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AP Psych - Ch 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Learning | A relatively durable change in behavior or knowlegde that is due to experience |
| Phobias | Irrational fears of specific objects or situations |
| Classical conditioning | The most common name of a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus |
| Pavlonian Conditionning | Another name for classical conditioning derived from the name of the person who originally discovered the conditioning phenomenon |
| Concurent schedules of reinforcement | Two or more reinforcement schedules simultaneously available for two or more different responses |
| Unconditioned Stimulus UCS | A stimulus that evokes an UCR |
| Uncoditioned Response UCR | The response to a UCS |
| Conditoned Stimulus CS | A previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to evoke conditionning |
| Conditioned Response CR | A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning |
| Elicit | To draw out or bring forth [classical conditioning] |
| Trial | Any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli in classical conditioning |
| Acquisition | The formation of a new response tendency |
| Matching Law | Under concurrent schedules of reinforcement, rate of responding tends to match the rate of reingorcement available on ach alternative response |
| Extinction | The gradual weakening and disappearance of conditioned response tendency |
| Spontaneous Recovery | The reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditoned stimulus |
| Stimulus generalization | Occurs when an organism reponds to new stimuli that are similar to the stimulus used in conditioning |
| Stimulus discrimination | Occurs when an organism learns to not respond to stimuli that are similar to the stimulus used in condtioning |
| Higher-order conditioning | Occurs when a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus |
| Operant conditoning | This term, introduced by Skinner, refers to learning in which voluntary responses come to be controled by their consequences |
| Instrumental Learning | Another name for operant conditioning, this term was introduced earlier by THorndike |
| Law of Effect | Law stating that if a respoonse in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened |
| Reinforcement | Occurs when an event following a response strengthens the tendency to make that response |
| Skinner box | Standard operatn chamber in which an animal's respinses are controlled and recorded |
| Emit | Production of voluntary responses in responding operant conditioning |
| Reinforcement Contigencies | The circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to presentation of reinforcers or the relationship between a reponse and positive consequences |
| Cumulative recorder | Device that creates a graphic record of operant ressponding as a function of time |
| Shaping | THe reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of the desired response |
| Optimal foraging strategy | The food seeking behaviors of many animals maximize nutrition gained in relation to energy expended to locate and eat the foods |
| Resistance to extinction | Occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated |
| Discriminative Stimuli | Cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences of a response |
| Primary reinforcers | Stimulus events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs |
| Secondary reinforcers | Stimulus events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers |
| Schedule of reinforcement | A specific pattern of presentation reinforcers over time |
| Continuous reinforcement | Occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced |
| Interminent reinforcement | The name for all schedules of reinforcement in which designated responses is reinforced some of the time |
| FR Schedule | The reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses |
| VR Schedule | The reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses |
| FI Schedule | The reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval |
| VI Schedule | the reinforcer is given after the first response that occurs after a variable time interval |
| Positive reinforcement | occurs when a response is strenghened because it is followed by the arrival of a rewarding stimulus |
| Negative Reinforcement | occurs when a response is strenghened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus |
| Escape Learning | occurs when an organism engages in a response that brings aversive stimulation to an end |
| Avoidance Learning | Occurs when an organims engages in a response that prevents aversive stimulation from occuring |
| Punishment | Occurs when an event that follows a response weakens the tendency to make that response |
| Instinctive drigs | Occurs when an animals innate response tendencies interfere with conditoning processes |
| Observational Learning | Occurs when an organisms responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models |
| Behavioral modifications | A systematic approach o changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning |
| Antecedents | Events that typically preced your target bahavior and may play a major role in governing your target response; also another term fro discriminative stimuli |
| Token economy | A system for distrubuting symbolic reinforcers that are exchanged later for a variety of genuine reinforcers |
| Behavioral Contract | A written agreement outlining a promise to adher to the contigencies of a behavior modification program |
| Partial reinforcement | When a designated response is reinforced only some of the time another name for intemittent reinforcemnt |
| Conditioned reinforcement | Another name for a secondary reinforcer |
| Preparedness | A species specific predisposition to be conditioned in a certain ways and not in others |
| Operant chamber | A small enclosure in which an animals reponses are recorded and followed by specific consequences. a skinner box |
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msiron2000