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Digestion
A&P2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The digestive system has two anatomical subdivisions | the digestive tract and the accessory organs. |
| The digestive tract is a tube extending from | mouth to anus. |
| The digestive tract includes | oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. |
| b. The accessory organs are | teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas. |
| Most of the digestive tract is within | the peritoneal cavity |
| Most of the digestive tract is within the peritoneal cavity except for | duodenum, pancreas, and parts of the large intestine |
| The duodenum, pancreas, and parts of the large intestine are located in | Retroperitoneal |
| Along the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity is the | Parietal Peritoneum |
| The Parietal Peritoneum turns inward and forms a sheet of tissue called the | dorsal mesentery |
| The dorsal mesentery extends to the | digestive tract. |
| The dorsal mesentery extends to the digestive tract and the membrane then forms | the outer covering, or serosa, of the stomach and most parts of the intestines. |
| The serosa is the | outer covering of the stomach and most parts of the intestines. |
| In some places the serosa continues beyond as a sheet of tissue called | the ventral Mesentery which may hang freely in the abdominal cavity |
| Along the lesser curvature of the stomach, the serosae of the stomach surfaces meet and continue as a | ventral mesentery, the lesser omentum, extending from the stomach to the liver. |
| c. Along the greater curvature of the stomach, the serosae form the | greater omentum, which hangs loosely over the small intestine like an |
| The appearance of the omenta has a | loosely organized, lacy appearance due partly to many holes in the membranes and partly to an irregular distribution of fatty tissue. They may also contain lymphatic tissue. |
| The digestive system has four functions | ingestion, digestion, absorption, defecation |
| The functions of the digestive tract are carried out through three principal processes | motility, secretion, membrane transport. |
| There are two stages of digestion | mechanical and chemical. |
| Mechanical digestion is achieved by | the cutting and grinding action of the teeth and the churning contractions of the stomach and small intestine. |
| Chemical digestion consists solely of | hydrolysis reactions that break the dietary macromolecules into their monomers. |
| Chemical digestion is carried out by | digestive enzymes produced by the salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, small intestine. |
| The mouth, also called the | oral or buccal cavity |
| The oral or buccal cavity functions in the following | ingestion, taste and other sensory responses, mastication, chemical digestion, swallowing, speech, and respiration. |
| The mouth is enclosed by the | cheeks, lips, palate, and tongue. |
| The cheeks and lips | retain food and push it between the teeth for mastication. Essential for sucking and blowing actions. |
| Externally, the lips are divided into a cutaneous area and a red area, the latter of which gets its color from | the tall dermal papillae and the proximity of blood vessels to the surface. |
| Each lip is attached to the gum behind it by | the labial frenulum |
| The vestibule is the space between | the teeth and the cheeks or lips. |
| The Tongue is an | agile, muscular organ that moves food for chewing and swallowing, bears taste receptors, and aids in speech. |
| The surface of the tongue is covered with | lingual papillae, most of which have taste buds. |
| The body of the tongue is attached to | the floor of the mouth by the lingual frenulum. |
| The mass of the tongue is composed mainly of two groups of | lingual muscles made of skeletal tissue. |
| The palate in the mouth,separating the oral cavity from the nasal cavity, makes it possible to | breathe while chewing food. |
| The mouths anterior portion plate is the | hard palate which is supported by the palatine process of the maxilla and the palatine bones. |
| The mouths posterior portion plate is the | soft plate which has a conical, medial projection called the uvula |
| c. The mouths soft palate has a conical, medial projection called the | uvula. |
| An adult normally has how many teeth | 32 teeth, 16 in the mandible and 16 in themaxilla. |
| Collectively, the teeth are called the | dentition |
| Teeth can be grouped into | incisors, canines, premolars, and molars, based on their shape, location, and function. |
| Each tooth is embedded in a socket called an | alveolus, forming a gomphosis between tooth and bone. The alveolus is lined by a periodontal ligament. |
| The gum, or gingiva, covers the | alveolar bone. |
| The crown of the tooth is the part that | extends above the gum line |
| The neck of the tooth is the portion from the | margin of the gum to the alveolar bone |
| The root of the tooth is the portion | inserted into the alveolus. |
| Most of a tooth consists of hard, yellowish tissue called | dentin |
| Dentin of a tooth is the part that is covered with | enamel in the crown and neck and cementum in the root. |
| Internally, a tooth has a | dilated pulp cavity in the crown and a narrow root canal in the root.These spaces are occupied by pulp |
| Pulp is composed of | loose connective tissue, blood and lymphatic vessels, and nerves. |
| Mastication breaks food into | pieces small enough to be swallowed and exposes more surfaces to the action of digestive enzymes. |
| Mastication is the first step in | mechanical digestion. |
| Saliva functions are | moistens the mouth, digests a small amount of starch and fat, cleanses the teeth, inhibits bacterial growth, dissolves molecules so they can stimulate taste buds, and moistens food and binds particles together to aid in swallowing. |
| Saliva is secreted by the | salivary glands |
| Saliva is a______ solution | hypotonic solution |
| Hypotonic solution is composed of | 97% to 99.5% water, and the following solutes,salivary amylase, lingual lipase, mucus, lysozyme, immunoglobulin A, and electrolytes. |
| Saliva has a pH of | 6.8 to 7.0. |
| The intrinsic salivary glands are located located within the | oral tissues |
| Oral tissues include | the lingual glands embedded in the tongue, labial glands on the inner aspect of the lips, and buccal glands on the inside of the cheeks.They secrete relatively small amounts of saliva all the time to keep the mouth moist and inhibit bacterial growth. |
| The extrinsic glands are situated | outside the oral cavity but convey saliva to t through ducts. |
| The extrinsic glands consist of | parotid glands,submandibular glands, and sublingual glands. |
| The extrinsic salivary glands secrete | 1.0 to 1.5 L of saliva per day. |
| Food stimulates | tactile, pressure, and taste receptors, which transmit signals to the salivatory nuclei in the medulla oblongata and pons |
| Odor, sight, or thought of food | stimulates salivation. |
| The salivatory nuclei send | autonomic signals |
| Sympathetic stimulation reduces | saliva output |
| Parasympathetic stimulation causes | the production of thinner saliva with more salivary amylase. |
| Salivary amylase begins to | digest starch as the food is chewed |
| Mucus of saliva binds | food particles into a soft, slippery, easilyswallowed mass called a bolus. |
| The pharynx has | a deep layer of longitudinally oriented skeletalmuscle and a superficial layer of circular skeletal muscle. |
| The circular muscle is divided into | superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors, which force food downward during swallowing. |
| The esophagus is a straight muscular tube extending from | the larynx to the stomach at the cardiac orifice. |
| Where is the stomach located | in the upper left abdominal cavity immediately inferior to the diaphragm. |
| The wall of the esophagus consists of five layers | mucosa,submucosa, muscularis externa, adventitia, and serosa. |
| The esophagus, stomach, and intestines have a nervous network called the | enteric nervous system that regulates the system's motility,secretion, and blood flow. |
| The inferior end of the esophagus is more constricted than the rest forming, | a lower esophageal sphincter. This is a physiological (not anatomical) constriction that helps close the cardiac orifice. |
| Swallowing, or deglutition, is a complex action involving | over 22 muscles in the mouth, pharynx and esophagus. They are coordinated by the swallowing center, a nucleus in the medulla oblongata and pons. |
| Swallowing occurs in stages called | the buccal and pharyngealesophageal phases. |
| In the buccal stage, the tongue | collects food, forms a bolus,and pushes it back into the oropharynx. There the bolus stimulates tactile receptors and activates the pharyngeal-esophageal phase. |
| The stomach is a muscular sac in the | upper left abdominal cavity immediately inferior to the diaphragm. |
| The stomach functions primarily as a | food storage organ. When empty, is has a volume of 50 mL. When very full, it may hold up to 4L. |
| The stomach is divided into four regions | the cardiac, fundic, body, and pyloric region. |
| The pyloric region is subdivided into | an atrium and a pyloric canal; the latter terminates at the pylorus, a narrow passage leading to the duodenum that is surrounded by a muscular ring called the pyloric sphincter. |
| The stomach receives both | parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation. |
| The stomach is supplied with blood from the | celiac artery. |
| All blood leaving the stomach enters the | hepatic portal circulation before returning to the heart. |
| The stomach wall has tissue layers similar to those of the | esophagus,with some variations. |
| When the stomach is empty, the mucosa and submucosa form conspicuous longitudinal wrinkles called | rugae |
| The gastric mucosa is pocked with depressions called | gastric pits. |
| Cells near the bottom of the pits divide repeatedly, providing a new | source for epithelial cells. |
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