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MU Pharm 1
Quiz #1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Pharmacology? | The study or science of drugs. |
| What is Pharmacotherapy? | is the term meaning the use of drugs to prevent, diagnose or treat signs and symptoms and disease processes. |
| What are drug sources? | 1. plants, animals, minerals 2. synthetic compounds 3. semisynthtic compounds 4. biotechnology |
| What is synthetic compounds? | very standardized/consistent effect, less likely to produce allergic reactions |
| What is semisynthetic compounds? | naturally occureing substances that have been chemically altered-many antibotics-from molds, fungus, molds and natural occurring bacteria |
| What is biotechology? | using RNA and DNA of a living substances. E coli is used frequently |
| What is a prototype? | usually the first of its kind to the market; everyone wants to see this drug; big money maker |
| How are drugs classified? | 1. Effects-how it effects the body 2. Uses 3. Chemical makeup |
| What is a generic name? | related to chemical/related to drug group/less expensive/therapeutically equvalent/lowercase letter/pronoun |
| What is a trade name? | Brand name. It is the name given by manufacturer/Upper case/proper noun. Has to be approved |
| What is the Pure Food and Drug Act-1906? | Food labeling/ establisment for standards for food labeling |
| What is the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act-1938? | HUGE LAW! Has to do with manufacturing, distribution, advertising and labeling |
| What is the Durham-Huphrey Amendment-1952? | Doctor writes scrip and the Pharmacist fills the scrip |
| What is the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act, Title II, Controlled Substances Act, Categories of controlled substances 1970's? | Controls narcotics |
| What is the Orphan Drug Act? | Gives a company the incentive to make a drug even though you will not make a lot of money. Small amt of people will benefit with the drug but not a lot of money will be made (ie: polio) |
| What are the Categories of Controlled Substances? | Schedule I, II, III, IV and V |
| What are Schedule I drugs? | not approved for medical use-illegal drugs-heroin, LSD and marijuana |
| What are Schedule II drugs? | high abuse potential drugs including opiods-morphine, codeine, percocet, oxycodone, demorol |
| What are Schedule III drugs? | Less abusive potential, but still likely to be addicting-physically and psychologically-anabolic steriods, lower dose codeine mixed with another medication |
| What are Schedule IV drugs? | some potential for abuse-valium (diazapam), appetite suppressants |
| What are Schedule V drugs? | products with moderate amounts of controlled substance-pharmacist has to keep record of amount |
| Doctors must have what to write a prescription for a controlled substance? | Doctor must have a DEA # to write a scrip |
| What are the pregnancy categories? | A,B,C,D,X |
| What is category "A" for pregnancy? | No known risks |
| What is category "B" for pregnancy? | animal studies show no risk |
| What is category "C" for pregnancy? | a potential risk, drugs may be used |
| What is category "D" for pregnancy? | Evidence of fetal risk, but potential benefits to mother may be acceptable |
| What is category "X" for pregnancy? | demonstrated fetal risk outweighs any benefit...no reason to ever give to mother |
| For drug approval process, what is the FDA's job? | safety and effectiveness |
| Clinical trials for drug approval process consists of four phases. What are the phases? | Phase I-healthy people Phase II- few subjects with target disease Phase III- large double blind studies Phase IV-FDA evaluates and montiors |
| What happens in Phase 1 of the drug approval process? | is not for therapeutic dosing-just make sure the people live-Done on healthy people |
| What happens in Phase 2 of the drug approval process? | give to those with the disease-compare to normal or control population |
| What happens in Phase 3 of the drug approval process? | larger and more representative group of subjects with about half getting study drug-usually a double blinded-patient; they dont know if they are getting "the drug" or a placebo |
| What happens in Phase 4 of the drug approval process? | FDA evaluation |
| How long does it take for the fast track approval from the FDA? | 6 months |
| Once a company patents their drug, how long does the patent last? | 14 years |
| FDA review research! They do not do what? | Test the drug |
| What are some sources of drug information? | PDR-physicians desk reference Pharmacy-ask the pharmacist to ask questions FDA Drug hand books |
| What is drug classifications? | Drugs are classified according to their effects on particular body systems, their therapeutic uses, and their chemical characteristics |
| What is a systemic effect? | Drugs that are absorbed by the body, circulated through the bloodstream to their sites of action invarious body tissues, and eventually eliminated from the body (ie: suntan lotion and local anesthetics) |
| What is Pharmacoeconomics? | involves the costs of drug therapy, including costs of purchasing; dispensing; storage;administration; laboratory and other tests used to monitor patient responses; and losses due to expiration |
| Define Prescription drugs. | From a licensed healthcare provider, such as a physician, dentist, or NP |
| Define Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. | these are drugs that do not require a prescription |
| Define controlled substances. | Drugs that are cateorized by federal law according to therapeutic usefullness and potential for abuse |
| What is a placebo? | an inactive substance similar in appearance to the actual drug |
| What is Pharmacokinetics? | involves drug movement through the body (ie: what the body does to the drug) to reach sites of action, metabolism and excretion |
| What is Absorption? | Is the process that occurs from the time a drug enters the body to the time it enters the bloodstream to be circulated. |
| What is bioavailability? | The portion of a drug dose that reaches the systemic circulation and is available to act on body cells. |
| What is metablolism? | It is the method by which drugs are inactivated or biotransformed by the body |
| What is distribution? | involves the transport of drug molecules within the body |
| What is protein binding? | Is an important factor in drug distribution: many drugs form a compound with plasma proteins; maninly albumin, which act as a carrier; allows part of the drug dose to be stored and released when needed. |
| What is pharmacodynamics? | involves drug actions on target cells and resulting alterations in cellular biochemical reactions and functions |
| What is excretion? | refers to the elimination of a drug from the body *most drugs are excreted by the kidney and eliminated in the urine* |
| What is serum drug levels? | is a laboratory measurement of the amount of a drug in the blood at a particular time |
| What is serum half life? | AKA: elimination half-life Is the time required for the serum concentration of a drug to decrease by 50%. It is determined primarily by the drugs rates of metabolism and excretion |
| What is the fast pass effect? | initial metabolism of some oral drugs as they are carried from the intestines to the liver by the portal circulating system prior to reaching the systemic circulation fro distribution to site of action |
| What is Leukopenia? | Abnormally low white blood cell count |
| What is hypersensitivity? | or allergy; may occur with almost any drug. it is unpredictable and unrelated to does; occurs in patients that have been previously exposed to the drug or similar substance and who have developed antibodies |
| Explain Agonists | *helper-Cinderalla* drugs that produce effects similar to those produced by naturally occuring hormones, neurotransmitters, and other substances |
| Define agranulocytosis. | acute condition caused by loss or absence of granulocyte white blood cells |
| Define antagonist | *stopper-villian* drug that inhibits cell function by occupying receptor sites |
| Define Prodrugs. | drugs initally inactive and exert no pharmacolgic effects until they are metabolized |
| What is pharmacogenetics? | study of genetic variations that result in interindividual differences in drug response |
| What is biotransformation? | AKA: metabolism when drugs are altered from their oringinal form into a new form by the body |
| What are the mechanisms of drug movement? | Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion |
| Distribution is related to what system in the body? | Circulatory |
| What things affect distribution? | anorexic and alcohol |
| What body system does metabolism affect? | hepatic |
| What body system does absorption affect? | GI tract |
| What is affected by excretion? | kidneys, GI tract, skin, lungs, hair |
| Absorption is through Parenteral, give some examples of these: | IV, SC, IM |
| What is the most direct for absorption? | IV Parenteral |
| Give some examples of enteral for absorption: | PO, SL, rectal |
| Give some examples of topical for absorptions: | transdermal, inhalation |
| What diseases would affect distribution? | diabetes, CAD, alcohol, malnurshisment, anorexic |
| What would make a medication not distrubute through the body? | other medications, food, no food, nerve damage |
| What is the 3 ways drug transport pathways to access a cell? | Direct, protein channels, and carrier proteins |
| Explain Direct in drug transport pathways. | Fat soluble drugs dissolve in the lipid layer and diffuse in or out of the cell. (melts like butter) |
| Explain Protein channel in drug transport pathways. | gated channels regulate movement of electrolytes-Na++, K+ and Mag (gates let in and let out) |
| Explain carrier protein in drug transport pathways | have to attach to a selective protein to get into or out of the cell-carreis it through the cell wall (must have a protein to do this) |
| What are the 3 transport mechanisms? | passive, facilitated, and active |
| Explain passive in transport mechanism | higer to lower concentration (water always follows sodium) |
| Explain facilitated in transport mechanism | pairs with a carrier substance-enzyme, protein (buddy system) |
| Explain active in transport mechanism | lower concentration to higher concentration |
| What are the drug effects? (total of 6) | Onset, peak, duration, therapeutic range, maintenance dose, serum drug levels |
| Define onset: | amt of drug that reaches minimal effective concentration |
| Define peak: | highest that the drug will be in your blood stream (too high=Toxic) |
| Define duration: | time from inimal effective |
| Define therapeutic range: | is from minimum effective concentration from start to finish |
| Define maintenance dose: | scheduled dose |
| Define serum drug levels: | is a laboratory measurement of the amt of a drug in the blood at a particular time |
| Toxic effects | too much of a drug |
| Drug-drug interactions | compete for a site or metabolism |
| Additive effect | take two with similar action |
| Synergistic effect | two drugs for one action |
| Displacement | one drug goes and replaces the other |
| Interference | two drugs compete for metabolism and can't get out of the body |
| Kinetics refers to: | body to drug |
| Dynamics refers to: | drug to body (drug action) |
| Name some individual effects that a drug could have: | age, weight, gender, other medical conditions, and psychological |
| If a patient has toxicity, what is the first thing you want to check on the pt? | ABC's |
| What is the universal antidote? | Activated charcoal |
| What are the five rights for drug administration? | right drug, right dose, right time, right patient, right route |
| Define routine order: | scheduled drug |
| Define One time order: | give medication one time |
| Define PRN order: | give medication as needed |
| Define STAT order: | give medication immediately |
| Define verbal order: | spoken to the nurse via face to face or phone |
| Name some Nursing Interventions: | Education, safety, OTC, Adverse effects, allergic response, toxic effects, general rules |
| Define Adverse effects: | refers to undesired responses to drug administration |
| Define Therapeutic effects: | desired responses |
| Black box warning (BBW) | for meds that can cause serious or life threatening adverse effects. FDA makes companies label with a BBW label. |
| How long is a drug patent for under one company? | 14 years |
Created by:
aconner1
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