy | witchcraze in England |
| how is engish withcraft different | closer to idea of sorcery with an emphasis on the power of witches to place hexes and curses |
| in england and united state how were witches prosecuted | prosecuted under civil law no religious, witches were hanged, heretics burned |
| what is the result of witchcraft accusation | result of stressful social relationships as well as situations arising from the politics economics and religious practices of the community |
| what was the function of witches in small scale societies | witches define all that is wrong and immoral, people who exhibit antisocial behavior or who stand out in any way are targets |
| what is the function of witches in europe | witches helped define the boundaries of christanity and the cohesion of the christian comunity, they were people who turned their back on christanity and made a pact with the devil, they were also heretics |
| what do witches fulfill psychologically | the unconscious need to blame someone for the misfortunes experienced, they also reflect deeply felt conficts and division in the culture |
| why are woman more likely to be witches | the malleus maleficaru said woman are more likely because they are weaker, stupider, more superstitious and more sensual than men |
| the act of abstaining from eating food and drinking liquids over a period of time | fasting |
| bodily wounds or pains considered by christians to be visible signs of participation in the sufferings of christ | Stigmata |
| an altered state of consciousness that is interpreted as a spirit taking over controls of a human body and is either deliberately by a ritual performance or taking control by a spirit causing illness | spirit possession |
| a religious specialist who concentrates on healing | healer |
| a specialist in the use of plan and other material in curing | herbalist |
| someone who communicates the words and will of the gods to his or her community acting as an intermediary between the people and the gods | prophet |
| a magician who specializes in antisocial evil magic | sorcerer |
| the words that are spoken in a magic ritual | spell |
| magic that is based on the law of similarity | homeopathic or imitative magic |
| magic that is based o nthe law of contagion, utilizing things that were once in physical contact with an individual | Contagious magic |
| a form of homeopathic magic in which an image represents a living person which can be killed or injured through doing things to the image | image magic |
| a type of ritual whose purpose is to aid the survival and reproduction of a totemic plant or animal | increase rite |
| compelling the supernatural to behave in certain ways usually with evil intent | sorcery |
| a revival of pre christian religious practice | neo-paganism |
| a specific device that is used for divination | oracle |
| a fortuitous happening or condition that provides information | Omen |
| method of divination whereby water and other underground resources are located by using a forked stick | dowsing |
| divination through handwriting analysis | Graphology |
| phrenology | divination through the study of the shape and structure of the head |
| Divination through the reading of tea leaves | tasseography |
| a trial by divination that is performed on the body of the accused person to determine guilt or innocence | ordeal |
| the noncorporeal spirtual component of an individual | soul |
| a situation in which a soul passes from one body to another human animal or even an inanimate object | transmiration |
| a supernatural being that is less powerful than a god and is usually more localized | spirit |
| an object or buidling that contains sacred objects | shrine |
| in monotheistic religions spirit being who act as mediators between god and human beings | Angel |
| in islam a spirit being created for fire without smoke | jinn |
| male demons who have sex with human woman while they sleep, results in the birth of deoms, withces and deformed children | incubi |
| femal demons who have sex with human men while they sleep, resulting in damnation of the men's soul | succubae |
| pantheon | a hierarchy of gods |
| attribute gods | gods that rule over very tightly defined domains |
| a unit of the roman catholic church that convened to judge cases of heresy | inquisition |
| what time of people were labelled as vampires? | people that were considered difficult, unpopular, or great sinners during their lifetime |
| what did vampire help exaplain | vampire provided an explanation for unexplained deaths, especially from peidemic diseases and other unfortunate events, also it carried with it an attribution of misfortune to vampires by killing it |
| what is religiosity | measure of the strenght of beliefs and practicies |
| how does one become religious | through socialization and conversion |
| the internilization of the values of a social group | socialization |
| what are the ages and stages of being religious | childhood, adolescence, marriage and procreation, middle age, old age |
| is a person born with full religious belief | no it is learned in the later stages of development |
| in the childhood age what role does religion place | it is a critical period in development of religion, identity, learning, knowledge, family and development of relationship between human community and concepts of the divine |
| how do community develop religion | assocaite you with a specific clan tribe or ethnic group, realize tensions between group and society, privatization, individualization, weakened norms |
| what is defined at middle age | characterized by new forms of reituals such as anniversaries, retierments parties, and not necessarily religious ones |
| picking up, hooking, encapsulating, loving, committing | John R. Lofland's stages |
| to JRL what does the stage of hooking entail | bringin the reruit back to the groups' space, like comming home |
| to JRL what does the stage of encapsulating entail | getting the person involved to the point where there's nothing else such as weekend retreats, lots of food activity and drinks |
| to JRL what is the stage of commiting | you commit because the conidition have been created such as no outside contact, nobody ti disrupt the socialization process |
| what are some of the dimensions of religiosity | strength of religious belief, practice ( going to temp doing rituals, prayers ect ), experience, knowledge of religious text |
| what years was Bronislaw malinowski alive for | 1894 - 1942 |
| what was Bronislaw malinowski best known for | looking at the human need, he was a functionalist |
| what kind of observation was Bronislaw Malinowski known for | Participant observation, learned the native language, oberserving one society in depth at a time, one of the early moves toward anthrology as a science |
| Magic Science and religion, Trobriand islands (Argonauts of the pacific) | Bronislaw Malinowski |
| who tried to reduce enthnocentrism in the british school of social anthropology | A.R. Radcliffe Brown |
| who looked at the social functions of rituals | A.R. Radcliffe Brown |
| what kind of person was A.R. Radcliffe Brown | he was a structural functionalist |
| any set of beliefs and rituals related to the past present and future of the people (nation) which are understoond in some transcendtal fashion | Civil religion |
| what are some of the component parts of a religion | ritual and ceremony, chine and sacred place, symbol and sacred object, myth and sacred story, hero saint and sacred person |
| what are two major social aspects that religion can contribute to | social cohesion and social conflict |
| what are the 3 types of religious and social conflict | 1, between religious groups 2. within a religious group 3. between a sectarain religious group and a larger society |
| the view that one's own religious group as the only legitimate religion | religious particularism |
| behaviour that is contrary to norms of conduct or expectations of a social group | Deviance |
| what ways does religion promote change | 1. religious ideas an meanings 2. religious imagery 3. leadership |
| what is the meaning of exemplary leadership | less active, direclty in social change |
| what is the meaning of emissary leadership | more active, more direct, achieves quicker resutls |
| school of christian though that emphasized preferential option for the poor and addressed issues of poverty and social justice in marxian terms, connecting liberation from social, political,economic opression with ideas of ultimate salvation | Liberation theology |
| school of thought in canadian religious social and political life since the 1890 which relates christian ideas to the collective illsof industrializing society | social gospel |
| what did social gospel aim to change | seniors pension, employment insurance, health insurance, working conditions, minimum wage |
| return to essential, foundational principles, usually including a resistance to modernization and an empahsis on certainty through a literal interpretation of scriptures | fundamentalism |
| where did the term fundamentalism come from | early 20th centrual american protestant christian culture |
| abstraction, futurity, individuation, liberation, secularization | modernity |
| what are the fundamental 5 central doctrines of conservative christian faith | 1. inerret inspiration of the bible 2. Virgin Birth 3. Substitutionary atonement 4. bodily ressurrection 5. Second Comming |
| what are the 5 typologies of secularism | 1. decline of religion 2. conformity with this world 3. Disengagement of society from religion 4. transportation of religious functions 5. webers entzauberung or disenchantment |
| coming up with a solution to a problem using the technology at hand | Invention |
| new awenes of something that exists in the environment | Discovery |
| the apparent movement of cultural traits from one society to another | Diffusion |
| what occurs when an idea moves from one culture to another and stimulates the invention of a new trait | Stimulus diffusion |
| the process whereby a culture accepts traits from a dominant society | Acculturation |
| a condition whereby a dominated culture has changed so much because of outside influences that it ceases to have its own distinct identify | Assimilated |
| a fusing of traits from two cultures to form something new and yet permitting the retention of the old by subsuming the old into a new form | Syncretism |
| movement of a population out of their homeland | Diaspora |
| A movement that forms in an attempt to deliberately bring about change in soceity | Revitalization movement |
| a type of revitalization movement that develops in traditional societies that are threatened by the activities of more technology advanced societies | Nativistic movement |
| a type of revitalization movement that envisions a change through an apocalypic transformation | Millenarian movement |
| a type of revitalization movement that is based on the appearance of a divine savior in human form who will bring about the solution to the problems that exist within the society | Messianic movement |
| religious movement occuring amount small scale societies of Melanesia in response to culture contact; the movement focuses on the attainment of trade goods. | Cargo Cult |
| a new branch of mainstream religion, usually involving new revelations new scriptures and new leader | Sect |
| a situation in which individuals in a culture are faced with too many option such as when a single dominant church is replaced by numerous denominations and sects | Choice fatigue |
| a religious group that differs on just a few points from the mainstream religion | Denomination |
| Historical meaning is a particular form or system of religious worship. Most commonly used to describe a small, recently created and spiritually innovative group, often with a single charismatic leader. | Cult |
| A historically recent religious movement, often involving new leaders and new scriptures or new interpretations of older religious traditions. | New religious movement: |
| A religious group in which much is demanded of members in terms of strict adherence to rules for thought and behavior. | High deman religion |
| a belief that religion is relevant to and should be a part of all part of a society | Totalism |
| the practice of justifying beliefs and actions by reference to the religious text | Scripturalism |
| the idea that religious texts are relevant to life today | Traditioning |
| how did tylor address the question of why people believe in magic | because magic appears to never fail, magic usually attempts ot bring about events that will occur naturally,and the failure of no getting expected results is the failure of the magician no the magic alone |
| for e.e. evans prtichard, witchraft provides what three functions | provides an explanation for the unexplainable, provides a set of cultural behaviors for dealing with misofrtune, serves to define morality |
| typically, what type of environments develops a nativistic movment | one where the cultural gap between the dominant and subordinate cultures are vast |
| what do natavistic movements aim to accomplish | they try to eiliminate the dominant culture and return to the past while still keeping desirable traits of the dominant culture but under the control of the subordinate one |
| what to revivalistic movements attempt to do | revive what is often perceived as a past golden age in which ancient customs come to symbolize the noble feature sand legitimacy of of the represented culture |
| when do nativistic movements develop | societies in which the cultural gap between the dominant and subordinate cultures are vast |
| what are some of the characteristics of a nativistic movement | they stress the elimination of the dominant culture and return to the past keeping desirable elements of dominant culture under the control of the subordinate one |
| what do revivalistic movements attempt to accomplish | attempt to revive what is often percieved as a past golden age in which ancient customs come to symbolize nobel features |
| what do fundamentalist groups tend to protest | modernization and secularization |
| what do fundamentalist groups believe | religion should be relevant to all asepcts of society |
Created by:
alushing