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VT Pharm II
Dermatologic Pharm and Otic and Opthalmic Drugs
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Layer of skin which is nonvascular | Epidermis |
| Layer of skin which is the location of glands, blood, lymph, and nerves | Dermis |
| The hypo dermis which is loose fat and connective tissue | Hypodermis (SubQ) |
| An infection below the epidermis that requires oral antibiotics | Deep pyoderma |
| What must be performed before prescribing an antibiotic for deep pyoderma? | Culture & Sensitivity |
| What type of antibiotic does not penetrate below the dermis? | Topical antibiotics |
| Bacitracin, what is it? | Topical antibiotic, gram + |
| What is neomycin? | Topical antibiotic, gm - |
| What is polymixin? | Topical antibiotic, gm - |
| What is gentamycin? | Topical antibiotic, gm- |
| What's a complication of gentamycin? | Nephrotoxicity |
| What is mupirocin? | Topical antibiotic, gm+ |
| What infection is mupirocin good for? | Staff infections |
| Is dermatomycoses treated topically or orally? | Both |
| What is clatrimazole? | Antifungal |
| What is miconazole? | Antifungal |
| What is nystatin? | Antifungal |
| What is lime sulfur? | Antifungal |
| What antifungals are often used in combo with antibiotics? | Panalog, Gentocin topical, Tesaderm |
| What numbs tissue and helps prevent self-mutilation? | Topical anesthetics |
| Do topical anesthetics work through unbroken skin and why? | No, skin must be broken or inflamed |
| What is lidocaine? | Topical anesthetic |
| What is tetracaine? | Topical anesthetic |
| What is benzocaine? | Topical anesthetic |
| What is pramoxine? | Topical anesthetic |
| What anesthetics are used in combination with antibiotics, antifungals, and oatmeals? | Derma Cool w/ Lidocaine, Forte topical, Epi-soothe |
| What medication releves itching, coats the skin, is mildly anti-inflammatory, and comes as shampoos, rinses, ointments, and conditioners? | Colloidal oatmeal |
| What type of medication may be applied topically to soothe and treat allergic dermatitis? | Antihistamines |
| What kind of drug is diphenhydramine? | Antihistmaine |
| What type of medication decreases inflammation, decreases pruritis, and decreases edema and is often in combination when used topically? | Glucocorticoids |
| What is a side effect of glucocorticoids? | Slows wound healing |
| How may integrity of skin affect absorption with glucocorticoids? | absorption increase if skin is broken |
| How may moisture of skin affect absorption with glucocorticoids? | increases rate of absorption |
| How may thickness of skin affect absorption with glucocorticoids? | Decreases systemic absorption |
| Which glucocorticoid has the shortest duration(less than 12hrs)? | Hydrocortisone |
| Which glucocorticoid has an intermediate duration?(12-36hrs)? | Triamcinolone, predinsone, methylprod |
| Which glucocorticoid has the longest duration?(over 48hrs) | Betamethasone, flumethasone, dexamethasone |
| Which glucocorticoid is the least potent? | Hydrocortisone |
| Which glucocorticoid is the most potent? | Fluorine cortisones |
| What disease is the flaking and scaling of keratin? | Seborrhea |
| Which form of seborrhea is dry? | Seborrhea sicca |
| Which form of seborrhea is oily? | Seborrhea oleos |
| Which form of seborrhea has a pronounced odor, is greasy feeling, and often has bacterial dermatitis as well? | Seborrhea oleos |
| What decreases scaling and flakes, and breaks down protein structures of keratin? | keratolytics |
| What type of medication are keratolytics? | Antiseborrheics |
| Do keratolytics cure seborrhea? | No they only control it |
| What type of seborrhea are keratolytics used for? | Sicca & oleos |
| What type of keratolytics are used more for sicca, is nonstaining, and is also an antibiotic and antifungal? | Sulfar products |
| What type of keratolytics lowers skin pH, hydrates skin, and is used for sicca? | Salicylic acid |
| What type of keratolytics is used for oleos, is antipyretic, disrupts the bacterial cell membranes, and can bleach fabrics? | Benzoyl peroxide |
| What type of keratolytics is used for oleos, is antifungal, interferes with hydrogen bond in keratin, and may irritate the skin? | Selenium sulfide |
| What type of keratolytics is used for oleosa(degreasing), may stain fur, and is irritating to cats? | Coal tar derivatives |
| What type of keratolytics is used to help moisture skin and maintain integrity, is anti-inflammatory and antipruritic, and is a form of lipid in the skin? | Phytosphingosine |
| What type of topical drug dry the skin, precipitates proteins, and is used for moist dermatitis? Examples are boric acid and tannic acid | Astringents |
| What type of topical drug is antibacterial, antifungal? Examples are alcohol, chlorhexidine, and iodine | Antiseptics |
| What type of topical drug is mildly antibacterial and drying? Examples are epsom salt and aluminum acetate | Soaks |
| What type of topical drug breaks down tissues, chemically cauterizes, stings, and destroys blood supply? Example is silver nitrate | Caustics |
| What type of medication is used to increase or decrease immune response to improve patient's healing rate? | Immunomodulators |
| What drug stimulates monocytes and is antineoplastic? | imiquimod |
| What type of drug is imiquimod? | immunomodulator |
| What drug suppresses T-lymphns and is used for atopy, perianal fistulas, and pemphigus? | Pimecrolimus |
| What type of drug is pimecrolimus? | Immunomodulator |
| What drug inhibits T lymphs, used for atopy, and is considered an antineoplastic for lymphoma? | Cyclosporine |
| What type of drug is cyclosporine? | Immunomodulator |
| What topical medication increases inflammation, increases blood supply to the area, is used to turn chronic inflammation into acute, and is used mostly in horses. Examples are witch hazel, menthol, and camphor. | Counterirritants |
| What type of topical medication regulates cell proliferation and differentiation, stimulates the immune system, and is related to Vitamin A? Examples are Retin-A and Acutane | Retinoids |
| What part of the eye is lipophilic? | Corneal epithelium |
| What part of the eye is hydrophilic? | Stroma |
| What type of diagnostic ophthalmic drug numbs the corena, lasts 1-10 minutes, and is used for pain relief? | Topical anesthetics |
| What kind of drug is proparacaine? | Topical anesthetic |
| What kind of drug is tetracaine? | Topical anesthetic |
| What kind of ophthalmic drug is water soluble and breaks in lipophilic corneal epithelium exposing the hydrophilic stroma? | Fluorescein stain |
| What part of the eye takes up the stain with a fluorescein stain? | Stroma |
| Constriction of the pupil | Miosis |
| What type of ophthalmic drug decreases the angle of the iris against the cornea and improves the outflow of the aqueous humor? | Miotic |
| What are some side effects of miotics? | Local irritation and redness |
| What kind of drug is pilocarpine? | Miotics |
| Dilation of the pupil | Mydriasis |
| What type of ophthalmic drug is used to facilitate retinal exam, helps break cornea adhesions, and relieves iris or ciliary spasms? | Mydriatics |
| What mydriatic drug is used for ciliary spasms, is anti-cholinergic, cyclopegia, and lasts 1-3 hours? | Atropine |
| What are some contraindications of atropine? | Glaucoma and KCS |
| What are some side effects of atropine? | Bitter taste and salivation |
| What mydriatic drug is used for retinal exams, has a faster onset and shorter duration than atropine, and is "weaker" than atropine? | Homatropine |
| What mydriatic drug is sympathomimetic, has no cyclopegia, causes vasoconstriction, and is used to diagnosis Horner's and treat uveitis? | Phenylophrine |
| What are some side effects of phenylephrine | Discomfort and tearing |
| What mydriatic has a faster onset and shorter duration than atropine, is good for ophthalmic exams? | Tropicamide |
| What are some contraindications for tropicamide? | Glaucoma and KCS |
| What are some side effects of tropicamide? | Dry mouth and decrease in tear production |
| What type of mydriatic reduces IOP, aids in the diagnosis of Horner's, decreases hemorrhage, and is used to prevent glaucoma? | Epinephrine |
| What should epinephrine NOT be used for? | Closed angle glaucoma |
| What type of glaucoma has a normal angle of iris to cornea but the outflow is impeded by the degenerative changes in trabecular network? | Open angle glaucoma |
| What type of glaucoma has the iris occluding the outflow which causes an increase in IOP, iris swelling, and iris/corneal adhesions? | Narrow angle glaucoma |
| What are different causes of increased IOP? | Obstruction of outflow of aqueous humor or overproduction of aqueous humor |
| What causes the enlargement of the eye, pain, and corneal edema? | Increased IOP |
| What type of drug decreases aqueous humor production, is topical or oral, and is used for the treatment of glaucoma? | Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors |
| What is an example of a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor? | Acetazolamide |
| What are some side effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors? | Anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, urinary crystals, local irritation of topicals |
| What type of topical drug is used to treat glaucoma and increases outflow? An example is latanaprost | Prostaglandins |
| What are some side effects of prostaglandins? | Abortion, miosis, vomiting and diarrhea |
| What type of drug is used to treat glaucoma, is sympatholytic, and decreases production of aqueous humor? | Beta-adrenergic blockers |
| What is an example of a beta-adrenergic blocker? | Timolol |
| What are some side effects of beta-adrenergic blockers? | Decrease heart rate, hypotension, and blurred vision |
| What type of drug is used to treat glaucoma, increases urine output, and causes a rapid decrease in IOP? | Osmotic diuretics |
| What is an example of an osmotic diuretic? | Mannitol |
| What are some side effects of an osmotic diuretic? | Electrolyte imbalance, dehydration, hypovolemia, and vomiting |
| What type of topical drug is used to treat glaucoma, is sympathomimetic and decreases production of the aqueous humor? | Alpha adrenergic agonists |
| What is an example of an alpha adrenergic agonist? | Brimonidine |
| What are some side effects of alpha adrenergic agonists? | Vomiting and diarrhea |
| What are we aiming to do with the treatment of KCS? | increase or replace tears |
| What must be addressed when treating KCS? | 2ndary infections |
| What type of medication is used in the treatment of secondary bacterial infections, decreases inflammation, and is a lubrication? | Antibiotic with gluccocorticoids |
| When should antiobitics with gluccocorticoids not be used? | In the presence of corneal ulcers |
| What type of drug is used to treat KCS, is over the counter, replaces natural tears, lubricates eyes, washes away mucus, and rehydrates the cornea? | Artifical tears |
| The ___ the preparation the longer it lasts | Thicker |
| What tyep of drug is used to treat KCS, used for immune mediated diseases, suppresses the T luymphs relieving inflammation, may increase tear production, and takes several weeks to go into effect? | Immunomodulator |
| What are some examples of an immunomodulator used to treat KCS? | Cyclosporine and tacrolimus |
| What kind of drug is used to treat KCS, is parasympathomimetic, stimulates the lacrimal glands, and aren't used much? | Lacrimogenics |
| What are some side effects of lacrimogenics? | Vomiting, diarrhea, and bitter taste |
| What kind of infections occur in the eye? | Viral, fungal, bacterial |
| What is essential to do before treating otitis? | Evaluate the tympanum |
| What is the safest thing to use for cleaning the ears? | Saline |
| What type of ear cleanser breaks up wax? | Cerumenolytics |
| What type of ear cleanser is used for mois otitis? | Drying agents |
| What type of ear cleanser dissolves dirt/wax and is a pH adjuster? | Enzymes |
| What type of ear medication is often used in combination with other agents and should have a culture and sensitivity performed before dispensing? | Antibiotic |
| What are some examples of otic antibiotics? | Gentomycin, neomycin, enrofloxacin |
| What otic antibiotic should be reserved for resistant infections? | Enrofloxacin |
| How are otic fungal infections usually treated? | Topically, occasionally orally |
| What is the most common fungal otitis? | Malassezia sp. |
| What are some examples of otic antifungals? | Thiabendazole, clotrimiazole, nystatin, miconazole |
| What is the #1 ear parasite? | Otodectes |
| What drugs are commonly used as otic antiparasitics? | Topical ivermectin, selamectin, milbemycin |
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