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Chapter 2 - Terms
The Renaissance and Reformation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mongols | held Russia in subjugation for 200 years; because of them, Renaissance didn't happen in Russia |
| Ottoman Turks | penetrated Byzantine Empire and spread over the Balkans; brought a Muslim influence to region |
| jacqueries | jacq = french word for peasant; a massive insurrection of peasants and rebellions of workers |
| Hundred Year's War | (1337 - 1458) faught between England and France; was also a French war for unification and resulted in the unifying of France |
| Wars of the Roses | a fight for position and power among England's upperclass; gave birth to the Tudor's reign |
| Unam Sanctam | Edict issued by Pope Boniface VIII stating that there was no salvation outside the Roman Church |
| Avignon | During the Bobylonian Captivity, where french pope lived |
| Babylonia Captivity | When the Pope resided in France; Europe believed papacy was in control and ordaned their own pope as well |
| Great Schism of the West | When there were 2 popes, one in Avignon and one in Rome; eventually 3; chipped away at authority of papacy |
| Hussite Wars | Rebellion against pope's authority lead by John Huss; they believed church could go without the fancy decorations and that they could be saved w/out going to the church |
| Council of Pisa | A church council where all of Latin West was represented; both popes were disposed, but refused to step down; council elected new pope as well resulting in 3 popes |
| Council of Constance | Ended the three-part schism in Catholic Church |
| Martin V | Pope that replaced the three popes in power during the Great Schism of the West |
| simony | to buy or sell a church office; common in the 15th century |
| nepotism | appointing family members to high-ranking offices; one of the corruptions in the Catholic Church |
| Boniface VIII | Encouraged the idea of indulgences; men could be forgiven if they paid money for it |
| indulgences | allows monetary donations to the church in exchange for penance; looks corruptive; Luther's main objection with Catholic Church |
| Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges | required a General Church Council, with authority superior to that of the pope, to be held every 10 years, required election over appointment to church offices; started chain of events causing France to leave Catholic Church |
| Gallican | name of the French church |
| Holy See | fancy name for the Pope |
| Quattrocento | the name Italians gave to the 15th century |
| Tuscany | the state that Florence, Italy was located in; home to many talented Renaissance artists |
| Medici Family | the ruling family of Florence; payed for and sponsered the arts, making it possible for artists to pursue their career and make a living |
| renunciation | to regect worldly things and look at life as a step to the afterlife; commonplace in Medival Times |
| virtu | what a Renaissance Man posessed; 'i am a human and i will enjoy this world, demonstrate my power and be proud of my accomplishments' |
| Benvenuto Cellini | Author of his Autobiography (who wrote autobiographies in Middle Ages?); record of life in Renaissance Italy; prime example of 'virtu' |
| perspective | painting technique perfected by Giotto; made paintings look real, not 2-D as they had been in Medival Times |
| humanism | literary movement distinct from the writing of the late Middle Ages; dealt with issues of politics and personal concern outside of religion; new intellectual ideals, esp the human experience |
| Dante | Author of The Devine Comedy; a bridge between Europe's past and future |
| The Devine Comedy | Wrote by Dante; helped define and legitamize the vernacular language of Italian; writen about real people and events of the year, something that wouldn't have been writen about in Middle Ages |
| vernacular | the language spoken by commonors; as opposed to the Latin spoken by the Nobles |
| Petrarch | the first great humanist thinker and a scholor of latin; author of Triumphs and On the Solitary Life; "Father of Humanisn" |
| scholasticism | to sit, focus, rewrite and read books |
| Cicero | Roman writer and politician dedicated to common sense and commited to political libery; went from rags to riches - hero to modern society |
| Decameron | Wrote by Petrarch; series of tales for entertainment purposes only; designed to put a light on human behavior and character |
| rhetoric | the art of using language to influence others |
| Book of the Courtier | one of the most sucessful manner books; told how men should act (like a Renaissance Man) |
| condottieri | professional fighting men; mercinaries for city-states |
| Niccolo Machiavelli | Author of The Prince; most important work on political science for centuries; |
| The Prince | handbook of statecraft; told how it is better for a leader to be feared than loved, like a fox and a lion; governments were sucessful because they acted only in their own political interest |
| 'pagan' humanism | type of Italian humanism; were more willing to abandon tradition and freely explore worldly affairs; decadent and out-of control to Christians |
| Christian humanism | humanism of North - more focus on ethics and morals and old-fashioned Christianity |
| Wittenberg | German city where Luther was born; home of the Protestant Reformation |
| Fugger | Sucessful banking family of Holy Roman Empire; Fuggers are to HRE as Medicis are to Italy |
| Mainz | where Gutenburg produced the first books using the printing press |
| Johann Mulller | laid foundations for a mathematical concept of the universe; starting to become acceptible to explore the world through science |
| Copernicus | revived idea of a sun-centered solar system |
| Dr. Faustus | achieved great wealth; as a result, was rumored that he sold his soul to the devil for knowledge and power |
| Mysticism | the belief that an individual could commune with God unaided by the church or sacraments; found in the North |
| laymen | those who believe but are not confirmed; also those who preach their own interpretation of the Bible |
| Gerard Groote | a lay preacher who attracted followers by his sermons on spiritual regeneration; established the Sisters and the Brothers of the Common Life |
| The Sisters and the Brothers of the Common Life | a religious sister/brother hood focused on religion; founded by Gerard Groote; example of Catholic Church weakening |
| Modern Devotion | Chritian ideal of character and conduct; to have the qualities of humility, tolerance, reverance, love of neighbor |
| Erasmus | Erasmus is to North as Petriarch is to Italy; Author of The Praise of Folly and Handbook of a Christian Knight; wanted reform within the Catholic Church (but not abandon it) and was a leader in Renaissance learning in North |
| Praise of Folly | Wrote by Erasmus; satire attack on Catholic Church's corruption (NOT the Church itself) |
| Handbook of Christian Knights | Wrote by Erasmus; showed how a man can be both worldy and devoutly Christian; balance between humanism and Christianity |
| New Monarchs | first rulers that make an attempt to be different from Medival kings; aim to make their country more like Rome: Roman Law over Feudal Law, one national army over a military for each manor, support a middle class, add taxes; want to get rid of feudalism |
| sovereign | political power and authority |
| Tudors | rose to power as a result of the War of the Roses; first royal family in England to be of the New Monarchs |
| Henry VIII | First king on new monarchy; |
| 6 wives of Henry VIII | Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, Catherine Parr |
| livery and maintenence | the practice where each manor had its own army |
| Star Chamber | a group of advisors, like a modern-day cabinet; English court of law that inspired our Electoral College |
| Louis XI | first of the New Monarchs in France |
| Valios | the royal family of France; contains Louis XI and his sucessors |
| Estates General | France's version of a parliment; only meets in times of authority and has 3 chambers: clegry, nobles, commoners |
| Aragon | one of the Spanish kingdoms; Ferdinand of Aragon |
| Castile | one of the Spanish kingdoms; Isabella of Castile |
| Ferdinand and Isabella | Aragon and Castile; both kingdoms were united in the fight against the Moors; this and marriage between the two was the foundation of Spanish unity |
| Moors | North African Muslims; were finally driven out of Spain sparking the country to unify under the crown of Spain |
| Inquisition | to enquire, investigate; Spain tried to find non-Catholics left in Spain and would torture and execute them |
| reconquista | Spain drives the Moors out of Spain |
| Granada | when this city of Spain fell, the reconquista was complete; Jews and Moors were banished from Spain |
| Moriscos | Christians of Moorish background |
| Marranas | Christians of Jewish background |
| Hapsburgs / Hansburgs | ruling family of the Holy Roman Empire state Austria; also the ruling family of the Holy Roman Empire, thereby making Austria the dominate state of the HRE |
| Maximillian I | a Hapsburg and Holy Roman Emperor; first to use New Monarchy techniques; aggresive to marry off as many family members to different royal families; start inheriting a lot of land |
| state's rights | the power for the states to control their government: anti-unification of Germany in particular; why give up power to a central authority? |
| Charles V | follows Maximillian I as Holy Roman Emperor; represents high point and falling of Hapsburgs; Emperor while Luther is busting up HRE from within; cannot deal with Luther as a usual heretic because Luther had backing of several German states |
| universal monarchy | a world-state where individual independence was impossible; what Holy Roman Empire and Hapsburgs were imposing on other European countries |
| popery | all the traditions of the Catholic Church |
| Martin Luther | first to sucessfully defy older church authorities after nailing his 95 thesis; founder of the Luthern faith; all you need is faith, not sacraments |
| Tetzel | seller of indulgences in Luther's hometown Wittenburg; |
| Leo X | pope in power during Luther's revolt from the Catholic Church; excommunicated Luther |
| transubtantiation | Catholic belief that Jesus is the bread and wine in communion; the 'mashed potatoes' from the Christians |
| consubstantiation | what the Lutherns believe in; communion is a connection to God, however bread and wine are symbols of Jesus not his body |
| Diet of Worms | Charles V's last attempt at making things right with Luther (to say sorry); Diet = big fancy meeting, Worms = city; Charles V wants forgiveness to avoid war but it isnt sucessful |
| Schmalkaldic League | failure of Diet of Worms cause this civil-war like war in Germany; this is the alliance of German states that support Luther |
| Peace of Augsburg of 1555 | 'treaty' as a result of the war of the Schmalkaldic League; allows German states to decide what their official religion will be creating a North/South divide of Luthernism/Catholic respectively; victory for protesetants |
| interim | time in between |
| John Calvin | founder of Calvinism |
| Calvinism | faith-based religion; pre-destination is the core of this religion; a religion that speaks to the masses and becomess the protestant religion outside of Germany; view communion as just a seremony |
| Institutes of the Christian Religion | Written by John Calvin; wrote about the beliefs of predestination and the Church's government (should be moral force behind state affairs) |
| predestination | the Calvinistic belief that God knew if you were going to heaven or hell; they are the chosen people |
| Puritan | their work ethic has helped build America and other English colonies; aka Calvinists |
| presbyteries | elected body made up of ministers and devout laymen; broke monopoly of priest's power; promoted secularisation but wanted to Christianize society |
| Geneva | where Calvin set up his model of Christian community; like the Rome of protestants |
| Huguenots | French Calvinists |
| John Knox | brought Calvinism to Scotland |
| Presbyterianism | Scotland's religion; the Scotland version of Calvinism |
| Francis I | king of France; was Catholic, however supported protestants in Germany - they threatened the Holy Roman Empire's potentual universal monarchy; also helped HRE keep from unifying |
| Council of Trent | shaped path of modern Catholicism; the internal responce to the protestant reformation - cleaning up corruption and reaffirming the faith ('we ain't changing') |
| conciliar issue | Catholic Church should be like a government; a council to check on the Pope's power; Pope didnt want this - if he reacted right away to protestant reformation, he would look weak and council would stay (reason for hesitation in Catholic responce_ |
| Vatican Council (1870) | announced that the Pope is never wrong on matters of faith and morals |
| vulgate | the only version of the Bible accepted by the Catholic Church; Catholic Church is to Vulgate as Supreme Court is to the constitution |
| pluralism | one person who held several church offices at the same time |
| Paul III | founder and first of the reformation popes |
| Ignatius Loyola | founder of the Jesuits; trys to reconvert people, educated them, and promote the Catholic Church |
| Society of Jesus | aka the Jesuits; active participation in affairs of the world; acted as an international enforcer for Catholic law; tried to sway undecided countries to the Catholic side |
| Jesuits | aka Society of Jesus |
| Spiritual Exercises | writen by Ignatius Loyola |
| ultramontanism | extremely devout Christians; regarded papacy as holy |
| Index of Prohibited Books | issued by Pope Paul IV; list of books Catholics couldn't read |
| High Commission | English version of Spanish Inquisition; judicial and police group that enforced conformity to Anglican church |
| Spanish Inquisition | expands from reqonquista; knocked down protestantism and spread Catholic faith onto world; hunted and killed non-Christians in Spain |
| Roman Inquisition | less-intense version of Spanish Inquisition; hunted for non-Catholics - they wouldnt kill non Catholics |
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