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Bio-Genetics Rvw

Regents Biology Final Exam Review for Genetics

QuestionAnswer
How many chromosomes do humans have? 46
How man homologous pairs do humans have? 23
Define Homologous. Corresponding; having the same alleles or genes in the same order of arrangement.
What do chromosome pairs carry? Genes of the same traits.
How many copies of genes for most organisms have? Two. Once from each parents, one on each member of the homologous pair.
What are the female human sex chromosomes? XX (letters always capital)
What are the male human sex chromosomes? XY (letters always capital)
The Y chromo some is much _____ than the X, so it is missing many genes. Smaller. This means many genes on the X chromosome do not have a "partner."
How many genes does each chromosome have? Hundreds or thousands.
What does each gene code for? A particular protein.
What are genes made of? No, not denim! They're made from nucleic acids.
Can the environment affect genes? Yes. While genes determine our traits, the environment can affect the expression of genes.
What chemical makes up your genes and chromosomes? DNA.
What is a way to describe DNA? If your genes and chromosomes are the "instruction manual" for your body, DNA would be the paper it is printed on.
What is one other way to describe DNA? All the DNA in the nucleus of one of your cells - all 46 chromosomes together- make a book. Each individual chromosome is a chapter and each gene is a paragraph.
What is the shape of a DNA molecule? A double-helix. Which resembles as twisted ladder.
What does the shape of DNA allow it to do? To replicate, or copy, itself almost exactly.
What are the four bases of DNA? A, T, C, and G.
What bases of DNA pair up? A & T and C & G.
What are the four bases of RNA? A, U, C, and G.
What does A:T stand for? Adenine Thymine.
What does G:C stand for? Guanine Cytosine.
Protein, Methionine, and Aspartic Acid are all examples of what? Amino acids.
How do your genes control your body? Through Protein Synthesis.
What is a codon? A sequence of 3 DNA bases.
What does each codon represent? A specific Amino Acid.
Where does the DNA remain? Protected in the nucleus.
Where are proteins built? In the Cytoplasm.
What builds proteins? Ribosomes.
What carries a copy of the genetic code from the DNA to the ribosomes? mRNA (messenger)
As the ribosome reads the genetic code of the mRNA, what brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome? Which then bonds the amino acids together. tRNA (transfer)
How do ribosomes assemble the amino acids? In the same order they are listed in the DNA codons.
The amino acids are bonded together to make a what? A Protein Chain.
The order of amino acids determines what? The Shape of the protein.
The shape of a protein determines what? The Function.
The sequence of DNA will determine the what of all the proteins in the body? The Function.
What do proteins coded by DNA do? Build and run the body.
The order of DNA _____ in your genes determines the order of _____ _____ in your proteins, which determines the protein's ______ and ______. Nucleotides, Amino Acids, Function, and Shape.
What does your body functions depend on? The order of the bases in your genes.
Define Mutations. Changes in genetic characteristics.
Mutations can only be passed if what? If they occur in reproductive cells (sperm or egg).
Gene mutations may cause what? A change in a gene which can change the shape of the protein produced from that gene. This will have an effect on the way the protein works (if it still works at all).
When are gene mutations caused? When DNa bases are in some way changed.
Define Mutagenic Agent. Any chemical substance or physical agent that is capable of enhancing the frequency of detectable mutants with in a population of organisms' cells.
What is a common mutagenic agent? x-rays.
When do chromosome mutations usually occur? When a person inherits too many or too few chromosomes.
When chromosome mutations occur, how many genes do they affect? They affect many genes at once. Most are lethal.
What is Down's Syndrome? Non-lethal mutation, caused by inheritance of an extra copy of chromosome 21.
Define Selective Breeding. The international mating of two animals in an attempts to produce offspring with desirable characteristics or for the elimination of a trait.
What is an example of selective breeding? Breeding plants (food crops, like corn, wheat) and animals (livestock, like cows) for agriculture or breeding animals such as pets (like dogs, cats, birds).
Define Genetic Engineering. The deliberate modification of an organism by manipulating its genetic material.
What are used to cut and paste the DNA segments? Ribosomes.
What kind of cells are often used because they are simple and reproduce quickly? Bacterial.
Name two important examples of gene engineering. Bacteria have been engineered to make insulin for diabetics; Bacteria have been engineered to make humulin hormone.
Why are insulin and humulin safe? They are identical to normal human hormones.
Name some new technologies that are making it easier to diagnose and treat genetic disease? Karyotyping, DNA fingerprinting.
What is karotyping? A photograph of an organism's chromosomes. Can determine if a person has a chromosome disorder.
What is another name for DNA fingerprinting and what is it? Gel electrophoresis; creates banded patterns based on a person's DNA base sequence.
What are ethics? Moral principles that govern a person's or group's behavior.
Created by: megoodwin96
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