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Criminology Test #1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Criminology | the study of crime and criminals: a branch of sociology. |
| Criminal Justice | the system of law enforcement, involving police, lawyers, courts, and corrections, used for all stages of criminal proceedings and punishment. |
| Phrenology | a psychological theory or analytical method based on the belief that certain mental faculties and character traits are indicated by the configurations of the skull. Cesare Lombroso |
| Anomie | a state or condition of individuals or society characterized by a breakdown or absence of social norms and values, as in the case of uprooted people. |
| Deviance | behavior that departs from the social norm |
| Crime | an act deem socially harmful that is prohibited and punished under law |
| Consensus View | criminal law reflects the values, beliefs, and opinions of society's mainstream. laws apply to all citizens equally |
| Conflict View | criminal law reflects the self interest of those in a position of power. law is tool of the ruling class. racism sexism not outlawed |
| Interactionist View | criminal law reflects societal definitions or constructs. crimes defined by society |
| Moral Entrepreneur | person who seeks to influence a group to adopt or maintain a norm |
| Uniform Crime Report | database compiled by the FBI of crimes reported and arrests made each year. |
| Part I Crimes | 8 most serious offenses; murder, rape, robbery, burglary, arson, larceny, motor theft |
| Part II Crimes | all other crimes; drug offenses, sex crimes, vandalism |
| National Crime Victimization Survey | justice department & U.S. census bureau surveys victims about their experiences |
| Self Report Surveys | research approach that requires subjects to reveal their own participation in crimes |
| Monitoring the Future | a longitudinal self report study that collects nation wide data on high school seniors |
| Instrumental Crime | offenses designed to improve the financial or social position of criminal |
| Expressive Crime | offenses committed not for gain but to vent feelings |
| Chronic Offenders | small group of persistent offenders who account for a majority of all criminal offenses |
| Victimology | the study of crime victims and the psychological effects of being a victim. |
| PTSD | an anxiety disorder associated with serious traumatic events |
| Secondary Victimization | individuals who have been crime victims have a higher chance of future victimizations |
| Cycle of Violence | victims of crime, especially childhood abuse, are more likely to commit crimes than nonvictims |
| Target Vulnerability | A factor considered in target selection that relates each potential target to a standard. |
| Target Gratifiability | Some victims have some quality, posses- sion, skill, or attribute that an offender wants to obtain, use, have access to, or manipulate |
| Target Antagonism | the target has a characteristic that the criminal doesn't like |
| Megan's Law | Require that names and sometimes addresses of known sex offenders be posted by law enforcement agencies |
| Criminal Justice System | the agencies of government. police, courts, and corrections. |
| Adversary System | U.S. method of criminal adjudication where prosecution and defense each try to bring forward evidence and arguments |
| Probable Cause | 1.Reasonable grounds (for making a search, pressing a charge, etc.) |
| Discretion | the power or right to decide or act according to one's own judgment; freedom of judgment or choice |
| Arraignment | to bring (a prisoner) before a court to answer an indictment |
| Classical Criminology | Swift, certain, severe. Cesare Beccaria |
| Positivist Criminology | the scientific method can be universally applied in all cultural and social settings. |
| Biosocial Criminology | role of environment on crime |
| Critical Criminology | human behavior is shaped by interpersonal conflict, especially economic conflict. those who have power want to keep it. fueld by war, rights movement |
| Sociological Criminology | investigates the influence of social factors on the propensity to commit crime |
| Critical Criminology | A form of criminology (the study of crime) using a conflict perspective of some kind: Marxism, feminism, political economy theory or critical theory |
| Developmental Criminology | Integration of biological, social, and psychological theories of crime. crime is a developmental process. family relations are very important |
| Liberal Feminist Theory | a view of crime that suggests that the social and economic role of women in society controls their crime rates |
| Racial Threat Theory | as the size of the black population increases, so does the amount of social control that police direct at blacks |
| Victim Precipitation Theory | Victimes provoke criminal. active: acting provactative. passive: uncontrollable, looks. |
| Lifestyle Theories | live in high crime areas, go out late at night, carry valuables, engage in risky behavior, without friends or family |
| Deviant Place Theory | The greater one's exposure to dangerous places, the more likely one will become a victim of crime and violence |
| Routine Activities Theory | Lack of guardians, motivated offenders, suitable targets |
| Cesare Lombroso | Phrenology |
| LAJ Quetelet | sociological criminology. age, sex, season, climate, population, poverty, alcohol |
| Emile Durkheim | modernization produced social anomie which increases crime |
| Supreme Court Justices | Chief John Roberts Samuel Alito Stephen Breyer Ruth Bader Ginsberg Anthony Kennedy Antonin Scalia Sonia Sohomayor Elena Kagan Clarence Thomas |
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